A LaTeX Tutorial

LATEX N
v2.0
2010 3
LATEX N
v2.0
2010 3
A C E
20082012 Alpha Huang

Alpha Culture & Education
All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any
means, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a .
e author and publisher of this book have used their best eorts in preparing this
book. ese eorts include the development, research, and testing of the theories,
technologies and programs to determine their eectiveness. e author and publisher
make no warranty of any kind, express or implied, with regard to these techniques or
programs contained in this book. e author and publisher shall not be liable in any
event of incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the
furnishing, performance, or use of these techniques or programs.
Printed in the United States of America
To: Anna and Bella
xv
xvi
xviii
xx
1
1.1 . . . . . . .
1.1.1
1.1.2 . . .
1.1.3 TEX . . .
1.1.4 . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . .
1.4 . . . . . . .
1
1
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4
7
11
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12
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2
2.1 Hello, World! . . . .
2.2 . . . . .
2.2.1 . . . .
2.2.2 . .
2.2.3 . .
2.3 . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 . .
2.3.2
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2.3.3
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2.4 . . . . . . . . .
2.5 . . . . .
2.5.1 . .
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2.5.2
2.5.3 . . . .
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2.6.1 . . . . .
2.6.2 . . .
2.6.3 . . . . .
2.6.4 . . . . .
2.6.5 . . . . .
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2.7.1 . . .
2.7.2 . . .
2.7.3 . . .
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2.8.1 . . .
2.8.2 . . .
2.8.3 . . .
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27
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3
3.1 . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . .
3.2.1
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3.2.2
3.2.3 . . .
3.3 . . . . . . .
3.4 . . . . . .
3.4.1 . . .
3.4.2 XeTeX . . . . .
3.5 . . . .
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33
35
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
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35
36
37
37
37
38
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v
vi
4
4.1 . . . . . . .
4.2 . . . . . . .
4.2.1 . . .
4.2.2
4.2.3 . . . . .
4.2.4 . . . .
4.2.5 . . . . .
4.2.6 .
4.2.7 . . . .
4.2.8 . . . .
4.2.9 . . .
4.3 . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 . . . . . . .
4.4.1 . . . .
4.4.2 . . . .
4.4.3 . . .
4.5 . . . . . .
4.6 . . . . . . .
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5
5.1 . . . . . . .
5.1.1 . . .
5.1.2 Driver
5.1.3 . . .
5.1.4
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5.2 . . . . . . .
5.2.1 . . . .
5.2.2 . . .
5.2.3 . . .
5.2.4
5.2.5
gure . .
5.2.6
5.3 . . . . . . .
5.3.1 . . .
5.3.2
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6 Metapost
6.1 . . . . . .
6.2 . . .
6.2.1 . .
6.2.2
6.2.3 . . . .
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63
63
64
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67
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70
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73
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
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6.3.1 . . . .
6.3.2 . . . .
6.3.3
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6.6.1
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6.6.2 . .
6.6.3 . . . .
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78
78
78
79
80
82
. 82
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7 PSTricks
7.1 . . . . . . .
7.2 . . . .
7.2.1 . . .
7.2.2
7.2.3
.
7.2.4 . . . . .
7.2.5
7.3 . . . . . . .
7.3.1 .
7.3.2 . . . . .
7.3.3 .
7.3.4 . . .
7.4 . . . . . . .
7.5 . . . . . . . . . .
85
85
87
87
87
8 PGF
8.1 . . . . . . .
8.2 . . . .
8.2.1 .
8.2.2
8.2.3 . . . . .
8.2.4 . . . . .
8.3 . . . . . . .
8.3.1 . . . . .
8.3.2 .
8.3.3 .
8.3.4 .
8.3.5 . . . . .
8.4 . . . . . . .
8.5 . . . . . . . .
95
95
96
96
97
97
98
98
98
98
99
99
99
100
101
88
88
89
90
90
90
90
91
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92
vii
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8.6.1 . .
8.6.2 . . .
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
8.5.4
8.6
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5 .
9.6 .
9.7
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10
121
10.1 . . . . . . . . 121
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . 122
10.3 . . . . . . . . . . 122
10.4 . . . . . . . 124
10.4.1 thebibliography124
10.4.2 BibTeX . . . . 125
10.4.3 Natbib . . . . . 128
10.5 . . . . . . . . . . 129
10.6 . . . . . . . . 130
10.7 . . . . . . . . 131
11
11.1 . . . .
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.1.3
11.2 . . . .
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137
11.3 . . . . . . . . . . 141
11.4 . . . . . . . . . . 143
12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
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145
145
145
145
145
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147
B
B.1 . . . . . . .
B.1.1 . . .
B.1.2 . . .
B.1.3 . . .
B.1.4 . . .
B.2 . . . . . . .
B.2.1 . . .
B.2.2 . . .
B.2.3 . . .
B.3 . . . . . . .
B.3.1 .
B.3.2 .
B.3.3
B.3.4 .
B.3.5 . . . .
B.4 . . . . . . .
149
149
150
152
153
154
155
155
155
156
157
158
158
159
160
160
160
162
163
164
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. . . . . . . 168

2.1
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16
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
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RGB . . . . .
CMYK . . . .
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10.1 BTEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
868 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gutenberg Bible, letterpress, 1455 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
St. Christopher, engraving by Drer, 1521 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Woman in Cafe, drypoint by Lesser Ury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e Soldier and his Wife, etching by Hopfer, 1500 . . . . . . . . .
Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, mezzotint . . . . . .
Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, etching, aquatint, and drypoint
by Goya, 1799 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8 e Bath, drypoint and aquatint by Cassatt, 1890 . . . . . . . . . .
B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.5
B.6
B.7
viii
151
151
152
152
153
153
154
154

1.1
1.2
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TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
13
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
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20
20
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3.1
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37
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
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5.1
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65
6.1
6.2
label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
METAPOST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
84
7.1
7.2
7.3
PSTricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
uput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
92
93
9.1
9.2
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10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
ix
11.1 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
A.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
Hello, Wolrd! . . . . .
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mbox fbox . . . . .
makebox framebox
parbox minipage .
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XELATEX . . .
xeCJK . . . . . . . . .
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xi
xii
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
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5.6
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5.8
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5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
6.1
6.2
6.3
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6.6
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6.10
6.11
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
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7.9
7.10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ImageMagick . . . . . . . .
ImageMagick . . . . . . . .
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figure . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
METAPOST . . . . . . . . .
METAPOST . . . . . . . .
METAPOST . . . . . . .
METAPOST . . . . . . . . . . .
METAPOST . . . . . . . . . . .
METAPOST . . . . . . . . . . .
METAPOST . . . . . . . . . . .
METAPOST . . . . . . . . . . .
METAPOST . . . . . . . .
METAPOST . . . . . . . . . . .
METAPOST . . . . . . . . . . .
pst-pdf . . . . . . . . . . . . .
preview . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PStricks . . . . . . . . . . .
PStricks . . . . . . . .
PStricks . . .
PStricks . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PStricks . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PStricks . . . . . . . . . . . .
PStricks . . . . . . . . .
PStricks . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7.11 PStricks . . . . . . . . . . .
7.12 PStricks . . . . . . . . . . .
7.13 PStricks . . . . . . .
7.14 PStricks . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1 PGF . . .
8.2 PGF . . . . . . . . .
8.3 PGF . . . . . . . .
8.4 PGF . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5 PGF . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.6 PGF . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.7 PGF . . . . . . . . .
8.8 PGF . . . . . . . . .
8.9 PGF . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.10 PGF . . . . . . . . . .
8.11 PGF . . . . . . . . . .
8.12 PGF . . . . . . . . . .
8.13 PGF box . . . . . . . . . . .
8.14 PGF . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.15 PGF . . . . . . . .
8.16 PGF . . . . . . . . .
8.17 PGF . . . . . .
8.18 PGF . . . .
8.19 PGF . . . . . . . . . .
8.20 PGF . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4 . . . . . .
9.5 . . . . . . . . . .
9.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4 . . . . . . . . .
10.5 thebibliography . . . . .
10.6 BTEX . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.7 . . . . .
10.8
10.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.10 hyperref . . . . . . . . .
10.11 url href . . . . . . .
xiii
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xiv
10.12 . .
10.13hyperref
11.1 . . . . . . .
11.2 headings . . . . . . . .
11.3 myheadings . . . . . .
11.4 . . . . . . . .
11.5 fancyhdr . . . . . . . .
11.6 . . . . . . . .
11.7 multicol . . . . . . . .
11.8 . . . . . . . . . .
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131
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142

LXJX

xv

lnotes
LATEX
lnotes
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
LATEX XETEX
XETEX
xvi
xvii
5.
6.
7. METAPOST, PSTricks, PGF
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. A
13. B
14.
1.
2.
MIT, IBM, ISO
3.
4.
5. LATEX

1

LATEX 2002
2 Microsoft Word Visio
Linux LATEX
2005 lshort LATEX
HTMLJava
FrontPageDreamweaverJBuilder
LATEX
Word Word
Word
EndNote
LATEX
LATEX
LATEX
xviii
xix
LATEX
3
4
huang.xingang@gmail.com
5
TV TV
CCTV
BBS TEX CTEX

careworn@smth.org
PaladinHL@smth.org
Dieken@smth.org
PiscesGold@smth.org
donated@smth.org
primenumber@smth.org
hkkhhk
snoopyzhao@smth.org
Hongdong Ji
tex@smth.org
IMB@smth.org
Xiao Zigang
jjgod@smth.org
Xubuntu@smth.org
Kov Chai
yakun@smth.org
Langpku@smth.org
yli@smth.org
LittleLeo@smth.org
yyzz11@smth.org
meteorrain@smth.org
milksea@smth.org
4.806 Jonny BBS Leeward
5
6
xx
2010 3 12
166.111.4.80 FTP
xxi
EX
LAT
1.1
(raster image processor, RIP) RIP

B
RIP
(page description
language, PDL)
RIP RIP 1976
(Monotype Corp.) Lasercomp RIP
RIP PostScript (PS)
RIP 1985 LaserWriter RIP 1986
Ghostscript
1
(markup language)
TEX
1.1
TEX
1.1:
tro
SGML
TEX
PDL
PS
PDF
DVI
RIP
RIP
RIP
RIP
1.1.1
PostScript
1969
1975 Robert F. Sproull 1 Press

Xerox Star () Press
InterPress
1976 (Evans & Sutherland) John E. Warnock
(1940) 2 PostScript1978
David C. Evans (19241998)
Ivan E.
Sutherland (1938) Warnock

1
1967 1970 1977

Sun
2
1961 1964 1969
3
1949 1953 (Bendix Corp.) 1962
1965
4
1959 1960 1963 MIT
1963 (National Security Agency, NSA) 1964
1.1:
1980 Sutherland
Sproull (Sutherland, Sproull
and Associates) 1990 Sun Sun
Warnock Martin Newell JaM (John
and Martin) InterPress
MaJ
1982 Warnock Charles M. Geschke (1939) 5
AdobeNewell Adobe InterPress
1984 Adobe PostScript (Steve Jobs, 1955)
PS
LaserWriter Adobe 1991 1997 PostScript 2
PostScript 3 PostScript 1980 Adobe
PS
1990 PostScript
PS PostScript
PDF
1993 Adobe portable document format (PDF)
2008 ISO 32000PDF PostScript
PDF PostScript
PDF
PDF
PDF
PDF
Acrobat Adobe Acrobat Reader ( Adobe
Reader) PDF PostScript
(Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDARPA) 1966

1968 Sproull 1968
Evans 1974 1988 (Turing Award)
1998 (IEEE John von Neumann Medal)
5
(Xavier University) 1962 1963 1972
(Epson standard code for printers, ESC/P)
(printer command language, PCL)
(HP graphics language, HPGL)

TEX (device independent le format, DVI)
1.1.3
XML (XML paper speci cation, XPS) 2009
XPS Open XPS (European Computer
Manufacturers Association) ECMA
1.1.2
tro
1964 MIT Jerome H. Saltzer (1939)
compatible time-sharing system (CTSS)

RUNOFF
Robert H. Morris 7 RUNOFF GE 635
ro1969 Malcolm D. McIlroy (1932) 8 ro BCPL
DEC PDP-7
1971 Unix PDP-11
AT&T
Joseph F. Ossanna (19281977) 9 ro nro
(Wang Laboratories) WANG Graphic Systems CAT
Ossanna nro PDP-11 tro
6
MIT 1961 1963 1966 1995
7
1957 1958 1960 1986 NSA
NSA 1995 Unix 1988
Robert T. Morris (1965) MIT
400
8
1954 1959 MIT 1958
1997
9
1952 (Wayne State Univesrity)
1.1:
C Ossanna
C 7000 CAT
21 Ossanna
49
Brian W. Kernighan (1942)
10
tro ditroA Typesetterindependent TROFF

tro
Unix tro
1990 Unix Novell
tro
Sun Bill N. Joy (1954) 11 GNU gro
tro Unix
LATEX
SGML
1969 IBM Charles F. Goldfarb
12
Edward Mosher, Raymond
Lorie (generalized markup language, GML) GML
GML
(pro le)
1978 Goldfarb GML1986 (standard generalized markup language, SGML) ISO 8879SGML
10
1964 1969 2000

