FPG 1204

CHAPTER 5
TURBO JET ENGINE

CHAPTER REVIEW
History
Early and current design
Calculation for net thrust
Cycle improvement
Descent fuel, time and distance
Different between the piston and turbo-jet

engine

INTRODUCTION
The turbojet is the oldest kind of general-

purpose airbreathing jet engine.

Turbojets consist of
an air inlet,
an air compressor,
a combustion chamber,
a gas turbine (that drives the air compressor)

and
a nozzle

Turbojet engine attach under the wing.

EXAMPLE OF TURBOJET ENGINE

PARTS OF TURBOJET
ENGINE

HOW IT OPERATES?
The air is compressed into the chamber,

heated and expanded by the fuel combustion

Then allowed to expand out through the

turbine into the nozzle where it is accelerated

to high speed to provide propulsion

Interesting Fact
Turbojets are quite inefficient if flown below

about Mach=2 and very noisy.

Most modern aircraft use turbofans

instead for economic reasons.

Turbojets are still very common in medium

range cruise missiles, due to their high

exhaust speed, low frontal area and
relative simplicity.

HISTORY

HISTORY
Albert Fon's German patent

for jet Engines (January 1928).

The third illustration is a
turbojet.
Heinkel He 178, the world's

first aircraft to fly purely on

turbojet power, using an
HeS 3 engine.

1926
Practical axial compressors were made

possible by ideas from A.A.Griffith in a

seminal paper ("An Aerodynamic Theory of
Turbine Design").

1939
On 27 August 1939 the Heinkel He 178

became the world's first aircraft to fly under

turbojet power with test-pilot Erich Warsitz at
the controls, thus becoming the first practical
jet plane
The first two operational turbojet aircraft,
the Messerschmitt Me 262
the Gloster Meteor entered service towards
the end of World War II in 1944.

Cont.
Concorde used turbojet engines because it turns

out that the small cross-section and high exhaust

speed is ideal for operation at Mach 2.
Concorde's engine burnt less fuel to produce a

given thrust for a mile at Mach 2.0 than a modern

high-bypass turbofan such as General Electric
CF6 at its Mach 0.86 optimum speed.
Concorde's airframe, however, was far less

efficient than that of any subsonic airliner.

EARLY DESIGN AND CURRENT

DESIGN

EARLY DESIGN
Early German engines had serious

problems controlling the turbine

inlet temperature.
A lack of suitable alloys due to war
shortages meant the turbine rotor and stator
blades would sometimes disintegrate on first
operation and never lasted long.
Their early engines averaged 1025 hours of
operation before failing

Cont.
The United States had the best materials

because of their reliance on

turbo/supercharging in high altitude
bombers of World War II.
For a time some US jet engines included the
ability to inject water into the engine to cool
the compressed flow before combustion,
usually during takeoff.

J85-GE-17A turbojet engine from General Electric

(1970)

CURRENT DESIGN

Schematic diagram showing the operation of

an axial flow turbojet engine

HOW TURBO-JET
OPERATES?
Air intake
Preceding the compressor is the air intake (or
inlet).
It is designed to be as efficient as possible at
recovering the ram pressure of the air stream tube
approaching the intake
Compressor
The compressor is driven by the turbine.
The compressor rotates at very high speed,

adding energy to the airflow and at the same time

squeezing (compressing) it into a smaller space

Cont.
Combustion chamber
In a turbojet the air and fuel mixture passes
unconfined through the combustion chamber.
As the mixture burns its temperature increases
dramatically, but the pressure actually decreases a
few percent.
Turbine
Hot gases leaving the combustor are allowed to

expand through the turbine.

Turbines are usually made up of high temperature
metals to resist the high temperature, and frequently
have built-in cooling channels.

Cont.
Nozzle
After the turbine, the gases are allowed to

expand through the exhaust nozzle to

atmospheric pressure, producing a high velocity
jet in the exhaust plume.

After burner
An afterburner or "reheat jetpipe" is a device
added to the rear of the jet engine.
It provides a means of spraying fuel directly into
the hot exhaust, where it ignites and boosts
available thrust significantly

Cont.
Thrust reverser
A thrust reverser is, essentially, a pair of
clamshell doors mounted at the rear of the
engine which,
when deployed, divert thrust normal to the jet
engine flow to help slow an aircraft upon
landing.

CALCULATION FOR NET

THRUST

NET THRUST
Where:
is the rate of flow of air through the engine
is the rate of flow of fuel entering the engine
is the speed of the jet (the exhaust plume) and
is assumed to be less than sonic velocity
is the true airspeed of the aircraft
represents the nozzle gross thrust
represents the ram drag of the intake

EXAMPLE
What is the net thrust for an jet aircraft if its

given the rate of flow of fuel entering the engine is

8.3, rate of flow of air through the engine is 8, speed

of the jet is 100m/s, and the true airspeed of the
aircraft is 143kt,

DESCENT FUEL, TIME AND DISTANCE

FUEL JET CALCULATION

Example of boing 767, pilot calculated

required fuel is 22,300 kg, 7682 liters already

installed. Calculate how much more fuel had
to be added:
A litre of jet fuel weighs 0.803kg, so the

correct calculation was:

7682litres 0.803 = 6169kg
22300kg 6169kg = 16131kg
16131kg 0.803 = 20088liters of fuel to be

transferred

Cont.
Between the ground crew and flight crew,

however, they arrived at an incorrect

conversion factor of 1.77, the weight of a
litre of fuel in pounds:
7682litres 1.77 = 13597kg
22300kg 13597kg = 8703kg
8703kg 1.77 = 4916litres of fuel to be

transferred

EXERCISE
Example of boing 757-200, pilot calculated

required fuel is 43, 490 liters, 1000 kg of fuel

is already installed. Calculate how much more
fuel had to be added:

DISTANCE OR RANGE
Where:
CT specific fuel consumption = (101972/time)g/KN.s
S wing area
air density = 1.225kg/m3
CL coefficient of lift
CD coefficient of drag
W lift equation (1/2 V^2SCL)

EXERCISE
Find the range of the turbojet engine aircraft

if the time taken is 2 hours, the

coefficient of drag is 0.125 and
coefficient of lift is tenth times than
coefficient of drag. The wing area is
46m^2 and the velocity of the aircraft is
100m/s.

CYCLE IMPROVEMENT

Cycle improvements
Thermodynamics of a typical air-breathing jet engine

are modeled approximately by a Brayton Cycle.

Increasing the overall pressure ratio of the

compression system raises the combustor entry

temperature.
Minimizing heat losses and optimizing the inlet

temperature ratio will increase the system's useful

work and the thermal efficiency of the turbo jet
engine.

Different between the piston and

turbo-jet engine
A piston engine
utilizes the linear motion of cylinders/pistons to combust
the gasoline that drives the vehicle or appliance.
A jet engine, however:
uses a fluid (air) intake to assist in the compression of fuel.
It comprises of many turbines and compression components
that synchronize to force the expended fuel out the nozzle
of the engine.
This action creates direct thrust as opposed to the electrical
energy produced in a piston engine.