Stomatitis: inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth

Candidiasis: thrush or moniliasis

Appears as small white patches (milk curds) on the tongue and mouth and larynx.
Tx: Nystatin or Amphoteracin B (diflucan)
NI: wash hands, medication, inspect oral cavity, bland soft diet
Carcinoma of the oral cavity: lips, mouth, tongue and pharynx
Parotid gland - benign
Sub maxillary gland - malignant
Leukoplakia - hard white patches on the tongue, mouth or lips
Arthroplaqeya Asymptomatic but may have an area of roughness at first Then difficult chewing,
swallowing or tasting. Voice may change.
Tx: radical neck dissection and removal of the lymph nodes, jugular vein,
sternocleidomadtoid muscle, spinal nerve. (Controls shoulder)

Hemiglossectomy - removal of part of the tongue.

Glossectomy - all of tongue
Mandibulectomy - removal of the mandible.
Laryngectomy - larynx, partial or complete.

Post surgery complications (airway, hemorrhage, neurological)

NI: avoid son and when exposure, tobacco and alcohol
GERD: backward movement of stomach acid into the esophagus.
Do not eat: chocolate, citrus, peanut butter, coffee, alcohol, spicy foods
S/S: dyspepsia, pyrosis, odynophagia, esophagitis.
Tx: fundoplication to strengthen sphincter, wear loose clothing, loose weight.
Carcinoma of the Esophagus: sensation of food sticking in the throat,dysphagia
Tx:
Esophagogastrectomy: resection of the lower esophagus and the proximal
stomach.
Esophagogastrostomy: resection of a portion of the esop w anastomosis to
the stomach.
Esophagoenterostomy: resection of the esop and anastomosis to a portion of
colon.
Gastrostomy tube
Achalasia: cardiospasm: inability of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach to relax.
Tx: anticholinergics(bentyl) to relax GI smooth muscle. Cardiomyotomy - incision into
the stomach in the esophagus allowing the mucosa to expand so food can pass
easily into the stomach. High calorie and protein diet.
Barrett's Esophagus: chronic irritation of the lower Esophagus. Endoscopy and
biopsy every 1-3 Y
S/S: GERD

Parotitis: painful swelling of the saliva gland. Halatosis

Avoid chewing gum and eating hard candy.
Gastritis: inflammation of the stomach mucosa the main cause is H.pylorI. A Q will
resolve when offending agent is removed.
Acute S/S: fever, nausea vomiting, headache, coating of the tongue, loss of appetite,
Epigastric pain.
Toxic - ingestion of contaminated food: diarrhea is coming
NPO until S/S subside.
Peptic ulcer disease: usually occur in the stomach as gastric ulcers - duodenum as
duodenal ulcers. 70% or > H. Pylori (damages mucosal lining) -orGI mucosal loses its ability to protect itself from acid and pepsin.
ComplicationsBleeding/Hemorrhage: emesis to massive bright red, slow bleeding with black tarry
stools.
Peforation: absent bowel sounds, rigid board like abdomen, severe upper abdominal
pain radiating to shoulder.
Obstruction: scar tissue from repeated ulcerations and healing, vomiting with
complete obstruction.
Gastric ulcers: not awakened at night with pain, pain before eating
Doudenal Ulcers: awakened at night with pain, pain after eating
Hematemesis: vomiting blood, appears like coffee grounds.
Melena: black tarry stool from digested blood
(carafate) - dissolves in water, never crush.
Gastroduodenostomy: billroth 1, removal of distal stomach
Gastrojejunostomy: billroth 2, removal of the distal stomach and antrum (bottom part
of stomach)
Pyloroplasty: enlarging the Pylorus
Dumping syndrome: occurs as a complication with some extensive gastric surgeries.
S/S: diaphoresis, nausea vomiting, epigastric pain, explosive diarrhea, Borborygmus
(growling stomach)
Eat slowly, avoid fluids during meals and eaT 6 small meals every day.
Pernicious anemia: intrinsic factor deficiency, serum Vit B12
Cancer of the stomach
Most common type: adenocarcinoma in pyloric and Antrum.
Early stage - asymptomatic
Often diagnosed in late stages
Late - The billeted state weight loss, poor appetite.

Tumor markers: CEA, CA 19-9

Tx: removal.
Dehiscence: separation of wound edges
Evisceration: viscera protrudes through the incision.
NI: drainage and feeding tubes, dressings, medication, weakness post op.
Monitor for weight loss, skin integrity, need for hospice care
Long-term antibiotic therapy can cause C-diff
E Coli is normally found in the G.I. tract and is part of the body's normal bacterial
flora
Tx: antibiotics can inhibit normal bacterial growth and can lead to overgrowth of the
other bacteria
Avoid anti-diarrhea medication because it allows the micro organism to stay in the
colon longer.
IBS: does not cause inflammation or changes in the tissue. RLQ. Mucus stools,
unformed.
Avoid Foods: fruits, lettuce, caffeinated beverages, alcohol
IBD: ulcerative colitis is more common, Crohn's disease. Causes are Unknown.
Ulcerative Colitis: LLQ: begins in the rectum and gradually extends up the bow
towards the Cecum. Tiny absences form and the capillaries become friable crumble,
and bleed, causing diarrhea that contains pus and blood
Ulcerative proctitis: confined to the distal colon
Ulcerative colitis: extends beyond the sigmoid colon. Large intestines become
dilated
Pancolitis: entire Colon
Fulmination colitis: entire colon with progressive of severity
No healthy tissue appears between inflamed areas (Opposite of Crohn's)
Avoid milk, high fiber foods, caffeine and spicy foods
Colon resection: partial removal with End to end anastomosis.
Ileoanal anastomosis: removal of the colon and rectal them with Anastomosis of
ileum to anus
Proctocolectomy: removal of anus rectum and: with creation of a stoma.
Kock pouch allows the client to have control over the discharge of waste from the
reservoir
Chrons Disease: cobblestone In ileum. RLQ
Steatorrhea (fat) when small intestines and bile are involved. No cure
Appendicitis: RLQ. vermiform bc shaped like a worm.
Rebound tenderness over the RLQ (McBurneys point) relief of pain during palpation
followed by pain when pressure is released.
S/S: elevated WBC
Rovsing Sign - palpation in LLQ causes pain in RLQ

Diverticulosis: pouch like herniations, with out inflammation

Diverticulitis: inflammation, blood in stool
LLQ, elevated WBC, fever
No Barium replaced with CT
Avoid nuts
NG until active bowel sounds are present and passing farts.
Peritonitis: inflammation of the abdominal peritoneum. Rigid abs. Unable to fart
Bed rest w semifowlers.
Emesis: vomit poop
Hernias
Reducible: Oregon can be manipulated back into place
Physician may attempt to reduce the hernia.
Herniorrhaphy-traditional
Hernioplasty-reinforcing the area with synthetic material, mesh
Hiatal Hernia: not a disease, anatomical condition. Main problem is GERD. Elevated
HOB
Gastropexy: stomach is returned to the abdomen in sutured in place
Nissen fundo- fundus is wrapped around
Incarcerated hernia's won't go back into place
Intussuspection: prolapse of one segment of the bow into the lumen of another
segment, telescope
Volvulus: twisting of the bowel on itself. Loud high-pitched sounds become
diminished then absent
Cancer of the colon
Found in the sigmoid and rectal area. Cause is unknown.
Hemorrhoids
Varicosities: dilated veins of the rectum similar to varicose veins. External or internal.