NATURE OF

GROWTH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
I NYOMAN MANGKU KARMAYA

GROWTH :
INCREASE IN SIZE

(ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES)

DEVELOPMENT :
BECOME A MATURE
ORGANISM

(RELATED TO PSYCHOLOGICAL, IDEAS,

UNDERSTANDING, MOTOR AND SENSORY SKILL)

A SERIES OF CHANGES
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.

CELL DIVISON
DIFFERENTIATION: DIFFERENT FUNCTION
ALTERATION IN THE FORM OF BODY AS A
WHOLE AND INDIVIDUAL ORGANS AND
SYSTEMS
ADDING AND SUBSTRACTING MATERIALS
(THYMUS AND EMBRYONIC VASCULAR
CHANNELS)
INCIDENTAL DESTRUCTION AND (PREMATURE)
DEATH CELLS AND TISSUES
SUBSTITUTION (CARTILAGE BY BONE,
TEMPORARY BY PERMANENT TEETH)

A SERIES OF CHANGES
6. ALTERATION AND MODIFICATION (BONY
SKELETON, EPITHELIAL CELLS)
7. NOT ALL PARTS GROW AND STOP
GROWING SIMULTANEOUSLY
8. GROWTH OF ONE PART CONTROLLED BY
THE ACTIVITY OF ANOTHER
9. GROWTH DOES NOT CEASE WHEN
MATURAITY IS ATTAINED (SKIN, HAIR,
NAIL)

PROCESSES OF GROWTH
MULTIPLICATIVE: INCREASE IN NUMBER
BY DIVIDING
AUXETIC :INCREASE IN SIZE
ACCRETIONARY: INCREASE IN AMOUNT OF
NON-LIVING MATERIAL BETWEEN CELLS
INTERSTITIAL GROWTH : UNIFORM
GROWTH OF THE TISSUE THROUGHOUT ITS
MASS
APPOSITIONAL GROWTH: NEW MATERIAL
IS ADDED TO SURFACE OF EXISTING
SUBSTANCE

CELL DIVISION
FROM SINGLE FERTILIZED OVUM BY 45
GENERATION OF DIVISION BECOME 1014
CELLS IN HUMAN ADULT
FERTILIZED OVUM WITH NO INCREASE IN
CYTOPLASMA AMOUNT TWO DAUGHTER
CELLS CONTAIN HALF THE MATERIAL OF
PARENT CELL SIMULTANEOUS DIVISION
THERE IS A TIME CELLULAR
MULTIPLICATION IS CONVERTED INTO A
STEADY AND GRADUAL PROCESS BY FITS
AND STARTS. SOME CELLS CONTINUE TO
DIVIDE, SOME HAVE TO WAIT

CELL DIVISION

LIMITATION OF CELL SIZE BY PHYSICAL (VOLUME

AND SURFACE AREA) AND CHEMICAL FACTORS
TO OVERCOME THIS THE CELL ALTERS ITS SHAPE
(ELONGATED: NERVE CELLS; FLATTENING:
EPITHELIAL CELLS; FOLDING UP ITS SURFACE
MEMBRANE: INTESTINAL CELLS). REGULAR 14SIDED FIGURES (TETRAKAIDEKAHEDRA) IS A
MAXIMUM ECONOMY OF SURFACE AREA
THE RATIO BETWEEN THE SIZE WITH GROWTH AT
THE SAME RATE AS THE CYTOPLASM DETERMINE
THE TIME AT WHICH A CELL MUST DIVIDE
THE PROCESS OF GROWTH AND CELL DIVISION
ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND INTERDEPENDENT

CELL DIFFERENTIATION
NO EVIDENCE IN THE EARLY STAGES OF
EMBRYO.
THE CELLS ARE UNDIFFERENTIATED,
UNIFORM, NON DISCRIPT, RELATIVELY
SIMPLE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS,
HIGHLY ADAPTABLE UNDER DIFFERRING
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION,
MULTIPOTENT
LATER CELLS BEGIN TO SYNTHESIZED
DIFFERENT PROTEIN---RISE TO SPECIFIC
TISSUES

CELL DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIATED CELLS: DIVERSE AND
REGULAR APPEARANCE, COMPLEX
STRUCTURE, SPECIALIZED FUNCTION,
MUCH MORE RIGID AND UNADAPTABLE,
DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO VARIOUS
GROWTH-PROMOTING STIMULI
THE DIFFERENTIATION FACTORS:
INFLUENCE OF OTHER CELLS IN THE
BODY, SELECTIVE REPRESSION AND
SELECTIVE ACTIVATION OF THE GENE

TISSUES CLASSIFICATION
1.

2.
3.

VERY ACTIVE TURNOVER:

EPIDERMIS, CELLS LINING THE
GUT, BLOOD FORMING TISSUES,
MALE AND FEMALE SEX`CELLS
MODERATE TURNOVER: LIVER,
KIDNEY, ENDOCRINE CELLS
AFTER A CERTAIN TIME NO MORE
TURN OVER: MUSCLE AND
NERVOUS TISSUES

MITOTIC INDEX
=

RATIO OF CELLS IN MITOSIS TO

CELLS NOT IN MITOSIS IN A GIVEN
TIME
MITOTIC INDEX (THE RATE OF
GROWTH) INFLUENCED BY: AGE,
SEX, WEIGHT, DIET, TEMPERATURE
AND TIME OF DAY.

TERIMAKASIHKU