1977 Alfred V. Aho (1941) , Peter J. Weinberger AWK
1978 C Dennis M. Ritchie (1941) e C Programming Language
1990 Robert Fourer, David M. Gay AMPL
11
1975 1979 vi C Shell
(csh) BSD Unix (Network File System, NFS)
12
1960 1964 1967
IBM IBM
SGML
1989 (European Organization for Nuclear Research,

CERN) Tim J. Berners-Lee (1955)
13
(HyperText
Markup Language, HTML) HTML

SGML Berners-Lee (world wide web) 1994
Berners-Lee DARPA MIT
(World Wide Web Consortium, W3C)
1993 HTML (Internet Engineering Task Force,
IETF) 1995 IETF HTML 2.01997 HTML 3.2
W3C 4.0 4.01
HTML
1990 1998 W3C
SGML (Extensible Markup Language, XML)
2004 XML 1.1
XML
1998 W3C (mathematical markup
language, MathML) 2003 MathML 2.0
1991 (Hal Computer Systems) (OReilly Media)
DocBook SGML
XML 2009 5.0
HTML, PDF, CHM 14
Scribe
1980 Brian K. Reid (1949)
15
Scribe: A Document Speci cation Language and its Compiler1981 Reid

Goldfarb Goldfarb Scribe SGML
13
1976 1980 CERN 1984 2004
14
Compiled HTML Help HTML
15
1970 1980 1987
DEC1999 2001 2002
Google2004 Google (IPO) too old IPO
1000
1.1:
Reid Scribe Michael I. Shamos (1947) 16

(Unilogic) Shamos Scribe
Richard M. Stallman (1953) 17
Scribe
1.1.3 TEX
SGML
tro SGML
PDL
DocBook Scribe
AMSSIAM TUG
TEX Donald E. Knuth (1938) 18 1962 Knuth

12 Knuth
1965 3000
2000
e Art of Computer Programming
16
19
1968 1970 (Vassar College) 1972

(American University) 1973, 74 1978
1981 (Duquesne University) 1975
2001
17
1971 Math 55
(1955) 1974
MIT 1970 Emacs, 1983
GNU1985 (Free Software Foundation, FSF)
18
1960
X1963 1968 1974
1992 1995
19
Fundamental Algorithms, Seminumerical Algorithms, Sorting and Searching
Combinatorial Algorithms Syntactic Algorithms 2015
eory of Context-free Languages Compiler Techniques
1976 Knuth
Knuth
TEX
1978 TEX Knuth 1982
1989 TEX 3.0 7 8 Knuth
TEX

2008 3.1415926 METAFONT
e 2.718281Knuth TEX METAFONT
Knuth
1970
GOTO Knuth
GOTO
Knuth
(literate programming)
Nobel Zhuangbility Prize

1981 Knuth WEB
Pascal TEX1987 Silvio Levy
(1959) 20 CWEB C
TEX (engine)
TEX
300 (primitive)
20
1979 (IMPA) 1985

1986 1988 1995 (19112004)
(Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, MSRI)
1.1:
Knuth (format) TEX

Plain TEX 600
1980 (Stanford Research Institute, SRI) Leslie
Lamport (1941) 21 LATEX1992 LATEX 2.09
Lamport Frank Mittelbach 22
1994 LATEX 2 LATEX 3
LATEX (package)
(American Mathematical SocietyAMS) TEX
Michael D. Spivak (1940) 23 Plain TEX AMS-TEX
(19831985) AMS LATEX
Mittelbach Rainer Schpf 24 new font selection

scheme for LATEX(NFSS) AMS AMSFonts
LATEX 1989 AMS-LATEX AMS-LATEX
AMS
Knuth TEX (Xerox graphic printer,

XGP) PDP-6 1979 David R.
Fuchs 25 TEX DVI
DVI
(driver)
PostScript PDF
21
1960 MIT (Brandeis University) 1963 1972

1970 (Massachusetts Computer Associates, MCA) 1977
SRI1985 DEC2001
22
(Johannes-Gutenberg University) 1989
(Electronic Data Systems, EDS)
23
1964
24 A
LTEX3
25
1978 Knuth
TEX Adobe Red Diaper Baby
Haiku Tunnel
10
1985 Tomas Rokicki 26 Funch Knuth

dvips DVI PostScript TeX (TeX
Users Group, TUG) Karl Berry 27
1996 (Institute for High Energy Physics)
Sergey Lesenko dvipdf DVI PDF (Kettering University) Mark A. Wicks dvipdfm
2001 dvipdfm
(Shunsaku Hirata) (Jin-Hwan Cho, 1968)
28
dvipdfm-jpn dvipdfm-kor2002
dvipdfmx
1990 Knuth Ji Zlatuka (1957) 29 Philip Taylor (1947) 30

TEX Knuth TEX1992
new typesetting
system (NTS) Karel Skoup
TEX Java
-TEX TEX 256 32768

1994 Zlatuka Hn Th Thnh (1972) 31 TEX
PDF pdfTeX1996 Knuth
HnTEX
26
1985 1999
27
1980 Stallman FSF
(Interleaf ) (Intuit) 2003 TUG
28
1999 2001 2004
29
(Masaryk University)
30
16 (General Post Oce, GPO) 1970
(Molins Tobacco Machinery) 1972 1997
(Royal Holloway) TeX
31
1991 1996 2001
(Ho Chi Minh City University of Pedagogy) 2006 (River
Valley Technologies)
1.2:
11
Hn pdfTeX 2009
pdfTeX
LuaTEX LuaTEX
TEX pdfTeX 2004 Jonathan Kew 32
XETEX Unicode AAT Mac OS X
2005 OpenType 2006 Linux Microsoft
Windows2007 TeX Live 2007 MikTeX 2.7
XETEX Extended DVI (xdv)
xdv PDF
PDFxdv
xdvXETEX xdvipdfmx
dvipdfmx Mac OS X xdv2pdf
1990 Hans Hagen 33 ConTEXt
TEX, pdfTeX, LuaTEX
LATEX ConTEXt
LATEX ConTEXt LATEX

ConTEXt
LATEX ConTEXt
1.1.4
TEX
TEX
XETEX LATEX
1.2
TEX
(WYSIWYG)
32
33
1985 SIL
1986 (Pragma) NTS, pdfTeX, LuaTEX
12
Word Word ( eld code)
TEX

(parse)

TEX
TEX
HTMLXML

2000 Lamport
TEX 34
Dark Side
35
1.3
(utilities) TEX
(distribution) (implementation)
Java Linux SunIBMBEA 36
34
TEX
Knuth
35
36
1995 Sun BEA2008 Oracle2009 Oracle
Sun
1.4:
13
Java Java Linux Red Hat/Fedora

UbuntuSUSE
TEX
TEX 1.2 TEX
1.2: TEX
Windows
Mac OS
TeX Live
MikTeX
MacTeX
TeXworks
TeXstudio
TeXShop
Emacs Vim
PSPadTeXstudio TeXnicCenter
Eclipse TeXlipse Eclipse
1.4
Tobias Oetiker (1969) 37 lshort [1] LATEX

Mittelbach LATEXCompanion [2]
Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) TUG
TeX Catalogue TeX
(UK TUG) TeX Frequently Asked Questions
LATEX[3] lshort (1975)
38
39 TEX BBS TeX CTeX
CTeX FAQ [4]
whatwhyhow
37
(Kantonsschule Olten) (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich) 1995

38
1997 2002
2007
39
14
[1] Tobias Oetiker. A (Not So) Short Introduction to LaTeX2e, 2009. URL http:
//www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/.
[2] Frank Mittelbach, Michel Goossens, Johannes Braams, David P. Carlisle, and
Chris Rowley. e LaTeX Companion (Tools and Techniques for Computer Typesetting). Addison-Wesley, 2nd edition, 2004. URL http://www.amazon.com/
dp/0201362996/.
[3] . LaTeX, 2004. URL http://edt1023.sayya.org/tex/
latex123/.
[4] TeX . CTeX , 2005. URL http://www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/info/ctex-faq/.

2.1 Hello, World!
2
4
%hello_ world .tex

\ documentclass { article }
\ begin { document }
Hello , World !
\end{ document }
2.1: Hello, Wolrd!

2.1 hello_world.tex
LATEX xelatex PDF
LATEX .tex
xelatex hello _ world (. tex)
.log
2
4
6
! LaTeX Error :
...
! Emergency stop.
...
No pages of output .
Transcript written on hello _world .log.
15
16
Output written on hello_ world.pdf (1 page).
Transcript written on hello _world .log.
TEX
plain TEX
texpdftexxetex TEX, pdfTeX, XETEX LATEX
latex, pdflatex, xelatex 1
2.1
.dvi
tex
la
dvips
dv
ip
df
m
.ps
xelatex
.tex
ps2pdf
.pdf
pdflatex
2.1:
2.2
2.2.1
LATEX (command)
(comment) (environment) \
2.1
2.2.2
LATEX
(preamble)
1
pdfTeX latex pdfTeX

TEX
2.2:
17
\ documentclass [ options ]{ class}

\ usepackage [ options ]{ package }
...
...
\end{ document }
%
%
%
(documentclass) articlereportbook
2.1
2.1:
10pt, 11pt, 12pt
letterpaper, a4paper
notitlepage, titlepage
onecolumn, twocolumn
oneside, twoside
landscape
openany, openright
draft
10ptLATEX
letterpaper
article notitlepage
report book titlepage
article report book
report book report

openanybook openright
draft
LATEX
C/C++ includeJava import
2.2.3
\maketitle
18
\ title {LaTeX Notes}
\ author { Alpha Huang}
\date {\ today }
\ maketitle
article report book

\ begin { abstract }
...
\end{ abstract }
LATEX
article chapter report book
2
4
6
\part {...}
\ chapter {...}
\ section {...}
\ subsection {...}
\ subsubsection {...}
\ paragraph {...}
\ subparagraph {...}
% Level
% Level
% Level
% Level
% Level
% Level
% Level
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
2.2:
\tableofcontents
2 subsection
\ setcounter { tocdepth }{2} %

\ tableofcontents
%
LATEX
2.2
\ chapter *{...}
\ section *{...}
\ subsection *{...}
\ subsubsection *{...}
2.3:
19
\ listoffigures
\ listoftables
2.3
2.3.1
( # $ % & _ { } )
\ \
\textbackslash \\ 2
\# \$ \^ \& \_ \{ \} \~ \ textbackslash \%
2.2 \XeTeX
\XeLaTeX metalogo \MF\MP mflogo \AmS
texnames 2.3 Scott
Pakin 3 [1]
LATEX (hypen) (en-dash) (em-dash)
C \n TEX Pascal
UIUC 1995 2001 (Los Alamos
National Laboratory)
3
20
2.2:
\textcopyright
\textregistered
\texttrademark
\textyen
\texteuro
\pounds
\dots
\P
\S
January 17, 2012

TEX
LATEX
LATEX 2
XETEX
XELATEX
METAFONT
METAPOST
AMS
\today
\TeX
\LaTeX
\LaTeXe
\XeTeX
\XeLaTeX
\MF
\MP
\AmS
2.3:
A
\.{A}
\'{A}
\d{A}
\"{A}
\^{A}
\b{A}
\={A}
\v{A}
\r{A}
\`{A}
\~{A}
\textcircled{A}
2.3.2
(roman, serif ) (sans
serif ) 4 (monospace, typewriter)
(bold) (italic) (oblique, slanted)

(small caps) TEX
(medium weight)
2.4
LATEX \emph
\underline
ulem
ulem \emph
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
4
Sans
2.3:
21
computer-aided
18402010
to beor not to be
11=0
computer - aided \\
1840 - -2010\\
to be ---or not to be\\
$1 -1=0$
2.3:
2.4:
roman
sans serif
typewriter
S C
\textrm{...}
\textsf{...}
\texttt{...}
\textsc{...}
bold face
medium weight
italic
slanted
\textbf{...}
\textmd{...}
\textit{...}
\textsl{...}
LATEX
2.5
10pt11pt12pt tiny 5pt6pt6pt
2.5:
sample
sample
sample
sample
sample
sample
sample
sample
sample
sample
10pt
11pt
12pt
\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize
\large
\Large
5pt
7pt
8pt
9pt
10pt
12pt
14pt
6pt
8pt
9pt
10pt
11pt
12pt
14pt
6pt
8pt
10pt
11pt
12pt
14pt
17pt
\LARGE
17pt
17pt
20pt
\huge
20pt
20pt
25pt
\Huge
25pt
25pt
25pt
2.3.3
LATEX \\ \newline
\newpage
LATEX (hyphenate)
BASIC
22
emphasis
underline
waveline
:::::::
strike-out
\emph{ emphasis }\\

