WATER FOR ALL?

Dr. Imran Shaikh

Water Pre Test

What is hard water?

What is polluted water?

What is contaminated water?
How will you assess quality of water?
What are common methods for purification
of water at household/ community level?
What are common water borne diseases
in Pakistan?

WATER FOR ALL

What is safe water?
Pleasant to taste
Free form harmful chemical substances
Free from pathogenic organisms
Usable for domestic purpose

Water quality and standards

Physical standards
Chemical standards
Microbiological standards

What do you look for in Physical

standards ?
Colour
Odours
Taste
Reactions
Turbidity
Radiological quality

.In chemical standards ?

Toxic substances as lead, cadmium,
arsenic, mercury
Substances as:
Flourine
Nitrates
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

What is hardness of water?

It is expressed as milli-equivalents of
hardness producing ions (Ca, K,HCo 3)
Classification of water
Soft

0-0.9 meq/l

Moderately hard 1-2.9 meq/l

Hard

3-5.9 meq/l

Very hard

6 and above

.in microbiological standards

Presumptive coliform count
Colony count
Test for fecal streptococci
Pathogens

How do you purify water?

On large scale:
Storage
Filtration
Chlorination

Water purification

On domestic levels:
Boiling
Distillation
Chemicals:
Bleaching powder
Chlorine tablets
Iodine
Potassium permanganate
Alum

Pakistan population coverage of

water and sanitation
URBAN
water supply

89%

sanitation

62%

RURAL
water supply

54%

sanitation

19%

Water Post Test

What is hard water?

What is polluted water?

What is contaminated water?
How will you assess quality of water?
What are common methods for purification
of water at household/ community level?
What are common water borne diseases
in Pakistan?