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NMERO 15 | ENEROJUNIO 2015
Online ISSN 07193696 / ISSN 0718655X







Introduccin
Ideas e intelectuales en Amrica Latina: historias, registros y abordajes del pensamiento
latinoamericano

A

Una invitacin a la historia intelectual. Palabras de apertura del II Congreso de


Historia Intelectual de Amrica Latina.



Augusto Salazar Bondy y Gastn Bachelard. Consideraciones a propsito de un


entramado discursivo.



Antigedad y modernidad en el Ariel de Jos Enrique Rod.

Utopa y sentido histrico en Amrica Latina: el caso de Ariel y la Filosofa de la


Liberacin.



Utopa y Comunidad: Dos proyectos de vida comunitaria a comienzos del siglo XX


en Chile.



(Re)discovering America in Buenos Aires: The Cultural Entrepreneurship


of Waldo Frank, Samuel Glusberg and Victoria Ocampo.



Pensamiento revolucionario en Amrica Latina. Juicio crtico a la produccin poltico


intelectual a partir de la Revolucin cubana y nicaragense.



Despus del Marxismo, despus del Anarquismo: Lan Diez y la crtica social no
dogmtica.

 

 

del siglo XX.




Marxismo hertico en Amrica Latina. Un dialogo posible entre Agustn Cueva


y Ren Zavaleta.

Maritegui y la formacin del partido socialista del Per.

REVISTA PLYADE 15/ Online ISSN 0719-3696 / ISSN 0718-655X / ENERO-JUNIO 2015/ PP. 137-155






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 1

   




      

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A 

 Cuba Socialista

    Semanario
Marcha
Revista Tricontinental

Marx, Engels y la condicin humana. Una visin desde Cuba




[    
nuestros das (edicin actualizada)
       La teora social
latinoamericana. Textos Escogidos. Tomo II. La teora de la dependencia

A   La izquierda revolucionaria en Centroamrica: de
la lucha armada a la participacin electoral   

A    

  
  
   




         




   
    
Democracia y movimientos populares
A  La teora del subdesarrollo de la CEPAL 
 
 
Revista Estudios Latinoamericanos del CELA

 Estructura Social, Estado y Modelos de Desarrollo en Amrica Latina


Hoy. Elementos para una interpretacin sociolgica de la transformacin
reciente    

   
Revista de Sociologa
 Anuario de
Posgrado de Universidad de Chile
     
   



     
  
Gobierno de izquierda en Amrica Latina: un balance
poltico
  Democracia y Lucha Armada, MIR y MLN-Tupamaros

 

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