\uline { underline }\\
\uwave { waveline }\\
\sout{strike -out}
2.4:
blar-blar-blar -
\ hyphenation {BASIC blar -blar -blar}
2.4
LATEX
2.6 point big point
Adobe PostScript em
11pt 1em 11ptex mu
2.6:
in
cm
mm
pt
bp
pc
point, 1/72.27 in
big point, 1/72 in
pica, 12 pt
em
ex
mu
M
x
math unit1/18 em
LATEX
\ setlength {}
%
\ addtolength {} %
\ newlength {}
%
2.5
2.5.1
LATEX (fully justi ed)
(\raggedright, \centering,
\raggedleft)
2.5:
23
\ begin { flushleft }
\\
\end{ flushleft }
\ begin { flushright }
\\
\end{ flushright }
\ begin { center }
\\
\end{ center }
2.5:
2.5.2
LATEX identfirst
\parindent
\parskip
\ usepackage { identfirst }
...
\ setlength {\ parindent }{2 em}
\ addtolength {\ parskip }{3 pt}
2.5.3
LATEX
\linespread
\ linespread {1.3} %
\ linespread {1.6} %
\linespread
setspace
2.6
setspace
singlespacing, onehalfspacing, doublespacing, spacing
2.7
24
\ usepackage { setspace }
...
\ singlespacing
%
\ onehalfspacing
%
\ doublespacing
%
\ setstretch {1.25} %
2.6:
\ begin { doublespacing }
double \\ spacing
\end{ doublespacing }
double
spacing
any
\ begin { spacing }{1.25}

any \\ spacing
\end{ spacing }
spacing
2.7:
2.6
2.6.1
LATEX quotequotationversequote
quotation quote verse quote
\ begin {quote}
\\
\end{ quote}
\ begin { quotation }
\end{ quotation }
\ begin {verse}
\end{ verse}
2.8:
2.6:
25
2.6.2
\verb verbatim
2
4
6
\verb| command |
\ begin { verbatim }
printf (" Hello , world !");
\end{ verbatim }
\ begin { verbatim *}
printf (" Hello , world !");
\end{ verbatim *}
command
printf("Hello, world!");
printf("Hello,world!");
2.9:
Timothy van Zandt
listings
[3]
fancyvrb [2] Brooks Moses
2.6.3
\footnote
2.10 footnote (counter)
( 2.7) \thefootnote
\ footnote {}
a
a
\ renewcommand {\ thefootnote }{\ roman { footnote }} %i, ii , iii
2.10:
\thecounter
\texttt
fancyvrb \VerbatimFootnotes
5
1985 1989 1990 1998
6
1997 2007
(CodeSourcery)
26
2.7:
\arabic{counter}
\alph{counter}
\Alph{counter}
\roman{counter}
\Roman{counter}
1, 2, 3
a, b, c
A, B, C
i, ii, iii
I, II, III
\footnote
2.6.4
\marginpar
\reversemarginpar \normalmarginpar
\marginpar ( oat) 7
marginnote \marginnote
\ marginnote {}
\ reversemarginpar
\ marginnote {}
\ normalmarginpar
2.11:
2.6.5
8 verbatim comment
\ begin { comment }
...
\end{ comment }
7
8
TeXNicCenter
2.7:
27
2.7
2.7.1
LATEX
2
4
\ begin { itemize }
\item C++
\item Java
\item HTML
\end{ itemize }
C++
Java
HTML
(a)
2
4
\ begin { enumerate }
\item C++
\item Java
\item HTML
\end{ enumerate }
1. C++
2. Java
3. HTML
(b)
2
4
\ begin { description }
\item[C++]
\item[Java]
\item[HTML]
\end{ description }
C++
Java
HTML
(c)
2.12:
2.7.2
Bernd Schandl 9
paralist
9
1997 (Kaiserslautern University of Technology) 1999
28
2
4
2
4
2
4
\ begin { compactitem }
\item C++
\item Java
\item HTML
\end{ compactitem }
C++
Java
HTML
\ begin { compactenum }
\item C++
\item Java
\item HTML
\end{ compactenum }
1. C++
2. Java
3. HTML
\ begin { compactdesc }
\item[C++]
\item[Java]
\item[HTML]
\end{ compactdesc }
C++
Java
HTML
2.13:
2
4
2
4
2
4
\ begin { inparaitem }
\item C++
\item Java
\item HTML
\end{ inparaitem }
C++ Java HTML
\ begin { inparaenum }
\item C++
\item Java
\item HTML
\end{ inparaenum }
1. C++ 2. Java 3. HTML
\ begin { inparadesc }
\item[C++]
\item[Java]
\item[HTML]
\end{ inparadesc }
C++ Java
HTML
2.14:
2.7.3
2.15
2.8:
29
\ renewcommand {\ labelitemi }{-}

\ renewcommand {\ theenumi }{\ alph{enumi }}
2
4
2
4
\ begin { itemize }
\item C++
\item Java
\item HTML
\end{ itemize }
\ begin { enumerate }
\item C++
\item Java
\item HTML
\end{ enumerate }
- C++
- Java
- HTML
a. C++
b. Java
c. HTML
2.15:
2.8
LATEX ()
(box) HTML CSS
2.8.1
\mbox \fbox
\mbox {010 6278 5001}

\fbox {010 6278 5001}
010 6278 5001 010 6278 5001

2.16: mbox fbox
2.8.2
\makebox \framebox
() clr
s
30
%[][]{}
\ makebox [100 pt][c]{}
\ framebox [100 pt][s]{}
2.17: makebox framebox
2.8.3
\parbox minipage
tcb
[][][]{}{}
2
4
6
8
10
\fbox{%
\ parbox [c][36 pt][t]{170 pt }{
}%
}
\ hfill
\fbox{%
\ begin { minipage }[c][36 pt ][b ]{170 pt}
\end{ minipage }%
}
2.18: parbox minipage
2.9
LATEX
() (cross reference)
2.19 marker
31
\ label { marker }
...
\ pageref { marker }\ref{ marker }
...
30 2.9
2.19:
LaTeX Warning : There were undefined references .
LaTeX Warning : Label(s) may have changed . Rerun to get
cross - references right.
[1] Scott Pakin. e Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List, 2008. URL http://www.
ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/.
[2] Timothy van Zandt. Fancy Verbatims in LaTeX, 2008. URL http://www.ctan.
org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyvrb/.
[3] Carsten Heinz and Brooks Moses. e listings Package, 2007. URL http://www.
ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/listings/.

typeface font
typeface font
1. ()
(character set) (character encoding)
2. (glyph)
3.
Microsoft Word
HTML
LATEX
LATEX Knuth TEX Unicode
UTF-8 TrueType OpenType
XETEX
3.1
1963 ANSI ASCII

7 (bit) 27 = 128
8 (byte)
28 = 256
33
34
ISO 1980 ISO 8859256

8859 8859-1 () 8859-2 (
) 8859-16 ()
ISO IBM
(code page) 437 ( ASCII) 850 () 852 (
) IBM (console) MS-DOS Unix
Shell
IBM OEM ANSI
1252 () 1250 () 936 (GBK ) 950 (Big5
) 932 (SJIS ) 949 (EUC-KR )
1981 GB2312
9494 7445 GB2312 EUC-CN
GB2312 GB2312
HZ
GB2312 1993 GBK
21886 GBK 2000 GB18030 70244
GB18030 GB13000
1990 ISO (universal character setUCS) ISO

10646
UCS UCS-2 UCS-4
ISO (e Unicode Consortium) 1991 Unicode 1.0
Unicode 2.0
ISO 10646-1
Unicode UTF-8UTF-16UTF-32UTF-8
8 UTF-16 16 UCS-2
ASCII UTF-32 32 UCS-4
IETF UTF-8 (Internet
Mail ConsortiumIMC) UTF-8
3.2:
35
3.2
3.2.1
(bitmap) (outline) (stroke-based)
(Bzier curves) (
) (font
hinting)
3.2.2
Type 1TrueTypeOpenType
1984 Adobe PostScript Type 1
Type 3Type 1
PostScript Type 3 PostScript
1991 Apple TrueType

TrueType Type 1
1994 Apple TrueType
TrueType GX Apple advanced typography (AAT)
1996 Adobe OpenType Type 1
TrueType TrueType
AAT
1984 Knuth METAFONT TrueType OpenType
36
METAFONTMETAFONT
Knuth
60
Type 1 Type 3 (metrics) (glyph)
AFM (Adobe font metrics) PFM (printer font metrics)
PFA (printer font ASCII) PFB (printer font binary) LATEX
TFM (TeX font metrics)
TrueType OpenType
.ttf .otfMETAFONT
PK (packed raster)
OpenTypeTrueTypeType 1Type 3PK OpenType TrueType
PostScript Type 1 Type 3 PDF
TrueType OpenType
3.2.3
Adobe Type 1 Type 3
Type 1 Type 3
Apple TrueType1991 TrueType Adobe
Type 1
1980 Adobe PostScript
Apple PostScript
TrueImage AppleApple TrueType
AAT Apple
Adobe 1996 OpenTypeAdobe 2002
OpenType
3.3:
37
3.3
2.3.2
3.1 TEX Knuth
METAFONT Computer ModernXETEX 1997 AMS
Latin Modern Computer Modern
Type 1 OpenType
3.1:
Windows
Times New Roman

Georgia
Palatino Linotype
Tahoma
Verdana
Arial
Courier New
Lucida Console
Consolas
Mac OS
Times
Georgia
Times New Roman
Helvetica
Lucida Grande
Geneva
Monaco
Courier
Courier New
3.4
TFMTEX
TEX METAFONTLATEX 2 NFSS
Type 1 Type 3 LATEX XETEX
TrueType OpenType Unicode
latexpdflatexxelatex dvips dvipdfmx DVI
XELATEX
3.4.1
latex DVI
latex DVI TFM DVI
DVI DVI PK
.pk METAFONT
38
dvips
dvips .pk METAFONT

PK Type 3 -D
ps2pdf Type 3 PostScript
Type 3 PDF
GSview Type 3Adobe Reader Acrobat
Adobe Type Manager PostScript
Type 3 Type 3 PDF
dvips -Ppdf Type 1 PostScript
ps2pdf Type 1 PDF
dvips (native) TrueType TrueType PK
Type 1
dvips [1]
dvipdfm(x) pd atex
dvipdfm PK Type 1 t1fonts.map PK
Type 1 PDF Type 1dvipdfm
TrueTypedvipdfmx
TrueType
lnotes [2]
pd atex Type 1TrueType OpenType
[3]
3.4.2 XeTeX
XETEX TFM
XETEX XML
MikTeX localfonts.confTeXlive fonts.conf
fc-list myfonts.txt
fc -list > myfonts .txt
XETEX
3.5:
39
(cache)
fc-cache
fc -cache -r
fc-list fc-cache
Michel Goossens (1951) 1 XeTeX Companion [4]
XETEX Will Robertson (1981) 2
fontspec XELATEX
fontspec [5]
\ usepackage { fontspec }
\ setmainfont [ Mapping =tex -text ]{ Times New Roman }
\ setsansfont [ Mapping =tex -text ]{ Tahoma }
\ setmonofont { Courier New}
3.1: XELATEX
3.1
2.3.1 2.3 -- ---
TEX XETEX 3.1
Mapping TEX
3.5
LATEX 3 CCT Werner Lemberg (1968) 4 CJK CCT CJK CCT
CJK
LATEX CTeX 5 ChinaTeX
1
(Free University of Brussels) 1972 1978 1979

CERN LaTeX CompanionLaTeX Graphics CompanionLaTeX Web Companion
TUG
2
(University of Adelaide) 80
3
4
(University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna)
5
1997 2003 2003 2005
2007 (Distance University of Hagen) 2008
(University of Konstanz)
40
(1952) 6 7 cwTeX
8 PUTeX
MikTeXCCTCJKWinEdt
XETEX (1970) 9 xeCJK
CCT
CJK
3.2 CJKchecksingle
CJKnumber CJKnumber
\CJKnumber
\setCJKmainfont BoldFont
ItalicFont \setCJKsansfont
\setCJKmonofont
2
4
6
\ usepackage [ CJKaddspaces , CJKchecksingle , CJKnumber ]{ xeCJK }

\ setCJKmainfont [ BoldFont ={ Adobe Heiti Std},
ItalicFont ={ Adobe Kaiti Std }]{ Adobe Song Std}
\ setCJKsansfont {Adobe Heiti Std}
\ setCJKmonofont {Adobe Fangsong Std}
\ punctstyle { hangmobanjiao }
3.2: xeCJK
3.1 3.2
xeCJK [6] Yin Dian zhspacing

[7]
[1] Tomas Rokicki. Dvips: A DVI-to-PostScript Translator, 2005. URL http://www.

