Sy een nied ‘Analytical Method In this method proportioning of aggregates done by solving a system of linear equations which are constraints and the resulting solution gives the proportion of each type of material required for the given aggregate gradation. Let be lz fe and rs are the ‘materials with their gradation and the required aggregate gradation are given in the table (Gradation of Materials and the Specified aradation). The proportion of Lime z4 should not exceed [2% With the given data, the required proportion of materials can be found out by solving the given constraints which are linear equations. €.g set of constraints are: [Son tae tay tea > 95 Bor; tae baat S10 Jes <0.02 ‘The Solution to this problem is|21 = 0.285, Jr2 =0.358, [re =0.02 and|xu =0.02. Table: Gradation of Materials and the Specified gradation Size _|[Gradation of A | Gradation of B]|Gradation of C [Gradation of D [Lower limit Upper limit 26.5 mm| 7100 100 100 7100 100 100 22.4mm|| 85.08 100 100 100 95 100 2mm] 1.48 80.68 100 100 55 75 5.6mm. 0 1772 100 7100 40 60 2.8mm. 0 0 85.13 100 30 45 710m 0 oO 59.61 15, 100 22 355m, 0 oO S745 10 7100 18 180m 0 0 24.96 8 100 15 90m 0 0 15.85 0 100 8The dry mix design involves three important steps, viz. Selection of aggregates, aggregates gradation and proportion of aggregates, which are discussed below. Selection of Aggregates The desirable qualities of a bituminous paving mixture are dependent to a considerable degree on the nature of the aggregates used. Aggregates are classified as coarse, fine and filler. The function of the coarse aggregates in contributing to the stability of a bituminous paving mixture is largely due to interlocking and frictional resistance of adjacent particles to displacement. Similarly fines or sand contributes to stability failure function in filling the voids between coarse aggregates. The mineral filler is largely visualised as a void filling agent. Crushed aggregates and sharp sands produce higher stability of the mix when compared with gravel and rounded sands. And finally the aggregates have to satisfy all the tests prescribed by BIS, for a given type of layer course.Selection of Aggregates Gradation The properties of the bituminous mix including the density and stability are very much dependent on the aggregates and their grain size distribution. Gradation has a profound effect on material performance. It might be reasonable to believe that the best gradation is one that produces the maximum density. This would involve a particle arrangement where smaller particles are packed between the larger particles, which reduces the void space between particles. This create more particle-to-particle contact, which in bituminous pavements would increase stability and reduce water infiltration. However,some minimum amount of void space is necessary to: * Provide adequate volume for the binder to occupy. * Promote rapid drainage and resistance to frost action for base and subbase courses. Therefore, although it may not be the best aggregate gradation, a maximum density gradation does provide a common reference. A widely used equation to describe a maximum density gradation was developed by Fuller and Thompson in 1907. a” = 100% 1 p=1007 . (1) where, P is the percentage finer than the sieve, ldis the agrregate size being considered, LD. is the maximum aggregate size to be used, and lw is the parameter which adjusts curve for fineness or coarseness. The gradation for 40 mm thick bituminous concrete surface course as per IRC is given in the Table. And it depends on the construction work, thickness of the layer.Module 3: Bituminous Mix Design Rola a el Table: Specified gradation of aggregates for BC surface course of 40 mm Sieve size [we passing (%) || Wt passing (%) (mm) | Grader | Grade2_| 20 fo; 100 12.5 [100 | 80-100 10.0 | 80-100 70-90 4.75 [ 55-75 50-70 2.36 | 35-50 35 - 50 0.60 | 18-29 18-29 0.30 [ 13-23 13-23 0.15 [ 8-16 8-16 foo7s || 4-10 | 4-10 [Binders | 5-75 [| 5-75 * Bitumen content in percent by weight of the mixProportioning of aggregates After selecting the aggregates and their gradation, proportioning of aggregates has to be done and the following methods for proportioning of aggregates are given below. * Trial and Error * Graphical Methods ¢ Analytical Method Trial and error procedure In trail and error procedure, to determine the required proportioning of the aggregates, vary the proportion of materials until the required aggregate gradation is achieved.Graphical Methods Two graphical methods in common use for proportioning of aggregates are, Triangular chart method and Rothfuch’s method Triangular chart This method is applicable when three materials are to he mixed together to achieve a desired gradation which is for maximum density. The materials may be conveniently divided as coarse aggregate, sand and fines and their percentages are marked on a triangular chart. Suppose three materials A, B and C are available which are coarse, medium and fines respectively. Points A, B and C are plotted on the triangular chart knowing the grain size distribution. Next step is to obtain the desired gradation D based on some gradation critical lie Fuller's gradation or Point D is plotted in the triangular chart representing the desired gradation, Now the graphical construction for obtaining the proportion of A, B and Cis made by producing the line CD to meet the line AB to E, The proportion of coarse aggregate sand and fines are given by figure below. goo resanr sere cia anc6 mi Proportioning of materials by triangular chart Q) 2 @)Pam fo~| A r% | ah Module 3: Bituminous Mix Design Rothfutch's Method This method is used when a number of materials have to be mixed together for obtaining appropriate gradation. The gradation may be decided either based upon recommended grain size distribution charts or by any equation like Fuller's gradation. On a graph paper when Y-axis represents percent passing and X-axis representing particle size a diagonal line is drawn from point corresponding to 100 percent particles passing i.e maximum particle size passing to a point corresponding to zero percentage passing i.e smallest particle size. For different material say A, B and C sieve analysis has to be done and percentage finer has to be calculated at each range of particle size for all the materials. And the balancing straight lines of A, B and C are obtained by allowing only minimum of the areas on the center sides of the balancing lines. The opposite ends of the balancing line of A and B are joined (i.e zero point passing of material A is pointed with 100 percent passing B). Similarly the opposite ends of the balancing lines of B and C are joined. The points where these lines meet the desired gradation line represent the proportions in which type materials A, B and C are to be mixed. These values may be read from the Y-axis by projecting the Points of intersection, as shown in the figure below. 100 80 58% 60 40 29% 20 re Se. 25 20 10 475 200 042 001 Proportioning of Materials by Rothfutch Method