Huawei

IP Network Fundamental
www.huawei.com
T
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD..
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Network is more and more important in

modern times. This course will introduce
data traffic and basic knowledge of IP
network.
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Page 2
Upon completion of this course, you will be

able to:
Know basic concepts of data traffic
Know basic knowledge of network
and internet
Know familiar standardization
organization
Enterprise Applications in reality
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Page 3
Chapter 1 Data Traffic Basis

Chapter 2 Brief Introduction of Network and
Internet
Chapter 3 Protocol and Standard
Chapter 4 Enterprise Applications in reality
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Page 4
Data and Data Traffic
Data
Data means the information expressed by any format. The
format should be negotiated ahead by information creator and
receiver.
Data Traffic
The process of data exchange between two devices via
transfer medium such as line.
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Page 5
Composing of Data Traffic System

The first step:
The second step:
The third step:
The first step:

The second step:
The third step:
Protocol
Protocol
Message
Medium
Sender
Receiver
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Page 6
Data Flow Direction

Data direction
simplex
mode
Host
Display
Data direction at time 1
half-duplex
mode
Data direction at time 2
Workstation
Workstation
Data direction at whole time

full-duplex
mode
Workstation
Workstation
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Page 7

Internet
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Page 8
Computer Network
SOHO
Intranet
Server
IP Hotel
Mobile
network
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Page 9
Evolution of Network
WAN
Intra-network
interconnection
1980s
Network based
Connections
1970s 1980s
Host
Host
Simple Connections
1960s 1970s
Low speed lines
Host Network
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Page 10
Common Network Topologies
Bus
Star
Mesh
Ring
Tree
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Page 11
Composing of Internet
LAN
LAN
LAN
LAN
LAN
WAN
WAN
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Page 12
LAN Characteristics and Common Equipment
Short
distance
Low
delay
High
bandwidth
Reliable
HUB
Switch
transmission
Router
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ATM Switch
Page 13
Types of WAN
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network

DDN: Digital Data Network
X.25 Public Packet Switched Network
Frame Relay
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
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Page 14
Commonly-Used Equipment in WAN
Modem
Router
Wan Switch
Access Server
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Page 15
The Development History of Internet
ARPAnet was launched into running in 1969. It comes of America DARPA (Defence
Advanced Research Projects Agency), ARPAnet is the sign of the naissance of
modern computer network.
ARPAnet was divided into two parts in 1983:ARPAnet and MILNET for military
affairs.
America NSF (National Science Foundation) founded NSFnet in 1985.
NSFnet quite replaced ARPAnet in June 1990 and became the backbone network of
Internet.
Merit, IBM and MCI founded a non-payoff organizationANS (Advanced Network

&Science Inc.) in September 1990, the objective of ANS is to found a T3 backbone
network that covers with whole American, it is able to transmit data as the speed of
45Mbps.
At the end of 1991, all the backbone network of NSFnet connected with T3 backbone
network of ANS.
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Page 16
Actuality of Internet
ISP
ISP
Area ISP
ISP
ISP
Area ISP
International or nation ISP
ISP
Area ISP
ISP
ISP
Area ISP
NAP
International or nation ISP
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Page 17
ISP

Internet
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Page 18
Rule of Network World

Network
Standard
Protocol
Network
Network
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Page 19
Standard
Data traffic standard divides into two types: de facto and de jure
de facto standard: not admitted by organization but commonly
used and acceptable
de jure standard: the standard established by organization
which approbated by government
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Page 20
Standardization Organization
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Electronic Industries Association/Telecomm Industries

Association (EIA / TIA)
International Telecomm Union (ITU)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Page 21
Standardization OrganizationTypes of IETF

Standard
IETF creates two types of documents, one is Internet Draft,

and the other is RFC.
Any one can refer Draft, no any special limit, and other
member can take a indifferent attitude, but many important
documents of IETF begin with Draft
RFC is more official, and it would be kept in the archives in
the history. Generally, if it is sanctioned to come on, the
contents will not be changed.
RFC (Request For Comments)
It almost includes all the important documents of

internet
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Page 22

Internet
All rights reserved
Page 23
Case of Typical Enterprise Applications in reality