tug.org/dvips/.
6
9
1993 1998 2000
2002
7
41
[2] . LaTeX Notes, 2008. URL http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/

info/latex-notes-zh-cn/.
[3] nh Hn, Sebastian Rahtz, Hans Hagen, Hartmut Henkel, Pawe Jackowski, and Martin Schrder. e pdfTeX User Manual, 2007. URL http:
//www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/.
[4] Michel Goossens. e XeTeX Companion, 2010. URL http://xml.web.cern.
ch/XML/lgc2/xetexmain.pdf.
[5] Will Robertson. e fontspec Package, 2008. URL http://www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/xetex/latex/fontspec/.
[6] . xeCJK , 2009. URL http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/
macros/xetex/latex/xecjk/.
[7] Dian Yin. Typesetting Chinese in XeTeX: zhspacing Users Manual, 2007. URL
http://code.google.com/p/zhspacing/.
3x + 2y + z = 39
2x + 3y + z = 34
x + 2y + 3z = 26

AMS-LATEX
amsmath [1]
George Grtzer 1 More Math into LATEX [2]
\ usepackage { amsmath }
4.1
LATEX (inline) (display)
4.1
$...$
\[...\] $$...$$ AMS-LATEX amsmath
equation ( 4.4.1 )
1
(Etvs Lornd University) 1960

(University of Manitoba) John von Neumann
43
44
4.1:
TEX
$...$
$$...$$
LATEX
LATEX
amsmath
$...$
\[...\]
math
displaymath
equation
equation*
equation
2.8 \fbox
\boxed
2
4
6
Einsteins E = mc2
Einstein 's $E=mc ^2$

\[ E=mc ^2 \]
\[ \ boxed {E=mc ^2} \]
\ begin { equation }
E=mc ^2
\end{ equation }
E = mc2
E = mc2
E = mc2
(4.1)
4.1:
4.2
4.2.1
4.2
4.2:
\alpha
\beta
\gamma
\delta
\epsilon
\varepsilon
\zeta
\eta
\Gamma
\Delta
\Theta
\theta
\vartheta
\iota
\kappa
\lambda
\mu
\nu
\xi
\Lambda
\Xi
\Pi
o
\pi
\varpi
\rho
\varrho
\sigma
\varsigma
\tau
\upsilon
\phi
\varphi
\chi
\psi
\omega
\Sigma
\Upsilon
\Phi
\Psi
\Omega
4.2:
45
4.2.2
^ _ \sqrt
{}
\[ x_{ ij }^2\ quad \sqrt{x}\ quad \sqrt [3]{x} \]
x2ij
3
x
4.2:
4.2.3
\frac
\dfrac \tfrac
$ \frac {1}{2} \ dfrac {1}{2} $

\[ \frac {1}{2}
\tfrac {1}{2} \]
11
22
11
22
4.3:
4.2.4
+ - * / =
( 4.4) Scott Pakin [3]
\[ \pm \; \times \; \div \; \cdot \; \cap \; \cup \;
\geq \; \leq \; \neq \; \ approx \; \equiv \]
=

4.4:
\sum \prod \lim \int
( 4.5)
\limits \nolimits
46
2
4
6
8
10
$ \sum _{i=1}^n i\quad \prod _{i=1}^n\quad

\lim _{x\to 0}x^2\ quad \int_a^b x^2 dx $\\
$ \sum\ limits _{i=1}^n i\quad \prod\ limits _{i=1}^n\quad
\lim\ limits _{x\to 0}x^2\ quad \int\ limits _a^b x^2 dx $
\[ \sum _{i=1}^n i\quad \prod _{i=1}^n\quad
\lim _{x\to 0}x^2\ quad \int_a^b x^2 dx \]
\[ \sum\ nolimits _{i=1}^n i\quad
\prod\ nolimits _{i=1}^n\quad
\lim\ nolimits _{x\to 0}x^2\ quad
\int\ nolimits _a^b x^2 dx \]
i=1 i
i=1
n
n
i=1
limx0 x2
b 2
lim x2
x dx
i=1
x0
x2 dx
a
n
i=1
n
i=1
i=1
lim x
x2 dx
x0
n
i=1
x2 dx
limx0 x
4.5:
dx dx
4.6
\ newcommand {\ myd }{\;\ mathrm {d}}

\[ \int x dx\quad \int x \myd x \]
xdx
x dx
4.6:
\int
\iint \iiint \iiiint \idotsint 4.7
4.2:
47
\[ \int\int\quad \int\int\int\quad
\int\int\int\int\quad \int\dots\int \]
\[ \iint\quad \iiint\quad \ iiiint \quad \ idotsint \]
...
4.7:
4.2.5
4.3 \xleftarrow \xrightarrow
4.8
4.3:
\leftarrow
\rightarrow
\leftrightarrow
\Leftarrow
\Rightarrow
\Leftrightarrow
=
=
\longleftarrow
\longrightarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\Longleftarrow
\Longrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow
\[ \ xleftarrow {x+y+z}\ quad

\ xrightarrow [x<y]{a*b*c} \]
x+y+z
abc

x<y
4.8:
4.2.6
4.4 (accent) 4.5
4.4:
x
x
x
\bar{x}
\vec{x}
\hat{x}
\check{x}
x
`
x
\acute{x}
\grave{x}
\tilde{x}
\breve{x}
x
x
x
...
x
\mathring{x}
\dot{x}
\ddot{x}
\dddot{x}
48
4.5:
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
\overline{xxx}
\underline{xxx}
\overleftarrow{xxx}
\underleftarrow{xxx}
\overrightarrow{xxx}
\underrightarrow{xxx}
xxx
xxx
z}|{
xxx
xxx
|{z}
xxx
d
xxx
g
\overleftrightarrow{xxx}
\underleftrightarrow{xxx}
\overbrace{xxx}
\underbrace{xxx}
\widehat{xxx}
\widetilde{xxx}
4.2.7
() [] \{\} \langle\rangle
\
LATEX |\| amsmath \lvert\rvert
\lVert\rVert
\big \Big \bigg \Bigg
LATEX \left \right
amsmath
2
4
6
8
10
\[ \Bigg (\ bigg (\ Big (\ big ((x)\big)\Big)\bigg)\Bigg)\quad

\Bigg [\ bigg [\ Big [\ big [[x]\ big ]\ Big ]\ bigg ]\ Bigg ]\ quad
\Bigg \{\ bigg \{\ Big \{\ big \{\{x\}\ big \}\ Big \}\ bigg \}\ Bigg \}
\]\[
\Bigg\ langle \bigg\ langle \Big\ langle \big\ langle \ langle x
\ rangle \big\ rangle \Big\ rangle \bigg\ rangle \Bigg\ rangle \quad
\Bigg\lvert\bigg\lvert\Big\lvert \big\ lvert \ lvert x
\rvert \big\rvert\Big\ rvert \bigg\rvert \Bigg\ rvert \quad
\Bigg\lVert\bigg\lVert\Big\lVert \big\ lVert \ lVert x
\rVert \big\rVert\Big\ rVert \bigg\rVert \Bigg\ rVert \]
((
((
))
(x)
)) [[[
]]
[ ]]
[x]

|x|

4.9:
{{
}}
{{
}}
{x}

x

4.3:
49
4.2.8
\dots \cdots \vdots \ddots \dots \cdots
\[ x_1,x_2 ,\ dots ,x_n\quad 1,2,\ cdots ,n\quad

\ vdots \quad \ ddots \]
1, 2, , n
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
..
.
..
4.10:
4.2.9
4.6
\!
4.6:
\,
\:
\;
3/18em
4/18em
5/18em
||
||
||
\quad
\qquad
\!
1em
2em
-3/18em
| |
|
|
||
4.3
array 4.11
() tcb
lcr \\ &
\ begin { array }[]{}
\end{array }
amsmath pmatrix bmatrix Bmatrix vmatrix Vmatrix

4.12
50
2
4
\[ \ begin {array }{ ccc}

x_1 & x_2 & \dots \\
x_3 & x_4 & \dots \\
\ vdots & \vdots & \ddots
\end{ array} \]
x1 x2 . . .
x3 x4 . . .
..
.. . .
.
.
.
4.11:
2
4
\[ \ begin { pmatrix } a&b\\c&d \end{ pmatrix } \quad

\ begin { bmatrix } a&b\\c&d \end{ bmatrix } \quad
\ begin { Bmatrix } a&b\\c&d \end{ Bmatrix } \quad
\ begin { vmatrix } a&b\\c&d \end{ vmatrix } \quad
\ begin { Vmatrix } a&b\\c&d \end{ Vmatrix } \]
(
)
a b
c d
a b
c d
a b
c d

a b

c d

a b

c d
4.12:
\smallmatrix 4.13
Marry has a little matrix $ ( \begin { smallmatrix }
a&b\\c&d \end{ smallmatrix } ) $.
Marry has a little matrix ( ac db ).

4.13:
4.4
amsmath
4.4.1
multline 4.14
split 4.15
\\ &
4.5:
51
\ begin { multline }
x = a+b+c+{} \\
d+e+f+g
\end{ multline }
x=a+b+c+
d + e + f + g (4.2)
4.14:
\[ \ begin {split }
x ={} &a+b+c+{} \\
&d+e+f+g
\end{split } \]
x=a+b+c+
d+e+f +g
4.15:
4.4.2
gather 4.16
align 4.17
\ begin { gather }
a = b+c+d \\
x = y+z
\end{ gather }
a=b+c+d
(4.3)
x=y+z
(4.4)
a=b+c+d
(4.5)
x=y+z
(4.6)
4.16:
\ begin { align }
a &= b+c+d \\
x &= y+z
\end{align }
4.17:
multlinegatheralign *
4.4.3
cases 4.18
4.5
\newtheorem
52
{
\[ y=\ begin {cases}

-x ,\ quad x\leq 0 \\
x,\ quad x>0
\end{ cases} \]
y=
x, x 0
x, x > 0
4.18:
{}[]{}[]
section 4.19
4.20
\ newtheorem { definition }{}[ section ]
\ newtheorem { theorem }{}[ section ]
\ newtheorem {lemma }[ theorem ]{}
\ newtheorem { corollary }[ theorem ]{}
4.19:
\ begin { definition }
Java
\end{ definition }
4.5.1. Java
\ begin { theorem }
\end{ theorem }
4.5.1.
\ begin {lemma}
\end{ lemma}
4.5.2.
\ begin { corollary }
\end{ corollary }
4.5.3.
4.20:
amsthm proof 4.21
QED 2
2
quod erat demonstrandum
4.6:
53
\ begin { proof }[]
\end{proof }
.
4.21:
4.6

( 4.7) \mathbb \mathfrak amsfonts \mathscr
mathrsfs
4.7:
\mathrm
\mathsf
\mathtt
\mathcal
ABCXY Z
ABCXYZ
ABCXYZ
ABCXYZ
ABCX YZ
\mathbf
\mathit
\mathbb
\mathfrak
\mathscr
ABCXYZ
ABCXYZ
ABCXYZ
ABCXYZ
A BC X Y Z
[1] AMS.
amsmath Users Guide, 2002.
URL http://www.ams.org/tex/
amslatex.html.
[2] George Grtzer. More Math into LaTeX. Springer, 4th edition, 2007. URL http:
//www.amazon.com/dp/0387322892/.
[3] Scott Pakin. e Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List, 2008. URL http://www.
ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/.

