Dr.

Shahida Rasheed

Three main sources

Rain
Surface water:

Impounding reservoirs
Rivers and streams
Tanks, ponds and lakes
Ground water:
Deep and shallow wells
Springs

WATER DISTRIBUTION
Globally the total quantity of water available

is fixed.
It is distributed as:
Fresh water (0.2%)
&
Sea water (99.8%)

Classification
Potable water
Clean water
Polluted water
Contaminated water

SAFE & WHOLESOME

WATER
Free from pathogens
Free from harmful chemical substances
Pleasant to the taste, i.e. free from colour and

odour and
Usable for domestic purposes

Eutrophication: over nourishing of body

stored water, by presence of phosphorous and

nitrogen which helps in algal growth.
Biomagnification: bioaccumulation of
chemicals in aquatic life.
Thermal stratification: warmer water in
summers block oxygen from reaching the
colder layer which causes accumulation of
hydrogensulphide and carbondioxide.

Purification of water on a
small
scale
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
Boiling
Bleaching powder
Chlorine tablets
Potassium permagnate
Iodine
Double pot method
Ultraviolet radiation
Filters (Berkefeld, Pasteur Chamberland and
Katadyn)

Breakpoint Chlorination
Addition of Chlorine to Ammonia in water

produces Chloramines. When further chlorine

is added a reduction in the residual chlorine
occurs. Upon continued addition a fall will
occur to a level where the proportion is equal
to the added chlorine. This point is known as
Break Point Chlorination. It corresponds to
superchlorination.

Hardness of water is defined as the soap

destroying power of water. (mEq/L)

Due to:
Calcium bicarbonate
Magnesium bicarbonate
Calcium sulphate
Magnesium sulphate

WATER QUALITY
INDICATORS
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
pH
Coliform Bacteria
Hardness of water

Sampling of water
Collection from tap
Collection from rivers, lakes reservoirs and

wells
Transport and storage samples

Quantity of water in a
well
Deep Wells
Shallow Wells

Quantity of water in litres:

square of diameter
X depth of water
800
of well in meters
in meters
square of diameter
X depth of water
of well in feet
in feet

X 5