Site-1
Server Farm
DHCP Server
Radius Server
SNMP Server
SW 23
DMZ
SW 33
SW 33
Web Server
SW 53
SW 53
AR 49
InterNet
AR 49
HeadQuarter
Serial Link
(V.35)
EtherNet
(RJ45)
FW Eudemon 200E
EtherNet
(RJ45)
IPsec VPN
Lease Line
HDLC/PPP/FR/ATM/E1
Traditional telecom network
MPLS VPN
(L3 /L2 VPN)
Modern telecom
network
Metro Ethernet
Access network
InterNet
3G / xDSL
Branch-A
Serial Link
(V.35)
AR 29
EtherNet
(RJ45)
IPsec VPN
Embedded WiFi
AR 29
3G link or xDSL
SW 33
SW 23
AR 19
AP (WIFI)
SW 23
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Page 24
Branch-B
TCP/IP Basis
www.huawei.com
T
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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The communication is realized via

TCP/IP protocol stack between The
computers with different model, different
manufacturer and different OS. This
course will introduce the architecture of
TCP/IP protocol stack, the function of
each layer and data encapsulation.
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Page 26

able to :
Know architecture of OSI RM
Master architecture TCP/IP and
the function of each layer
Understand the process of TCP/IP
data encapsulation
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Page 27
Chapter 1 TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Chapter 2 Data Encapsulation of
TCP/IP Protocol Stack
Chapter 3 Case analysis
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Page 28
OSI Reference Model
OSI RM: Open System Interconnection Reference Model
OSI RM has the following advantages

To predigest pertinent network operation
To provide compatibility and standard interface between devices
To accelerate standardization working
Structure is separable
Easy to realize and maintenance
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Page 29
OSI Reference Model
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
High Layers: In charge of data

transmission between hosts.
Low Layers: In charge of data

transmission in network.
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Page 30
Functions of the Seven Layers
Application layer
Presentation layer
Provide communications
between applications
Deal with data format problems
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Addressing and routing
Data link layer
Provide link medium access

and link management
Physical layer
Bit flow transmission
Establish, maintain and manage sessions
Establish, maintain and

manage end to end connection
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Page 31
TCP/IP model
OSI
7
Application layer
Presentation layer
TCP/IP
VS
Application layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
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Page 32
Application layer
HTTP, Telnet, FTP

TFTP, Ping
Transport layer
TCP/UDP
Network layer
IP
Data link layer
Ethernet, 802.3, PPP
Physical layer
Interfaces, wires
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Provide application program

network interfaces
Establish terminal to
terminal connection
Addressing and
route selecting
Physical media access
Binary data flow transmission
Page 33
Communication between Layers of TCP/IP

Model and Data Encapsulation
Host A
PDU
Upper layer
data
Application
layer
TCP header
Upper layer
data
Transport layer Segment
IP header
Upper layer
data
Network layer
Packet
Data link layer
Frame
Physical layer
Bit
LLC header Upper layer FCS

data
MAC header Upper layer FCS
data
0101110101001000010
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Page 34
Data De-encapsulation
Host B
Application
layer
Transport
layer
Network
layer
Upper layer data

Upper layer data
TCP+ upper layer data

IP+TCP+ upper layer data
Data link
layer
Physical
layer
LLC header+ IP+TCP+ upper layer data

0101110101001000010
All rights reserved
Page 35
The Function of Physical Layer

Define medium type, interface type, sign type
criterion of requirement for electric, engine, flow and function

when physical link is activation, maintenance and shutdown
between the terminal system.
Criterion of character such as voltages, data rate, maximum

transmission distance and physical connector.
LAN
Physical
(Bits,
signals,
clocking)
8
0
2
.
3
8
0
2
.
4
8
0
2
.
5
WAN
F
D
D
I
V.24
V.35
All rights reserved
G.703
EIA/TIA-232
Page 36
Physical layer medium and device

Physical layer medium
Coaxial cable
Twisted-pair
Fiber
Wireless radio
Physical layer device

Repeaters, HUB
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Page 37
The Function of Data Link Layer
MAC Sub-layer : Media Access Control Sub-Layer

Appoint that how to transmit data packet via physical line and
communicate with physical layer
LLC Sub-layer: Logic Link Control Sub-layer

Distinguish protocol types, encapsulate the data and transmit via
network
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
LLC sub-layer
Physical layer
MAC sub-layer
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Page 38
Protocols of Data Link Layer

Data link layer LAN, WAN protocol
LAN
WAN
802.2 LLC
Data Link
(Frames)
Physical
(Bits,
signals,
clocking)
8
0
2
.
3
8
0
2
.
4
8
0
2
.
5
F
D
D
I
Dial
on
Demand
SDLC
HDLC
V.24
V.35
G.703
EIA/TIA-232
Data link layer device
Ethernet switch
Frame
Relay
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Page 39
PPP
Data Link Layer Address