A picture says more than a thousand words.
Shakespeare
Knuth TEX GIFJPEGPNGEPS
DVI Knuth TEX
\special
DOS
5.1 LATEX
5.2 5.3 68
METAPOST, PSTricks PGF
5.1
5.1.1
LATEX JPEG PNG EPS PDF 1
()
JPEG PNG
1980 PostScript
PostScript Encapsulated PostScript (EPS)

1
EPS PDF
55
56
HTML ActiveXJava AppletJavaScript

DVI
PostScript EPS LATEX
5.1.2 Driver
dvips
dvips PostScript EPSMiKTeX
dvips JPEG PNG
72 PPI
EPS
pd atex
pdflatex 2 JPEGPNG PDF EPS EPS
PostScript
1997 pdfTeX PostScript PDF Adobe PostScript
PDF
LATEX epstopdf pst-pdf (on the y) EPS
PDF 3
EPS PDF
dvipdfm(x)
dvipdfm JPEGPNG PDF EPS
Ghostscript EPS PDFdvipdfmx
BMP
xdvipdfmx
XELATEX xdvipdfmx BMPJPEGPNGEPS
PDFxdvipdfmx dvipspdflatex
dvipdfmx xdv2pdf GIFPICTPSDSGATGA
TIFF Mac OS X
2
pdflatex
on the y
real time user
transparent black box
3
5.1:
57
5.1.3
(pixel)
(resolution) / (pixels per inchPPI)

PPI / (dots per inch, DPI) PPI
DPI ()
100 x 150 ( 5.1) 100 PPI

1in x 1.5in 2in x
3in ( 5.2) 50 PPI
5.1:
5.2:
100 DPI
58
300 DPI 3 x 3 50 DPI

2 x 2
(resampling) (downsampling)
(upsampling) (interpolation)
(nearest neighbor) (bilinear) (bicubic)
(Lanczos)
Lanczos
72 PPI 150 PPI 300 PPI

LATEX
4.85.4in ()
400px 800px
1600px
(crop)
(resize)
1. 5.1
2048 x 1536
5.3 4in x 3in
2.
5.1 resize 200 x 300 100
PPI 2in x 3in ( 5.4)
3.
5.1 200 PPI 100 x 150
0.5 x 0.75in ( 5.5)
4. 5.1 200 x 300
200 PPI 1in x 1.5in ( 5.6)
5.1:
59
5.3:
5.4:
5.5: 5.6:
60
ImageMagick resize Adobe PhotoShop resample

ImageMagick density PhotoShop resize
ImageMagick resample
(color depth)
CGA
16 EGA 256 VGA 16 65,536
24 16,777,216 3048
24
5.7
PNG
24 34 KB
8 256 23.4 KB
8 18.7 KB
4 16 15.6 KB
2 4 13.5 KB
1 12 KB
5.7:
5.1:
61
5.1.4
XELATEX
garbage in, garbage out

Ghostscript RIP PostScriptEPS
PDF Ghostscript
GSview

ImageMagick Paint.NET
GIMP
ImageMagick
ImageMagick convert
BMP PNG ImageMagick 100
convert fig.bmp fig.png
Windows Windows
ImageMagick PATH ImageMagick
system32
5.1
(10,10) 300 x 200
300 x 200
300 PPI
300 PPI
2
4
6
convert
convert
convert
convert
convert
convert
fig.bmp
fig.jpg
fig.jpg
fig.jpg
fig.jpg
fig.jpg
-crop 300x 200+10+10 fig.jpg

-crop 300x 200+10+10 -resize 30x20 fig 1. jpg
-resize 300x200 fig 1. jpg
-resize !300x200 fig 1. jpg
-density 300 fig 1. jpg
-resample 300 fig 1. jpg
5.1: ImageMagick
62
5.2 8 256
8 4 16 2 4
1
2
4
convert
convert
convert
convert
convert
fig.jpg
fig.jpg
fig.jpg
fig.jpg
fig.jpg
-colors 256 png 8: fig 8. png

-colorspace gray png 8: fig8g.png
-monochrome fig 1. png
5.2: ImageMagick
ImageMagick
ACDSee
EPS
EPS ImageMagick GIMP
a2ping/sam2pbmepsjpeg2pssam2p
PostScript Level 2
EPS Level 2 3 EPS
ImageMagick EPS BMP
JPEG PNG EPS EPS EPS
JPEG PNG
convert fig.png eps 3: fig.eps
EPS
EPS Bullzip PDF Printer
PSEPSPDFBMPJPEGPCXPNGTIFF
Bullzip PDF Printer General
Format EPS Save EPS
PostScript EPS
PS GSview EPS
lnotes [1] 4.1.3
5.2:
63
PDF
EPS Ghostscript ps2pdf
PDF
ps2pdf -dEPSCrop fig.eps fig.pdf
PDF PDF
PDF
ImageMagick LATEX epstopdf 4 EPS
PDF
5.2
5.2.1
latex JPEGPNG
(bounding box)
pdflatex xelatex
EPS
EPS
LATEX
EPS (
) bp EPS
(0,0)
%!PS -Adobe -3.0 EPSF -3.0
%% BoundingBox : 5 5 105 105
latex
DVI
latex
! LaTeX Error : Cannot determine size of graphic in fig.png
(no BoundingBox ).
epstopdf
64
latex
dvipdfm ebb JPEG PNG

fig.bb
ebb fig.png
ebb 100
PPI
bp = / 72
5.2.2
Knuth \special
LATEXv2.09 epsf psfig David P. Carlisle
(1961) 5 Rahtz LATEX 2 graphics graphicx
\ usepackage [ dvipdfm ]{ graphicx }

\ includegraphics [bb =0 0 300 200]{ fig.png}
graphicx latex dvips

dvipdfm(x) dvipdfmpdflatex xelatex pdftex xetex
latex .bb
pdflatex xelatex
5.2.3
\includegraphics ( 5.1)
latex dvipdfm(x)
pdflatex PPI
72 PPI
5
1995 1998 (Numerical

Algorithms Group)
5.2:
65
scale PPI
XETEX
5.1:
width=x,height=y
scale=s
keepaspectratio
angle=a
origin=hv
totalheight=h
viewport=x1 y1 x2 y2
trim=l b r t
clip
page=n
lcr t
cb
bp
bp
viewport trim
\ includegraphics [ width =60 pt ]{ homer .pdf}

\ includegraphics [ width =80 pt ]{ homer .pdf}
\ includegraphics [ width =80pt , height =100 pt ]{ homer .pdf}
\ includegraphics [ width =80pt , height =100pt , keepaspectratio ]{
homer .pdf}
5.3:
66
5.3
5.4

\ includegraphics [angle =90]{ homer .pdf}

\ includegraphics [angle =180]{ homer .pdf}
\ includegraphics [angle =270]{ homer .pdf} \\
\ includegraphics [angle =90 , origin =c]{ homer .pdf}
\ includegraphics [angle =180 , origin =c]{ homer .pdf}
\ includegraphics [angle =270 , origin =c]{ homer .pdf} \\

5.4:
5.2.4
5.5
EPS
/
/
5.2:
2
4
67
\ DeclareGraphicsExtensions {.eps ,.mps ,.pdf ,.jpg ,. png}

\ DeclareGraphicsRule {*}{ eps }{*}{}
\ graphicspath {{c:/ secret _ garden /}}
\ graphicspath {{./ img /}}
\ graphicspath {{ one_ little /}{ two_ little /}{ three _ little _
indians /}}
5.5:
5.2.5
gure
figure
( oat)
5.6 htbp
here, top, bottom, oat page (
)
2
4
6
\ begin { figure }[ htbp]

\ centering
\ includegraphics { myphoto .jpg}
\ caption {}
\ label {fig: myphoto }
\end{ figure }
5.6: figure
h LATEX
\centering \caption LATEX

\label
5.2.6
figure
\includegraphics ( 5.7)
68
2
4
6

\ centering
\ includegraphics {left.pdf}
\ includegraphics {right.pdf}
\ caption {}
\end{ figure }
5.8:
5.7:
figure
minipage ( 5.8) minipage
2
4
6
8
10
12
14

\ centering
\ begin { minipage }{60 pt}
\ centering
\ caption {}
\end{ minipage }
\ hspace {10 pt}%
\ begin { minipage }{60 pt}
\ centering
\ includegraphics { right .pdf}
\ caption {}
\end{ minipage }
\end{ figure }
5.9:
5.10:
5.8:
\caption minipage figure
2411 \centering minipage
minipage 14 \hspace
minipage
5.2:
69
Steven D. Cochran 6 subfig \subfloat

5.9
2
4
6
8
10
12
14

\ centering
\ subfloat []{
\ label {fig: subfig _a}
}
\ hspace {10 pt}%
\ subfloat []{
\ label {fig: subfig _b}
\ includegraphics {right.pdf}
}
\ caption {}
\ label {fig: subfig }
\end{ figure }
(a)
(b)
5.11:
5.9:
\subfloat
\subfloat
minipage 5.10
subfig [2] LATEX
Keith Reckdahl epslatex [3]
6
70
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18

\ centering
\ subfloat []{
\ label {fig: improved _ subfig _a}
\ begin { minipage }[t]{60 pt}
\ centering
\end{ minipage }
}
\ subfloat []{
\ label {fig: improved _ subfig _b}
\ begin { minipage }[t]{60 pt}
\ centering
\ includegraphics { right .pdf}
\end{ minipage }
}
\ caption {}
\ label {fig: improved _ subfig }
\end{ figure }
(a)
(b)
5.12:
5.10:
5.3
5.3.1
RGB 5.13
CMYK 5.14
RGB
24 8 0 255
5.3:
71
5.13: RGB
5.14: CMYK
(255,0,0)(0,255,0)(0,0,255)(0,0,0)
(255,255,255) HTML 16 FF0000
00FF000000FF000000FFFFFF
RGB
HSL HSV
5.15
5.15:
CMYK
CMYK K key black

LATEX RGB
10 RGB 16 HTML [0, 1] rgb
72
color
Uwe Kern 7 xcolor 12
(rgb, cmy, cmyk, hsb, Hsb, tHsb, gray, RGB, HTML, HSB, Gray, wave)
xcolor 19 68 dvips 151

SVG 317 Unix/X11
\ usepackage [ dvipsnames ]{ xcolor }

\ usepackage [ svgnames ]{ xcolor }
\ usepackage [x11 names ]{ xcolor }
\definecolor
: \definecolor{}{}{}
\ definecolor {myred }{ RGB }{255 ,0 ,0}
\ definecolor { mygreen }{ HTML }{00 FF 00}
\ definecolor { myblue }{ rgb }{0 ,0 ,1}
5.11:
\textcolor 5.12 24
57
: \textcolor{}|[]{}{}
xcolor
1993 (University of Wrzburg)
5.3:
2
4
6
73
\ textcolor {Red }{}

\ textcolor { Green }{}
\ textcolor {Blue }{}
\ textcolor [RGB ]{255 ,0 ,0}{}
\ textcolor [HTML ]{00 FF 00}{}
\ textcolor [rgb ]{0 ,0 ,1}{}
5.12:
\colorbox \textcolor
\fcolorbox
5.13 svgnames
2
4
6
\ colorbox { Lavender }{}

\ colorbox { SkyBlue }{}
\ colorbox { Wheat }{}
\ fcolorbox { Silver }{ Lavender }{}
\ fcolorbox { RoyalBlue }{ SkyBlue }{}
\ fcolorbox { SandyBrown }{ Wheat }{}
5.13:
xcolor [4]
5.3.2
LATEX METAPOST, PSTricks, PGF
METAPOST, PSTricks, PGF
METAPOST MPS ( EPS)
PSTricks PGF LATEX
METAPOST MPS PDF pdflatex
74
PSTricks EPS pdflatexPGF
PSTricks PostScript METAPOST

PGF
Asymptote
milksea
LATEX
Dia Ipe gnuplot Inkscape
[1] . LaTeX Notes, 2008. URL http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/

info/latex-notes-zh-cn/.
[2] Steven D. Cochran. e Sub g Package, 2005. URL http://www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/subfig/.
[3] Keith Reckdahl. Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX and pdfLaTeX, 2006. URL
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/epslatex/.
[4] Uwe Kern. Extending LaTeXs Color Facilities: e xcolor Package. CTAN, 2007.
URL http://www.ukern.de/tex/xcolor.html.
Metapost
Knuth METAFONT
PK1980 John D. Hobby 1
METAPOST METAFONT
METAPOST EPSMETAFONT
METAPOST
TEX METAFONT
4096 PostScript
Asymptote METAPOST
1994 Taco Hoekwater 2 Hagen METAPOST
[1]
6.1
METAPOST bp 2.6
:= =
METAPOST (.mp) 6.1
mpost METAPOST
EPS MPS MPS LATEX
1
1985 Knuth
1992
(Kluwer Academic Publishers) 2000 (Elvenkind) LuaTeX
ConTEXt
2
75
: Metapost
76
2
4
6
8
10
u := 10 pt;
beginfig (1);
...
endfig ;
%
%
%
%
beginfig (2);
...
endfig ;
...
end
%
6.1: METAPOST
fig.mp
mpost fig (.mp)
g.1 g.2
METAPOST
g-01.mps g-02.mps
outputtemplate "%j -%2c.mps ";

