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(artist reconstruction)
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A Whale of a Tale?
?
Pakicetus
Modern whales
(blue whale)
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Importance of Fossils
Fossils can provide a great deal of information:
Complete skeletons are rare, but even a
single bone can yield important
information
Fossils can reveal more than just age,
anatomy, and identity
Importance of Fossils
For example, one bone shows whales are artiodactyl mammals.
Artiodactyla = Taxonomic group that includes all even-toed ungulates
(e.g., pronghorns, hippos, deer, camels, giraffes, sheep, more)
Pronghorn
Fossil whales
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Aunt
Cousin #1
Grandparents
Parents
Sibling
Cousin #2
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B.
You
Sibling
Parents
You Cousin 1
Cousin 2
Cousin 2
Sibling
Aunt
Cousin 1
Parents
Aunt
Grandparents
Grandparents
C.
Grandparents
Parents
Aunt
Cousin 1
Cousin 2
Sibling
You
15
?
Pakicetus
Modern whales
(blue whale)
16
Ambulocetus natans
(walking whale that swims)
~ 49 mya
Rodhocetus kasrani
~ 46-47 mya
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Basilosaurus species
~ 38 mya
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Dorudon species
~ 37 mya
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B.
Ambulocetus
Dorudon
Modern whales
C.
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(e.g., B & C)
*
**
Branch, or
lineage
The evolution of a
particular trait is often
marked with a hash.
Internal nodes
(= an ancestor of 2 lineages)
Time
Root
Evolution as
Envisioned by Darwin
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Evolutionary Trees
Evolutionary trees show relatedness and descent.
An analogy
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(Mead 2009)
(linear conception)
Correct
(branching conception)
Misconceptions by Critics
Linear view of evolution:
no chain of descent from archaeocetes to modern whales has
been identified.
(from http://www.trueorigin.org/whales.asp, retrieved 22 Dec 2015)
The Cetacean
Family Tree
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BC
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Eye
orbits
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Fossils
2. Anatomy
1. Fossils
Numerous fossils show
a clear shift in habitat
from terrestrial to
aquatic, and a radical
change in form over
millions of years.
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2. Anatomy
Recall that whales are mammals.
Warm-blooded
Have hair, lungs, placenta,
& produce milk
Bear live young
Two nasal passages (with 1
or 2 blowholes)
Have arm, wrist, & finger
bones, & some with
vestigial pelvis / legs
Tale moves vertically
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4. Paleoecology / Sedimentology
Stable oxygen isotopes in modern and fossil cetaceans
Bars shifted to the left =
ingested freshwater
Bars shifted to the right =
ingested marine water
Deer
Pig
Numerous
molecular studies
have confirmed that
hippos are the
closest living relative
to cetaceans (i.e.,
they are sister taxa).
Camel
Non-artiodactyl
mammals
(Relationships based on Zhou et al. 2011)
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Summary
Evolution
is best represented with a branching, not a linear
pattern.
is a discipline of reconstructing past relationships,
not filling in a linear chain of missing links.
Whale evolution
was once dominated by speculation and criticism,
but is now one of the best documented
evolutionary transitions.
is supported by numerous lines of independent
evidence, not just fossils.
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