MAC address is composed of 48 bits. The vendor ID of Huawei
products is 0x00e0fc.
24 bits
24 bits
Vender Code Serial Number
00e0.fc01.2345
00e0.fc01.2345
Rom
Ram
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Page 40
The Function and Device of Network Layer

Function
Data forwarding in the different networkDevice

Router, layer 3 swtich
D
Host A
Host B
A
B
Application layer
Router A
Router B
Router C
Network layer
Network layer
Network layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Data link layer
Data link layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
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Page 41
Transport layer
Protocols of Network Layer

Protocols of Network layer
Network
(Packets)
IP/ICMP/ARP/RARP
802.2 LLC
Dial
on
Demand
Data Link
(Frames)
Physical
(Bits,
signals,
clocking)
8
0
2
.
3
8
0
2
.
4
8
0
2
.
5
F
D
D
I
SDLC
HDLC
Frame
Relay
V.24
G.703
V.35
All rights reserved
EIA/TIA-232
Page 42
PPP
Network Address
Network address identifies a device in the network layer
uniquely
Network address include two parts
Network ID
Host ID
Network ID
Host ID
10.
8.2.48
IP Address
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Page 43
The Function of Transport Layer
Segment upper layer data
Set up end to end connection
Transmit data from end to end
ensure the reliability of the data

transmission
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Page 44
Protocols of Transport Layer
Transport
(Segments)
TCP
UDP
Network
(Packets)
IP
802.2 LLC
Dial
on
Demand
Data Link
(Frames)
Physical
(Bits,
signals,
clocking)
8
0
2
.
3
8
0
2
.
4
8
0
2
.
5
F
D
D
I
SDLC
HDLC
Frame
Relay
V.24
G.703
V.35
All rights reserved
EIA/TIA-232
Page 45
PPP
Main Protocols of Transport Layer
UDP
TCP
Connection-oriented
Connectionless
Reliable
Trustless
Suit the application with
Suit the application that
high reliability
concerns transmission
High cost
efficiency
Reliability depends on
application
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Page 46
The Function of Application Layer
Provide user interfaces and deal with specify applications
Provide data encryption, decryption, compression

and decompression.
Specify the standards of data presentation.
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Page 47
Protocols of Application Layer

Application
(Data)
FTP TELNET HTTP

SMTP/POP3 DNS
Transport
(Segments)
TFTP SNMP RIP DNS Radius
TCP
UDP
Network
(Packets)
Data Link
(Frames)
Physical
(Bits,
signals,
clocking)
IP
802.2 LLC
8
0
2
.
3
8
0
2
.
4
8
0
2
.
5
F
D
D
I
Dial
on
Demand
SDLC
HDLC
Frame
Relay
V.24
V.35
All rights reserved
G.703
Page 48
EIA/TIA-232
PPP
Chapter 1 Internet Connection of
TCP/IP
Chapter 2 Data Encapsulation of
Chapter 3 Case Analysis
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Page 49
The Encapsulation Process of TCP/IP Protocol

Stack
user data
Application
App header
User data
TCP
TCP Segment
TCP header
User data
IP Packet
IP header
TCP header
User data
Ethernet header
IP header
TCP header
user data
20-64B
20-60B
14B
IP
Ethernet trailer
4B
Ethernet Frame
46-1500 bytes
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Page 50
Application drive
TCP Segment
Ethernet Frame
Ethernet header
14B
Source
Port
16b
IP header
TCP header
User data
Ethernet trailer
20-60B 20B-60B
Dest.
Port
16b
Seq Num
32b
4B
Ack Num
32b
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...
64b
Page 51
Option
IP Packet
Ethernet header
14B
IP header
TCP header
User data
20-60B 20B-60B
4B
0
15 16
version Message Service type
length
identification
Flag
Fixed
message
header
Ethernet trailer
Time to live
protocol
31
Total length
Chip offset
Message header checksum

20 B
Source IP address
Destination IP address
IP options
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Page 52
Issue of IP Fragment
Fragment principle: comparing with data length and MTU, if the former is
larger than the latter, fragment is needed.
IP
packet
Host
Host
MTU
MTU
Fragment on sending end