%
outputtemplate " flowchart .mps" %
xelatex MPS .eps

\DeclareGraphicsRule .mps EPS
\ DeclareGraphicsRule {. mps }{ eps }{. mps }{}
6.2
6.2.1
METAPOST 0.5bp 0.5bp
0.5bp withpen
pickup
6.2:
77
6.2 draw drawdot
4
6
8
10
filenametemplate "line.eps ";

beginfig (1);
draw (0 ,0) --(4u ,0) --(2u,2u) --(0,0) withpen pencircle
scaled .8 pt;
pickup pencircle scaled .8pt;
draw (5u ,0) --(9u ,0) --(7u,2u)--cycle;
pickup pencircle scaled 3pt;
drawdot (10u ,0);
drawdot (14u ,0);
drawdot (12u ,2u);
endfig ;
6.2: METAPOST
(path) cycle
(closed path)
6.2.2
fullcircle
halfcirclequartercircleunitsquare
6.3
xscaled yscaled
6.2.3
-- ..
METAPOST
(direction) (tension) (curl) 6.4
() (
) ()
( 1112 )
: Metapost
78
2
4
6
8
10
filenametemplate " predefined .eps ";

beginfig (3);
pickup pencircle scaled .8 pt;
draw fullcircle scaled 2u;
draw halfcircle scaled 2u shifted (3u ,0);
draw quartercircle scaled 2u shifted (5u ,0);
draw fullcircle xscaled 4u yscaled 2u shifted (9u ,0);
draw unitsquare scaled 2u shifted (12u,-u);
draw unitsquare xscaled 4u yscaled 2u shifted (15u,-u);
endfig ;
6.3: METAPOST
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
METAPOST xcolor rgb cmyk
color c[];
c1 := .9 red + .6 green + .3 blue;
c2 := (.9 ,.6 ,.3);
withcolor
fill 6.8
path filldraw fill+draw
6.4:
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
79
filenametemplate "curve.eps ";

beginfig (3);
draw (0 ,0) ..(4u ,1u)..(8u ,0);
draw (9u ,0){up }..(13u,1u){right }..(17u ,0){down };
draw (18u ,0){up }...(22u,1u){ right }...(26u ,0){down };
draw (0 ,2u)..(2u ,3u)..(6u,3u)..(8u,2u);
draw (9u ,2u) ..(11u ,3u).. tension 1.5..(15u ,3u) ..(17u ,2u);
draw (18u ,2u) ..(20u,3u).. tension 1.5 and 1..(24u ,3u) ..(26u
,2u);
draw (0 ,4u)..(4u ,5u)..(8u,4u);
draw (9u ,4u){curl 0}..(13u,5u)..{ curl 0}(17u ,4u);
draw (18u ,4u){curl 100}..(22u ,5u)..{ curl 100}(26u ,4u);
pickup pencircle scaled 3pt;
drawdot (0 ,0); drawdot (4u,1u); drawdot (8u ,0);
drawdot (9u ,0); drawdot (13u,1u); drawdot (17u ,0);
drawdot (18u ,0); drawdot (22u,1u); drawdot (26u ,0);
drawdot (0 ,2u); drawdot (2u,3u); drawdot (6u ,3u); drawdot
(8u,2u);
drawdot (9u ,2u); drawdot (11u,3u); drawdot (15u ,3u);
drawdot (17u ,2u);
drawdot (26u ,2u);
drawdot (0 ,4u); drawdot (4u,5u); drawdot (8u ,4u);
6.4: METAPOST
drawoption
drawoption ( withcolor blue);
6.4
(shifted)
(rotated) (rotatedaround) (reflectedabout)
(slanted)
: Metapost
80
2
4
6
8
filenametemplate " dashed .eps ";

beginfig (4);
draw (0 ,0) --(10u ,0) dashed withdots ;
draw (0 ,1u) --(10u,1u) dashed withdots scaled 2;
draw (0 ,2u) --(10u,2u) dashed evenly ;
draw (0 ,3u) --(10u,3u) dashed evenly scaled 2;
endfig ;
6.5: METAPOST
2
4
6
filenametemplate "arrow.eps ";

beginfig (5);
drawarrow (0 ,0) --(10u ,0);
drawarrow reverse ((0 ,1u) --(10u ,1u));
drawdblarrow (0,2u) --(10u ,2u);
endfig ;
6.6: METAPOST
6.9 6.8
6.5
label
( 6.1) dotlabel
6.1: label
top
ulft
bottom
urt
lft
llft
rt
lrt
6.5:
2
4
6
81
filenametemplate "color.eps ";

beginfig (6);
draw (0 ,0) --(10u ,0) withcolor red;
draw (0 ,1u) --(10u ,1u) withcolor green ;
draw (0 ,2u) --(10u ,2u) withcolor blue;
endfig ;
6.7: METAPOST
2
4
6
8
filenametemplate "fill.eps ";

beginfig (7)
path p;
p := (0 ,0) --(2,0) - -(1 ,1.732) --cycle ;
fill p scaled u;
fill p scaled u shifted (3u ,0) withcolor red;
fill p scaled u shifted (6u ,0) withcolor green ;
fill p scaled u shifted (9u ,0) withcolor blue;
endfig ;
6.8: METAPOST
btex etex TEX
( 6.10 141819 ) mpost TEX
tex DVImpost DVI METAPOST
.mpx MPS
METAPOST LATEX
verbatimtex etex
METAPOST
XELATEX
MPS GSview
MPS PDF
MPS
( 6.10 )
mpost \ prologues :=3; input fig.mp
: Metapost
82
2
4
6
8
10
filenametemplate " transform .eps ";

beginfig (8);
draw p scaled u;
draw p scaled u shifted (3u ,0) rotated 30;
draw p scaled u rotated 30 shifted (5u ,0);
draw p scaled u rotatedaround ((2u ,0) ,30) shifted (7u ,0) ;
draw p scaled u slanted 1 shifted (10u ,0);
draw p scaled u reflectedabout ((0 ,0) ,(2u ,0)) shifted (13u
,0);
draw p xscaled 2u yscaled u shifted (16u ,0);
endfig ;
6.9: METAPOST
6.6
6.6.1
METAPOST numeric pair path pen
colorcmykcolortransformstringbooleanpicture
u numeric pair
pathpencircle pen color
scaledshiftedrotated transform
numeric 1/65536 4096
32768
4096
numeric
()
numeric x,y,z;
%
numeric x1,x2,x3; %
numeric x[];
%
6.6:
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
83
prologues :=3;
filenametemplate "label.eps ";
beginfig (9);
draw unitsquare xscaled 8u yscaled 4u;
label.top (" top", (4u,4u));
label.bot (" bottom ", (4u ,0));
label.lft (" left", (0,2u));
label.rt (" right ", (8u,2u));
label.ulft (" upper left", (0 ,4u));
label.urt (" upper right", (8u,4u));
label.llft (" lower left", (0 ,0));
label.lrt (" lower right", (8u ,0));
label.rt (btex $E=mc ^2$ etex , (2u ,2u));
drawarrow (16u ,0) --(22u ,0);
drawarrow (16u ,0) --(16u,4u);
dotlabel .bot ("(0 ,0)", (16u ,0));
label.bot (btex $x$ etex , (22u ,0));
label.lft (btex $y$ etex , (16u,4u));
endfig ;
upper left
left
lower left
top
upper right
E = mc2
right
bottom
lower right
(0,0)
6.10: METAPOST
6.6.2
METAPOST + - * /
a++b a2 + b2 a+-+b a2 b2 6.2
6.6.3
( 6.11)
1upto
step 1 until
for x=1 step .5 until 3:
: Metapost
84
6.2: METAPOST
abs
round
ceiling
floor
mod
sqrt
2
4
6
8
mexp
mlog
sind
cosd
normaldeviate
uniformdeviate
filenametemplate "loop.eps ";

beginfig (10);
drawarrow (0 ,0) --(10u ,0);
drawarrow (0 ,0) --(0,4u);
draw (0 ,0) %
for x=1 upto 3: ..(x*x,x)*u endfor ;
endfig ;
6.11: METAPOST
[1] John D. Hobby, Taco Hoekwater, and Hans Hagen. MetaPost: A Users Manual,
2010. URL http://www.tug.org/metapost/.
PSTricks
PSTricks PostScript LATEX
PSTricks van Zandt
1997 Denis Girou 1 Herbert Vo 2
7.1 PSTricks
7.1: PSTricks
multido
pst-node
pst-tree
pst-plot
pst-func
pst-eucl
pst-3dplot
pst-solides3d
pst-circ
pst-labo
pst-geo
pstricks-add
7.1
PSTricks 1cm
pspicture
LATEX
\psset{unit =10 pt}

\ begin { pspicture }(0 ,0) (4 ,2)
...
\end{ pspicture }
1
(National Centre for Scienti c Research, CNSR)

(Free University of Berlin)
LATEX 3
2
85
: PSTricks
86
LATEX PSTricks PostScriptdvips

xdvipdfmx dvipdfm pdflatex
EPS PDF
pst-eps PSTricks EPS
LATEX EPS dvipdfmx pst-eps
EPS \rput\uput\psaxes
2
4
6
8
%fig.tex
\ usepackage {pst -pdf}
...
\end{ pspicture }
\end{ document }
7.1: pst-pdf
pst-pdf PSTricks EPS
PDF pspicture
dvips -E EPS
latex fig (. tex)
dvips fig (. dvi) -E fig.eps
ps2pdf fig.eps fig.pdf
2
4
6
8
10
\ usepackage [active ,tightpage ,xetex ]{ preview }
\ usepackage { pstricks }
\ begin { preview }
...
\end{ pspicture }
\end{ preview }
\end{ document }
7.2: preview
dvips xdvipdfmx
LATEX pst-pdf
EPS PDF
7.2:
87
xdvipdfmx preview ( 7.2)

PDF preview
7.2
7.2.1
\dot \dots
pspicture \psline
2
4
6
\ begin { pspicture }( -.2 , -.2) (14 ,2.2)

\psdot (0 ,0)
\ psdots (4 ,0) (2 ,2)
\ psline (5 ,0) (7 ,2) (9 ,0)
\ psline [ linearc =.3](10 ,0) (12 ,2) (14 ,0)
\end{ pspicture }
b
b
b
7.3: PStricks
7.2.2
\psframe
\pspolygon \psline
2
4
6
\ begin { pspicture }(19 ,3)

\ psframe (0 ,0) (4 ,3)
\ psframe [ framearc =.3](5 ,0) (9 ,3)
\ pspolygon (10 ,0) (14 ,0) (12 ,3)
\ pspolygon [ linearc =.3](15 ,0) (19 ,0) (17 ,3)
\end{ pspicture }
7.4: PStricks
: PSTricks
88
7.2.3
\pscircle \psellipse
\psarc
\psarcn \pswedge
2
4
6

\ pscircle (1 ,1) {1}
\ psellipse (5 ,1) (2 ,1)
\psarc (9 ,0) {2}{0}{120}
\ psarcn (13 ,0) {2}{120}{0}
\ pswedge (17 ,0) {2}{0}{120}
\end{ pspicture }
7.5: PStricks
7.2.4
\pscurve \psecurve
\psccurve showpoints
2
4
6
\ begin { pspicture }( -0.2 , -0.2) (25.2 ,2.2)

\ pscurve [ showpoints =true ](0 ,1) (1 ,2) (3 ,0) (4 ,2) (1 ,0)
\ psecurve [ showpoints =true ](5 ,1) (6 ,2) (8 ,0) (9 ,2) (5 ,0)
\ psccurve [ showpoints =true ](11 ,1) (12 ,2) (14 ,0) (15 ,2) (12 ,0)
\ psbezier [ showpoints =true ](16 ,0) (18 ,2) (20 ,0) (22 ,2)
\ psparabola [ showpoints =true ](25 ,2) (24 ,0)
\end{ pspicture }
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
7.6: PStricks
\psbezier
\psparabola
7.2:
89
7.2.5
\psgrid
2
4
6
\psset{unit =20 pt}

\ begin { pspicture }( -1,-1) (13.5 ,2.5)
\ psgrid (0 ,0) (-1,-1) (3 ,2)
\ psgrid (5 ,0) (8 ,2)
\ psgrid (13 ,2) (10 ,0)
\end{ pspicture }
2
0
-1 0
-1
0
1
10 11 12 13
2
1
5
7.7: PStricks
pst-plot \psaxes \psgrid
2
4
6
\psset{unit =20 pt}

\ begin { pspicture }( -1,-1) (13.4 ,2.4)
\ psaxes { < - >}(0 ,0)(-1,-1) (3 ,2)
\ psaxes [ tickstyle =top , labels =none ]{ - >}(5 ,0) (8 ,2)
\ psaxes [ axesstyle =frame , tickstyle =top ]{ - >}(10 ,0) (13 ,2)
\end{ pspicture }
2
1
1
0
1
0
7.8: PStricks
: PSTricks
90
7.3
7.3.1
PSTricks 0.8pt
2
4
\ begin { pspicture }(0 , -0.1) (9 ,2.1)

\ psline [ linewidth =1.5 pt ](0 ,0) (9 ,0)
\ psline [ linestyle = dotted ](0 ,1) (9 ,1)
\ psline [ linestyle = dashed ](0 ,2) (9 ,2)
\end{ pspicture }
7.9: PStricks
7.3.2
2
4
6
8
\ begin { pspicture }( -0.2 , -0.2) (9.2 ,6.2)

\ psline { - >}(0 ,0) (9 ,0)
\ psline { < -}(0 ,1) (9 ,1)
\ psline { < ->}(0,2) (9 ,2)
\ psline { > -<}(0,3) (9 ,3)
\ psline {| -|}(0 ,4) (9 ,4)
\ psline {o-o}(0 ,5) (9 ,5)
\ psline {* -*}(0 ,6) (9 ,6)
\end{ pspicture }
7.10: PStricks
7.3.3
PSTricks black, darkgray, gray, lightgray, white red,
green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow xcolor
7.4:
91
7.11
2
4
\ begin { pspicture }(0 , -0.1) (9 ,2.1)

