Chapter 10

Atoms and molecules are too

small to count by usual means!!
Mole a way of representing the amount
of a substance in chemistry
Just like
dozen = 12
pair = 2
score = 20
mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms

Avogadros number = 6.022 x 10 23 = 1 mole

So there are 6.022 x 1023 donuts in a mole,
6.022 x 1023 M&Ms in a mole, and
6.022 x 1023 ANYTHINGS in a mole
Types of particles in chemistry:
Atoms
molecules (covalent)
formula units (ionic)

Molar mass
Mass in grams of one mole of a
substance
Found on the periodic table

Example
What is the molar mass of C?
What is the molar mass of CO?

What is the molar mass of CO2

What is the molar mass of N?

What is the molar mass of N2O4?

What is the molar mass of Ca3N2?

How many grams are in 3 moles of

Ca3N2?

Molar volume of a gas

1 mole of a gas at STP = 22.4 L
STP = standard temperature & pressure
0oC or 273 K
What is Kelvin? (temperature scale, Chapter 12)
For now K = oC + 273

1 atmosphere of pressure

Conversions

Conversions

Review of Basic Concepts

Ask questions if you need
clarification!

What is a mole??

Who developed the concept of a

mole?

Why do we not use dozen in

chemistry?

What is molar mass ??

Single Step Conversions

Remember Chapter 1?

Convert 0.89 mol CaCl2 to grams.

How many moles are in 158.1 grams of

PbSO4?

Determine the number of atoms that are

in 0.58 mol of Se.

How many moles of barium nitride Ba3N2

are there in 4.7 x 1024 formula units?

What volume will 0.37 mol of N2 gas

occupy at STP?

A canister with a volume of 69.4 L

contains how many moles of oxygen at
STP?

Multi-Step Conversions
Use the same chart.
Just two bars, instead of one.

What mass of C2H6 is in 6.45 x 1024

molecules?

How many formula units are in 5.1 g of

TiO2?

What mass of helium will occupy 5.6 L at

STP?

Percent Composition
Molar mass + one extra step

Pie!
If Bobby eats 1 out of 8 pieces of pumpkin
pie, what percentage did he eat?

Volcanoes!
Lava = very complex! Different forms!

Volcanoes!
Why?
48.4% Silicon
Another
common
substance found
in nature made
from mostly
silicon?

Glass!
What percentage of glass is silicon?
Silicon dioxide: SiO2

Percent Composition
1. Find mass of individual elements
2. Add together to get molar mass
3. Divide individual mass of element by the
total molar mass
**multiply by 100

Glass!
What percentage of glass is silicon?
Silicon dioxide: SiO2
1.
2.
3.

Find mass of individual elements

Add together to get molar mass
Divide individual mass of element by the total molar mass
**multiply by 100

1. Find mass of individual elements

2. Add together to get molar mass
3. Divide individual mass of element by molar mass
**multiply by 100

What is the percent composition of each

element in MgCl2?

1. Find mass of individual elements

2. Add together to get molar mass
3. Divide individual mass of element by molar mass
**multiply by 100

What is the percent composition of

phosphorus in K3PO4?

1. Find mass of individual elements

2. Add together to get molar mass
3. Divide individual mass of element by molar mass
**multiply by 100

Find the percent composition of each

element in N2O4?
Find the percent composition of oxygen in
HCO3?

Percent Composition Check Up

1) What is the molecular formula of a compound
that has a molar mass of 132.24 g/mol and an
empirical formula of C3H8?
2) A molecular compound has a molar mass of
128.14 g/mol and the empirical formula SO2.
What is the molecular formula?
3) What is the percent composition of each
element in GaBr3?
4) What is the percent composition of carbon in
Al2(CO3)3?

Relating Empirical and

Molecular Formulas
Using Molar Mass

Empirical Formulas and Molar Mass

1. Find molar mass of empirical formula
2. Determine the factor relating the
empirical and molecular formulas

Use multiplication or division

3. Multiply the subscripts of the empirical

formula by that factor

Example: Sugar
C6H12O6

Molecular formula =
Empirical formula =

1. Find molar mass of empirical formula

2. Determine the factor relating the empirical and
molecular formulas
3. Multiply the subscripts by that factor

What is the molecular formula of a

substance that has an empirical formula of
C2H5 and a molecular mass of 87 g/mol?

1. Find molar mass of empirical formula

2. Figure out what factor you need to multiply by
3. Multiply the subscripts by that factor

A compound has an empirical formula of

ClCH2 and a molecular weight of 98.96
g/mol. What is its molecular formula?

1. Find molar mass of empirical formula

2. Figure out what factor you need to multiply by
3. Multiply the subscripts by that factor

A compound has a molar mass of 283.6

g/mol and its empirical formula is P2O5.
What is its molecular formula?
What is the molecular formula of a
substance that has an empirical formula of
NO2 and a molecular mass of 138 g/mol?

Empirical Formulas

Calculate empirical formula from

percent composition:
1. Put g in place of % (if not already g)
2. Divide each type of atom by its atomic
mass
3. Find smallest number and divide all
atoms by that number.
4. Use results as subscripts in formula
5. Adjust 0.5 by multiplying by 2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Put g in place of % (if not already g)

Divide each type of atom by its atomic mass
Find smallest number and divide all atoms by that number.
Use results as subscripts in formula
Adjust 0.5 by multiplying by 2

A compound is 75% carbon and 25%

hydrogen. What is its empirical formula?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Put g in place of % (if not already g)

Divide each type of atom by its atomic mass
Find smallest number and divide all atoms by that number.
Use results as subscripts in formula
Adjust 0.5 by multiplying by 2
From worksheet. Try on own.

A compound is 38.8% chlorine and

61.2% oxygen. What is its empirical
formula?

A compound is 89.34% potassium and

10.66% nitrogen. What is its empirical
formula?

Molecular Formulas
Use the same steps from
Determining Empirical Formulas
plus two more steps

Find molecular formula from

composition.

6. Calculate mass of empirical formula and

compare to given mass.
7. Multiply each subscript of empirical
formula by multiplying factor

6.
7.

Calculate mass of empirical formula and compare to

given mass.
Multiply each subscript of empirical formula by
multiplying factor

A compound is 82.76% carbon and 17.24%

hydrogen. It has a molecular mass of 58g.
What is the molecular formula?

6.
7.

Calculate mass of empirical formula and compare to

given mass.
Multiply each subscript of empirical formula by
multiplying factor
From worksheet:

A compound is 30.435% nitrogen and

69.565% oxygen. It has a molecular mass of
92g. What is the molecular formula?

6.
7.

Calculate mass of empirical formula and compare to

given mass.
Multiply each subscript of empirical formula by
multiplying factor
From worksheet. Try on your own.

Find the molecular formula of a compound

that contains 42.56g palladium and 0.80g
hydrogen. The molar mass of the compound
is 216.8 g/mol.