Fragment on the middle routers
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Page 53
Ethernet Frame
Ethernet header
14B
DMAC
6B
IP header
TCP header
User data
Ethernet trailer
20-60B 20B-60B
SMAC
L/T
6B
2B
4B
Length/Type value
Ethernet_II
802.3
Length/T > 1500
Length/T <= 1500
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meaning
Represents Type
Represents Length
Page 54
Chapter 1 Internet Connection of

TCP/IP
Chapter 2 Data Encapsulation in

Chapter 3 Case Analysis
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Page 55
Case Analysis (1)
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Page 56
Case Analysis (2)
Source
MAC
Destination
MAC
Type
All rights reserved
Page 57
Case Analysis (3)

Destination
IP
Source IP
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Page 58
Case Analysis (4)

Source port
Destination port
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Page 59
Summary
What layers does OSI RM divide into?
Whats the function of each layer of TCP/IP protocol stack?
whats the process of message encapsulation and de-encapsulation

in TCP/IP protocol stack?
Whats the difference between MAC address and IP address?
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Page 60
Transport Layer of TCP/IP

T
www.huawei.com
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Transport layer locates the forth layer of

TCP/IP, provide service for application.
Transport layer defines the end to end
communication between the applications
on hosts.
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Page 62

able to
Master principle of TCP and UDP
protocol
Understand the difference between
TCP and UDP
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Page 63
Chapter 1 TCP
Chapter 2 UDP
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Page 64
Overview of TCP Protocol
TCP provides connection-oriented and reliable service for applications.
Reliability of TCP
Connection-oriented transmission
Maximum segment size
Acknowledgement mechanism of transmission
Checksum of header and data
Flow control
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Page 65
Format of TCP Header

TCP data segment
IP Head
TCP Head
TCP Data
15 16
16 bits source port
31
16 bits destination port
32 bits sequence number

20
32 bits acknowledge number
bytes
Header
length
reserve
U A P R S F
R C S S Y I
G K H T N N
16 bits checksum
16 bits windows size
16 bits urgent pointer
option
data
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Page 66
Establishment of TCP Connection
Client
Server
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Page 67
Termination of TCP Connection
Client
Server
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Page 68
End to End Communication

Transmission virtual circuit
WWW.HUAWEI.COM
Host
FTP.HUAWEI.COM
Application data
Transmission
data packet
Data
Data
21
FTP
1028
Port
Data
80
1027
HTTP
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Data
Port
Page 69
MSS
Host A
Host B
Host AMSS
Host BMSS
When it is going to establish connection, the two hosts need to

negotiate about MSS.
The default value of MSS is 536so allowable length of IP

data message is 576 bytes.
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Page 70
Windowing MechanismAcknowledgement
Technology
Transmission virtual circuit
source
destination
Host
Host
Send 1,2,3
Acknowledge 4
Send 4,5,6
Acknowledge 4
Send 4,5,6
All rights reserved
Page 71
Slide windows
To modify the
windows size
The sender
is too fast!
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Page 72
Chapter 1 TCP
Chapter 2 UDP
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Page 73
Overview of UDP Protocol
UDP provide connectionless-oriented service for application. It

neednt to establish connection between source site and
destination site before data transmission.
It neednt to maintain the state of connection, receiving and

sending, so the server can send same message to some clients at
one time.
UDP is suitable for the application with requirement of high
transmission efficiency.
All rights reserved
Page 74
Format of UDP Header
UDP Head
0
8bytes
UDP Data
15 16
31
16 bits source port 16 bits destination
port
16 bits UDP length
16 bits UDP
checksum
data
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Page 75
TCP VS UDP
TCP
UDP
connection
Connection-oriented
Connectionlessoriented
reliability
reliable
unreliable
Application
situation
Transmission of a
mass of data
High transmission
efficiency
rate
slow
fast
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Page 76
Summary
How does TCP establish and terminate

connection?
How does TCP provide reliability?
Whats the purpose of TCP slide

windows technology?
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Page 77
Introduction to Common
Application
T
www.huawei.com
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Application layer is used to operate

specified application. This course
describes the universal application via
instance such as Ping, Tracert, Telnet,
FTP, TFTP.
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Page 79

able to :
Mast the function of some common
applications and usage method
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Page 80
Chapter 1 Common Application
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Page 81
PING
1.1.1.1
1.1.1.2
ICMP Echo
ICMP Echo Reply
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Page 82
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a part of network
layer. It transfers the information such as error, control and query.
ICMP message is often used by IP or protocols of higher layer (TCP

or
UDP), such as Ping.
IP Header
ICMP Message
20 Bytes
All rights reserved
Page 83
ICMP Message
78
Type
15 16
Code
31
Checksum
Contents depends on type and code
All rights reserved
Page 84
Common Used Message Types of ICMP
0 Echo Reply
3 Destination Unreachable
5 Redirect
8 Echo
11 Time Exceeded
12 Parameter Problem
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Page 85
Tracert
Tracert is used to observe the route that the IP data message
transmitted from one host to another host.
Traceroute makes use of ICMP message and TTL filed in the IP

header (time to live).
ICMP port
Unreachable message
n
ICMP time exceeded message