\ psline [ linecolor =red ](0 ,0) (9 ,0)
\ psline [ linecolor =green ](0 ,1) (9 ,1)
\ psline [ linecolor =blue ](0 ,2) (9 ,2)
\end{ pspicture }
7.11: PStricks
7.12
2
4
6

\ pscircle [ fillstyle =solid , fillcolor = RoyalBlue ](1 ,1) {1}
\ pscircle [ fillstyle = vlines ](4 ,1) {1}
\ pscircle [ fillstyle = hlines ](7 ,1) {1}
\ pscircle [ fillstyle = crosshatch ](10 ,1) {1}
\end{ pspicture }
7.12: PStricks
7.3.4
\pseset
\psset{ linewidth =1pt , linestyle =dashed , linecolor =Silver ,

fillcolor =Lavender , fillstyle = crosshatch }
7.4
origin \rput
: \rput[]{}{}{}
: PSTricks
92
1. 7.2
2. ULDR 0
90 180 270
3.
4.
7.2: \rput
l
r
2
4
t
b
\ begin { pspicture }(12 ,3.2)

\ psframe (0 ,0) (3 ,2)
\ psframe [ origin ={4 ,0}](0 ,0) (3 ,2)
\rput {30}(9 ,0) {\ psframe (0 ,0) (3 ,2)}
\end{ pspicture }
7.13: PStricks
translate, scale, rotate,
swapaxes
7.5
\rput 7.14
\uput 5pt
( 7.3)
\uput \rput
PSTricks [1]
2
4
6
8
10
93
\ begin { pspicture }( -0.8 , -0.4) (12.3 ,3.3)

\ pspolygon (0 ,0) (4 ,0) (2 ,2)
\rput[r](0 ,0){A}
\rput[l](4 ,0){B}
\rput[b](2 ,2){C}
\ pspolygon (7 ,0) (11 ,0) (9 ,2)
\uput[l](7 ,0){A}
\uput[r](11 ,0){B}
\uput[u](9 ,2){C}
\end{ pspicture }
C
A
B A
B
7.14: PStricks
7.3: \uput
r
u
l
d
0
90
180
270
ur
ul
dl
dr
45
135
225
315
[1] Timothy van Zandt. PSTricks Users Guide, 2007. URL http://www.tug.org/
PSTricks/.
PGF
PGF Beamer Till Tantau (1975) 1 Tantau Beamer
2003 CTAN
2005 PGF Beamer [1]
8.1
PGF TikZ
tikz PGF dvipdfmx
pdflatex xelatex
\def\ pgfsysdriver {pgfsys - dvipdfmx .def}
\ usepackage {tikz}
PGF 1cm
PGF bug
\ pgfsetxvec {\ pgfpoint {10 pt }{0}}
\ pgfsetyvec {\ pgfpoint {0}{10 pt }}
TikZ \tikz tikzpicture

\tikz tikzpicture
\tikz ...
%
\ begin { tikzpicture }
...
%
\end{ tikzpicture }
1
1999 2001 2003 2004

2005 (University of Lbeck)
95
: PGF
96
7.1 preview
PGF
\ usepackage [active ,tightpage ,xetex ]{ preview }
\ usepackage {tikz}
\ begin { preview }
\ begin { tikzpicture }
...
\end{ tikzpicture }
\end{ preview }
\end{ document }
8.1: PGF
8.2
8.2.1
PGF METAPOST 8.2 \draw
--cyclerectangle [rounded
corners] -- rectangle cycle
[rounded corners]
--
(0,0) cycle (7,2) rectangle
(15,0)(19,2)
2
4
\draw
\draw
\draw
\draw
\draw
(0 ,0) --(4,0) --(2,2) --(0,0);

(5 ,0) --(9,0) --(7,2) --cycle ;
[ rounded corners ] (10 ,0) - -(14 ,0) - -(12 ,2) --cycle ;
(15 ,0) rectangle (19 ,2);
[ rounded corners ] (20 ,0) rectangle (24 ,2);
8.2: PGF
8.2:
97
8.2.2
\draw
\draw
\draw
\draw
(1 ,1) circle (1);

(5 ,1) ellipse (2 and 1);
(10 ,1) arc (0:270:1) ;
(15 ,1) arc (0:270:2 and 1);
8.3: PGF
8.2.3
-- ..
( 8.4 ) parabola (5,1)
(7.414,2) bend (6,0)
2
4
6
8
10
12
\draw (0 ,0) .. controls (2 ,2) and (4 ,2) ..(4 ,0);

\ filldraw (0 ,0) circle (.1)
(2 ,2) circle (.1)
(4 ,2) circle (.1)
(4 ,0) circle (.1);
\draw (5 ,1) parabola bend (6 ,0) (7.414 ,2);
(6 ,0) circle (.1)
(7.414 ,2) circle (.1);
\draw (8 ,0) sin (10 ,2) cos (12 ,0);
(10 ,2) circle (.1)
(12 ,0) circle (.1);
8.4: PGF
11
\filldraw
PSTricks METAPOST PGF showpoints
: PGF
98
8.2.4
1cmgrid
help lines 0.2pt
\draw [step =5pt] (0 ,0) grid (3 ,2);
\draw [help lines ,step =5 pt] (4 ,0) grid (7 ,2);
8.5: PGF
8.3
8.3.1
\draw
\draw
\draw
\draw
\draw
[->] (0 ,0) --(9,0);

[<-] (0 ,1) --(9,1);
[<->] (0 ,2) --(9,2);
[>->>] (0 ,3) --(9,3);
[|<->|] (0 ,4) --(9,4);
8.6: PGF
8.3.2
PGF 0.4pt
8.7
8.3:
2
4
6
\draw
\draw
\draw
\draw
\draw
\draw
\draw
99
[line width =2pt] (0 ,0) --(9,0);

[ dotted ] (0 ,1) --(9,1);
[ densely dotted ] (0 ,2) --(9,2);
[ loosely dotted ] (0 ,3) --(9,3);
[ dashed ] (0 ,4) --(9,4);
[ densely dashed ] (0 ,5) --(9,5);
[ loosely dashed ] (0 ,6) --(9,6);
8.7: PGF
8.3.3
PGF xcolor 8.8
\filldraw
PGF XETEX
2
4
\draw[Red] (0 ,0) --(9,0);

\draw[Green ] (0 ,1) --(9,1);
\draw[Blue] (0 ,2) --(9,2);
\fill[Wheat ] (11 ,1) circle (1);
\ filldraw [draw=Silver , fill= Lavender ] (14 ,1) circle (1);
8.8: PGF
8.3.4
\shade
8.9
8.3.5
PGF METAPOST PSTricks (style)
HTML CSS 8.10
: PGF
100
\shade (0 ,0) rectangle (2 ,2);

\shade [left color=Red , right color = Orange ] (3 ,0) rectangle
(5 ,2);
\shade [ inner color=Red ,outer color = Orange ] (6 ,0) rectangle
(8 ,2);
\shade [ball color=Blue] (10 ,1) circle (1);
8.9: PGF
2
4
6
\ tikzset {
myline /. style ={ line width =2 pt},
myblueline /. style ={ myline ,Blue}
}
\draw[ myline ] (0 ,0) --(9,0);
\draw[ myblueline ] (0 ,1) --(9,1);
8.10: PGF
\tikzset tikzpicture
2
4
\ begin { tikzpicture }[
thickline /. style =2pt ,
bluethickline /. style ={ thickline , color =blue}
]
\end{ tikzpicture }
8.11: PGF
8.4
(scale) (shift) (slant)
(rotate) (rotate around)
8.5:
101
(xshift
yshift)
2
4
6
\draw (0 ,0) rectangle (2 ,2);

\draw[shift ={(3 ,0)},scale =1.5] (0 ,0) rectangle (2 ,2);
\draw[ xshift =70pt , xscale =1.5] (0 ,0) rectangle (2 ,2);
\draw[ xshift =125pt , rotate =45] (0 ,0) rectangle (2 ,2);
\draw[ xshift =140pt , xslant =1] (0 ,0) rectangle (2 ,2);
\draw[ xshift =175pt , rotate around ={45:(2 ,2) }] (0 ,0)
rectangle (2 ,2);
8.12: PGF
8.5
8.5.1
PGF (node)
box
2
4
\ tikzset {
box /. style ={ rectangle , rounded corners =5pt ,
minimum width =50pt , minimum height =20pt , inner sep =5pt ,
draw=Silver ,fill= Lavender }
}
8.13: PGF box
8.5.2
8.12
: PGF
102
2
4
6
\node[box] (tex) at (0 ,0) {. tex };

\node[box] (xdv) at (12 ,0) {. xdv };
\node[box] (pdf) at (24 ,0) {. pdf };
\draw [->] (tex) --(xdv);
\draw [->] (xdv) --(pdf);
\node at (6 ,1) { xelatex };
\node at (18 ,1) { dvipdfmx };
.tex
dvipdfmx
xelatex
.pdf
.xdv
8.14: PGF
8.14
8.15 xdv tex 70pt (
10pt) pdf xdv 70pt
2
4
\node[box] (tex) {. tex };

\node[box ,right =7 of tex] (xdv) {. xdv };
\node[box ,right =7 of xdv] (pdf) {. pdf };
\path (tex) edge [->] node[auto] { xelatex } (xdv)
(xdv) edge [->] node[auto] { xdvipdfmx } (pdf);
.tex
xdvipdfmx
xelatex
.xdv
.pdf
8.15: PGF
edge
edge
8.5.3
8.16 child sibling
distance
8.5.4
PGF shapes.geometric
(diamond) (trapezium) (semicircle)
8.5:
2
4
6
8
103
\ begin { tikzpicture }[ sibling distance =80 pt]

\node[box] {TeX}
child {node[box] {Plain\TeX }}
child {node[box] {\ LaTeX }
child {node[box] { amsmath }}
child {node[box] { graphicx }}
child {node[box] { hyperref }}
};
\end{ tikzpicture }
TeX
PlainTEX
LATEX
amsmath
graphicx
hyperref
8.16: PGF
(star) (isosceles triangle) (circular sector)

(cylinder) (regular polygon)
8.17
2
4
6
8
\ usetikzlibrary { shapes . geometric }

\node[diamond ,draw] at (0 ,0) {};
\node[trapezium ,draw] at (2 ,0) {};
\node[semicircle ,draw] at (4 ,0) {};
\node[star ,draw] at (6 ,0) {};
\node[ isosceles triangle ,draw] at (8 ,0) {};
\node[ circular sector ,draw] at (10 ,0) {};
\node[cylinder ,draw] at (12 ,0) {};
8.17: PGF
8.18
regular polygon
: PGF
104
2
4
6
8
\ begin { tikzpicture }[ every node /. style ={ regular polygon }]

\node[ regular polygon sides =3, draw] at (2 ,0) {};
\end{ tikzpicture }
8.18: PGF
8.6
8.6.1
8.18
TikZ Only you Only you
2
4
\ begin { tikzpicture }[ every node /. style ={ regular polygon }]

\ foreach \x in {3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8}{
\node[ regular polygon sides =\x, draw] at (\x*2 ,0) {};
}
\end{ tikzpicture }
8.19: PGF
8.6.2
PGF (plot)
Gnuplot PGF
20
8.20 LATEX
domain
105
\draw [->] ( -0.2 ,0) --(6,0) node[ right ] {$x$};

\draw [->] (0 , -0.2) --(0,6) node[ above ] {$f(x)$};
\draw[ domain =0:4] plot (\x ,{0.1* exp (\x)}) node[ right ] {$f(
x)=\ frac {1}{10} e^x$};
f (x)
f (x) =
1 x
10 e
x
8.20: PGF
[1] Till Tantau. TikZ and PGF Manual, 2008. URL http://www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/graphics/pgf/.