1
Source site
IP Network
1
Destination site
UDP data message TTL = 1

2
UDP data message TTL = 2
n
UDP data message TTLn
All rights reserved
Page 86
Case Analysis
RTA
RTB
10.1.1.0/30
.1
.2
RTC
10.2.2.0/30
.1
3.3.3.3/32
.2
[Quidway]ping 3.3.3.3
PING 3.3.3.3: 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=63 ms
[RTA]tracert 3.3.3.3
traceroute to 3.3.3.3(3.3.3.3) 30 hops max,40 bytes packet
1 10.1.1.2 31 ms 31 ms 32 ms
2 10.2.2.2 62 ms 63 ms 62 ms
All rights reserved
Page 87
Application of Telnet
Telnet provides a method to login the long-distance server via

connective terminal.
Telnet uses TCP as its transport layer protocol, the port number is
23.
All rights reserved
Page 88
FTPServer
1.1.1.1
FTP client
FTP Server
All rights reserved
Page 89
FTPClient
1.1.1.2
FTP Server
FTP client
All rights reserved
Page 90
FTPClient (cont.)
1.1.1.2
FTP Server
FTP client
All rights reserved
Page 91
TFTPServer
1.1.1.2
TFTP Server
TFTP client
download switch.bin to router from TFTP server

<Quidway> tftp 1.1.1.2 get switch.bin switch.bin
Upload vrpcfg.cfg to TFTP server
<Quidway> tftp 1.1.1.2 put vrpcfg.cfg vrpcfg.cfg
All rights reserved
Page 92
Summary
What are the functions of Ping and

Tracert?
Format of ICMP message.
Whats the difference between

FTP and TFTP?
All rights reserved
Page 93
IP Addressing and
Routing
www.huawei.com
T
All rights reserved
Network layer locates the third layer of

TCP/IP protocol stack, between the
data link layer and transport layer.
Network layer defines some protocols to
ensure the right forwarding of data
packet.
All rights reserved
Page 95

able to :
Master the classes of IP address
Subnet address planning in reason
Understand ARP/RARP protocol
principle
Know the working principle of router
All rights reserved
Page 96
Chapter 1 IP Address
Chapter 2 Protocols of Network Layer
Chapter 3 Working Principle of Router
All rights reserved
Page 97
Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation
upper layer
data
TCP header upper layer
data
IP header
upper layer
data
LLC header upper layer FCS

data
MAC header upper layer FCS
data
0101110101001000010
Application
layer
Application
layer
upper layer data

upper layer data
Transport
layer
segment
Transport
layer
Network
layer
packet
Network
layer
Data link
layer
frame
Data link
layer
TCP+ upper layer data

IP+TCP+ upper layer data
LLC header +IP+TCP+ upper layer data
Physical
layer
bit
Physical
layer
All rights reserved
0101110101001000010
Page 98
Data Encapsulation on Network Layer
TCP Header
IP Header
IP Header
source
address
171.17.1.1
Upper layer
data
Upper layer
data
destination
address
Transport layer
Network layer
data
IP address
All rights reserved
Page 99
IP Address
IP address identifies a network device uniquely, it is made up

of 32 binary digit.
IP address is shown as dotted decimal format.
IP address is divided into two parts:

Network address portion
Host address portion
IP address
Network address
Host address
All rights reserved
Page 100
Classification of IP Address
Class A
1.0.0.0~126.255.255.255
0 Network(7bit)
Class B
Host(24bit)
128.0.0.0~191.255.255.255
1 0 Network(14bit)
Class C
Host(16bit)
192.0.0.0~223.255.255.255
1 1 0
Network(21bit)
Class D
224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255
1 1 1 0
Multicast address
Class E
240.0.0.0~255.255.255.255
1 1 1 1 0
reserve
All rights reserved
Host(8bit)
Page 101
Special IP Address
Network part
Host part
Address type
Any
all 0
Network
Address
Any
all 1
Broadcast
Address
127
Any
all 0
Usage
Representing a network
Segment
All the nodes of a Specially
designated network segment
Loopback
Address
All Networks
Loop test
As the designate default routes
in Huawei Quidway router
all 1
Broadcast
Address
All nodes of
Local network segment
All rights reserved
Page 102
Private IP Address
Private IP address
10.0.0.0~10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0~172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0~192.168.255.255
All rights reserved
Page 103
Subnet Mask Introduction
Distinguish between network part and host part by subnet mask
The subnet mask format is same as the IP address format
All of the network part and subnet part of subnet mask are 1, and all of
the host part are 0
For example Class Bs subnet

mask is 255.255.0.0
All rights reserved
Page 104
Network Address and Subnet Mask
IP Address
192.168.1
Subnet Mask
255.255.255
Network Address:
192.168.1
100
Page 105
System Conversion
8bit
Binary system
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
128
64
32
16
Decimal Summation is 255
All rights reserved
Page 106
Example of System Conversion
Example :
1*128
1*64
1*32
0*16
1*8
0*4
0*2
1*1
128
64
32
233
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Page 107
System Conversion of IP Address
IP address192.168.1.11(decimal)
byte8bits
byte8bits
byte8bits
byte8bits
2726252423222120 2726252423222120 2726252423222120 2726252423222120
11000000
10101000
00000001
00001011
192
168
11
binary digit11000000.10101000.00000001.00001011
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Page 108
Addressing without Subnet

Addressing without Subnet means using nature mask, no subdivision of
network segment. Class B segment 172.16.0.0 with mask 255.255.0.0
172.16.30.1/16
172.16.28.1/16
Et her net
172.16.30.10/16
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Page 109
Addressing with Subnets
Class B segment 172.16.0.0

172.16.4.1/24
Ethernet
Ethernet
172.16.8.1/24
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Page 110
Subnet Mask Representation

192 .
IP Address
168 .
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111
Subnet mask
11111111
Bits of subnet mask
Subnet mask representation
255 . 255
. 255
11111111
11111111
. 240
11110000
8 + 8 + 8+ 4 = 28
192 . 168 . 1 . 7 / 28
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Page 111
Calculation of Network address

IP Address is: 192.168.1.7/28
192
IP Address
168
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111
255
Subnet Mask
11111111
255
11111111
255 .
11111111
240
11110000
Network Address
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
(Binary)
Network Address
192.168.1.0/28
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Page 112
Calculation of Host Number

Subnet Mask
Network Portion
Host Portion
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00
N bit
Host Number 2n
Valid Host Number : 2n - 2
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Page 113
Example of Host Number Calculation
IP Address192.168.1.100/28
/28=255.255.255.240
The binary representation of subnet mask:

11111111111111111111111111110000
28bits
network portion
The total number of host: 24
4bits
Host portion
The valid number of host: 24 -2
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Page 114
Example of Subnet Address Planning

examplea company gets class C address 201.222.5.0. if it needs
20 subnet and 5 host in each subnet. How to plan the IP address?
Subnet address
Usable host address
201.222.5.8/29
201.222.5.9~201.222.5.14
201.222.5.16/29
201.222.5.17~201.222.5.22
201.222.5.232/29
201.222.5.233~201.222.5.238
201.222.5.240/29
201.222.5.241~201.222.5.246
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Page 115
Example of Planning Class B
Subnet address
Host address
172.16.2.0
172.16.2.1172.16.2.254
Broadcast address
172.16.2.255
IP host address
172.16.2.120
Subnet mask
255.255.255.0
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Page 116
Example of Planning Class C
Subnet address
192.168.5.120
Host address
192.168.5.121-192.168.5.126
Broadcast address
192.168.5.127
IP host address
192.168.5.121
Subnet mask
255.255.255.248
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Page 117
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (VLSM)

192.168.1.32/27
192.168.1.160/30
192.168.1.64/27
ISP
announce
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.164/30
192.168.1.96/27
192.168.1.168/30
192.168.1.128/27
192.168.1.172/30
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Page 118
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

CIDR reduces scale of routing table and enhances network
extensibility.
198.168.1.0
Internet
Announce route
198.168.0.0/16
198.168.2.0
ISP
198.168.3.0
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Page 119
Thank You
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American National Standards Institute (ANSI)