9.1
tabular \hline
| & \\
lcr
2
4
6
8
10
12
\ begin { tabular }{|l|c|r|}

\ hline
& &
\ hline
Windows
& MikTeX
\ hline
Unix/ Linux & teTeX
\ hline
Mac OS
& MacTeX
\ hline
& TeX Live

\ hline
\end{ tabular }
Windows
Unix/Linux
Mac OS
MikTeX
teTeX
MacTeX
TeX Live
\\
& TexMakerX \\
& Kile \\
& TeXShop \\
& TeXworks \\
TexMakerX
Kile
TeXShop
TeXworks
9.1:
figure
table
9.1
107
108
9.1
Simon Fear
booktabs [1] \toprule
\midrule\bottomrule 9.2
2
4
6
8
10
12
\ begin {table }[ htbp]

\ centering
\ begin { tabular }{ lll}
\ toprule
& &
\ midrule
Windows
& MikTeX
Unix/ Linux & teTeX
Mac OS
& MacTeX
& TeX Live

\ bottomrule
\end{ tabular }
\end{ table}
\\
&
&
&
&
TexMakerX \\
Kile \\
TeXShop \\
TeXworks \\
Windows
Unix/Linux
Mac OS
MikTeX
teTeX
MacTeX
TeX Live
TexMakerX
Kile
TeXShop
TeXworks
9.2:
tabular
tcb
||
[]{}
9.2
lcr
p{}tcb
1
(Jesus said unto Simon, Fear not; from henceforth

thou shalt catch men.) Fear Street
9.2:
2
4
6
8
10
12
109
\ begin { table }[ htbp]

\ centering
\ begin { tabular }{p{80 pt}p{80 pt}p{80 pt }}
\ toprule
& & \\
\ midrule
Windows
& MikTeX
& TexMakerX \\
Unix/ Linux & teTeX
& Kile \\
Mac OS
& MacTeX
& TeXShop \\
& TeX Live & TeXworks \\

\ bottomrule
\end{ tabular }
\end{table }
Windows
Unix/Linux
Mac OS
MikTeX
teTeX
MacTeX
TeX Live
TexMakerX
Kile
TeXShop
TeXworks
9.3:
>{} \centering\raggedleft
>{}
4
6
8
10
12

\ centering
\ begin { tabular }{p{80 pt}>{\ centering }p{80 pt } >{\ raggedleft \
arraybackslash }p{80 pt}}
\ toprule
& & \\
\ midrule
Windows
& MikTeX
& TexMakerX \\
Unix/ Linux & teTeX
& Kile \\
Mac OS
& MacTeX
& TeXShop \\

\ bottomrule
\end{ tabular }
\end{table }
110
Windows
Unix/Linux
Mac OS
MikTeX
teTeX
MacTeX
TeX Live
TexMakerX
Kile
TeXShop
TeXworks
9.4:
Carlisle tabularx [2]
X
{}{}
2
4
6
8
10

\ centering
\ begin { tabularx }{350 pt}{ lXlX}
\ toprule
&
&
&
\\
\ bottomrule
\end{ tabularx }
\end{ table}
9.5:
Mittelbach Carlisle
array [3] m{}b{}
9.3
\multicolumn
booktabs \cmidrule
9.4:
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
111

\ centering
\ toprule
& \ multicolumn {2}{c}{} \\
\ cmidrule {2 -3}
& & \\
\ midrule
Windows
& MikTeX
& TexMakerX \\
Unix/ Linux & teTeX
& Kile \\
Mac OS
& MacTeX
& TeXShop \\

\ bottomrule
\end{ tabular }
\end{table }
Windows
Unix/Linux
Mac OS
MikTeX
teTeX
MacTeX
TeX Live
TexMakerX
Kile
TeXShop
TeXworks
9.6:
\multicolumn{}{}{}
\cmidrule{-}
9.4
Rochester warpcol [4] tabular

P m n
P{-m.n}
9.7 multicolumn P
1
112
2
4
6
8
10
12

\ centering
\ begin { tabular }{P{2.5} P{ -2.5}}
\ toprule
\ multicolumn {1}{c}{} &
\ multicolumn {1}{c}{} \\
\ midrule
3.14159 & 2.99792 \\
27.18281 & -17.58819 \\
\ bottomrule
\end{ tabular }
\end{ table}
3.14159
27.18281
2.99792
17.58819
9.7:
9.5
Carlisle longtable [5]
1. longtable tabular
2.
\\ \endhead
3. ()
\endfirsthead
4. \endfoot
5. \endlastfoot (
)
6.
9.5:
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
113
\ begin { longtable }{ ll}

\ multicolumn {2}{r}{} \\
\ toprule
& \\
\ midrule
\ endhead
\ caption {} \\
\ toprule
& \\
\ midrule
\ endfirsthead
\ bottomrule
\ multicolumn {2}{r}{\dots} \\
\ endfoot
\ bottomrule
\ endlastfoot
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
& \\
\end{ longtable }
9.1:
114
9.6
Fairbairns 2 rotating [6]
sidewaystable table
2
4
6
8
10
\ begin { sidewaystable }[ htbp]

\ caption {}
\ label {tab:dict}
\ centering
\ begin { tabularx }{550 pt}{ Xllcrrr }
\ toprule
Title & Abbr & Publisher & Year & Pages & Entries &
Price \\
\ midrule
Oxford English Dict , 2nd Ed & OED & Oxford Univ
& 1989 & 21 ,728 & 616 ,500 & 995 \\
1970 UK FAQ
9.6:
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
115
\ midrule
Shorter Oxford English Dict , 7th Ed & SOED & Oxford
Univ
& 2007 & 3 ,888 & 600 ,000 & 175 \\
New Oxford Dict of English , 2nd & NODE & Oxford Univ
& 2005 & 2 ,112 & 355 ,000 & 68 \\
Webster 's Third New International Dict & W3 & Merriam Webster
& 1961 & 2 ,816 & 476 ,000 & 129 \\
American Heritage Dict , 4th Ed & AHD & Houghton
Mifflin
& 2000 & 2 ,112 & 90 ,000 & 60 \\
Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dict , 2nd Ed &
Random & Random House
& 2005 & 2 ,256 & 315 ,000 & 69 \\
\ midrule
Concise Oxford Dict , 11th Ed & COD & Oxford Univ
& 2006 & 1 ,728 & 240 ,000 & \\
Chambers Dict , 10th Ed & Chambers & Chambers Harrap
& 2006 & 1 ,872 & & 50 \\
Collins English Dict , 9th Ed & Collins & HarperCollins
& 2007 & 1 ,888 & & 67 \\
Longman Dict of Contemporary English , 4th Ed & Longman
& Longman
& 2005 & & 207 ,000 & 71 \\
Merriam -Webster 's Collegiate Dict , 11 th Ed & & Merriam
- Webster
& 2003 & 1 ,664 & 225 ,000 & 26 \\
American Heritage College Dict , 4th Ed & & Houghton
Mifflin
& 2007 & 1 ,664 & & 26 \\
Random House Webster 's College Dict & & Random House
& 2005 & 1 ,632 & & 26 \\
Webster 's New World College Dict , 4th Ed & & John
Wiley \& Sons
& 2004 & 1 ,744 & 160 ,000 & 26 \\
\ bottomrule
\end{ tabularx }
\end{ sidewaystable }
:
116
Oxford English Dict, 2nd Ed
Title
SOED
NODE
W3
AHD
Random
OED
Abbr
Oxford Univ
Oxford Univ
Merriam-Webster
Houghton Miin
Random House
Oxford Univ
Publisher
2007
2005
1961
2000
2005
1989
Year
1,728
1,872
1,888
3,888
2,112
2,816
2,112
2,256
21,728
Pages
240,000
600,000
355,000
476,000
90,000
315,000
616,500
Entries
175
68
129
60
69
995
Price
9.2:
Shorter Oxford English Dict, 7th Ed

New Oxford Dict of English, 2nd
Websters ird New International Dict
American Heritage Dict, 4th Ed
Random House Websters Unabridged Dict, 2nd Ed
COD
Chambers
Collins
Longman
207,000
225,000
160,000
50
67
71
26
26
26
26
2006
2006
2007
2005
2003
2007
2005
2004
1,664
1,664
1,632
1,744
Oxford Univ
Chambers Harrap
HarperCollins
Longman
Merriam-Webster
Houghton Miin
Random House
John Wiley & Sons
Concise Oxford Dict, 11th Ed

Chambers Dict, 10th Ed
Collins English Dict, 9th Ed
Longman Dict of Contemporary English, 4th Ed
Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dict, 11th Ed
American Heritage College Dict, 4th Ed
Random House Websters College Dict
Websters New World College Dict, 4th Ed
9.7:
117
9.7
Carlisle colortbl [7]
\columncolor\rowcolor\cellcolor
{}
\columncolor rowcolor\cellcolor
colortbl xcolor
table
2
4
6
8
10
12
\ usepackage [ table ]{ xcolor }

...
\ centering
\ begin { tabular }{l >{\ columncolor { Yellow }} ll}
\ rowcolor {Red} &
& \\
Windows
& MikTeX
& TexMakerX \\
\ rowcolor { Green}Unix/Linux & \ cellcolor { Lavender } teTeX
& Kile \\
Mac OS
& MacTeX
& TeXShop \\
\ rowcolor {Blue}
\end{ tabular }
\end{table }
Windows
Unix/Linux
Mac OS
MikTeX
teTeX
MacTeX
TeX Live
TexMakerX
Kile
TeXShop
TeXworks
9.8:
9.8
xcolor rowcolors ( colortbl )
{}{}{}
9.9 14 \hiderowcolors
\showrowcolors
118
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
\ usepackage [table ]{ xcolor }

...
\ centering
\ rowcolors {1}{ White }{ Lavender }
\ hline
&
& \\
Windows
& MikTeX
& TexMakerX \\
Unix/ Linux & teTeX
& Kile \\
Mac OS
& MacTeX
& TeXShop \\

\ hline
\ hiderowcolors
\end{ tabular }
\end{ table}
Windows
Unix/Linux
Mac OS
MikTeX
teTeX
MacTeX
TeX Live
TexMakerX
Kile
TeXShop
TeXworks
9.9:
[1] Simon Fear. Publication Quality Tables in LaTeX, 2005. URL http://www.
ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/booktabs/.
[2] David P. Carlisle. e tabularx Package, 1999. URL http://www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/.
[3] Frank Mittelbach and David P. Carlisle. A new implementation of LaTeXs tabular
and array environment, 2009. URL http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/
macros/latex/required/tools/.
[4] Wayne A. Rochester. e warpcol Package, 2007. URL http://www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/warpcol/.
[5] David P. Carlisle. e longtable Package, 2004. URL http://www.ctan.org/
pkg/longtable.
119
[6] Robin Fairbairns, Sebastian Rahtz, and Leonor Barroca. A package for rotated objects in LaTeX, 2010. URL http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/
latex/contrib/rotating/.
[7] David P. Carlisle. e colortbl Package, 2001. URL http://www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/colortbl/.

2.2
HTML
PDF
Peter R. Wilson 1 Notes on

Book Design [1] Memoir Class [2] Chicago Manual of Style [3]
10.1
(British omson Houston) (Lucas Research Center)

CAD (Computer-Aided Manufacturing International, CAM-I)
GE CAD/CAM STEP RPI
(Catholic University of America) (National Institute of Standards and
Technology, NIST)
121
122
10.1 \include
\input
2
4
6
% master .tex
\ include { chapter 1. tex}
\ include { chapter 2. tex}
...
\end{ document }
10.1:
syntonly
\ usepackage { syntonly }
...
\ syntaxonly
10.2
10.2 \title, \author, \date
\maketitle
2.1 notitlepage titlepage
report book
article
10.3
\tableofcontents LATEX
\setcounter
10.3
*
\listoffigures \listoftables
10.3:
2
4
6
8
123
\ title {}
\ author {$^*$\ quad $^\ dagger $\ quad
$^\ ddagger $\\[10 pt]
$*$ Barrington University , Burlington , VT \\
$\ dagger $ Pacific Western University , San Diego , CA \\
$\ ddagger $ Preston University , Los Angeles , CA}
\date {2011111}
\ maketitle
Barrington University, Burlington, VT

Paci c Western University, San Diego, CA
Preston University, Los Angeles, CA
2011 1 11
10.2:
2
4
\ tableofcontents
\ setcounter { tocdepth }{2}
\ chapter *{...}
\ section *{...}
\ subsection *{...}
10.3:
.toc ()
.lof () .lot ()
LATEX
Axel Sommerfeldt caption [4]
10.4
loeexample
35
124
\DeclareCaptionType[]{}[][]
\ DeclareCaptionType [ fileext =loe ]{ example }[][]

\ begin { example }[h]
...
\end{ example }
10.4:
10.4
10.4.1
thebibliography
(bibliography)
LATEX thebibliography \bibtem

10.5 9
99
2
4
6
\ begin { thebibliography }{9}

\ bibitem { Rowling _1997}
Joanne K. Rowling ,
\emph{Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone }.
Bloomsbury , London ,
1997.
\end{ thebibliography }
[1] Joanne K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone. Bloomsbury, London, 1997.
10.5: thebibliography
thebibliography
\cite
\cite{ Rowling _1997}
[1]
10.4:
10.4.2
125
BibTeX
thebibliography
Oren Patashnik (1954) 2 Lamport 1985

.bib .bst
LATEX SGML/DSSSL,
HTML/CSS, XML/XSL
BTEX
()
article
author, title, journal, year
volume, number, pages, month, note
conference inproceedings
book
author/editor, title, publisher, year
volume/number, series, address, edition, month, note
booklet
title
author, howpublished, address, month, year, note
inbook
author/editor, title, chapter/pages, publisher, year
volume/number, series, type, address, edition, month, note
incollection
author, title, booktitle, publisher, year
editor, volume/number, series, type, chapter, pages, address,
edition, month, note
inproceedings
author, title, booktitle, year
editor, volume/number, series, pages, address, month, organization, publisher, note.
manual
title
2
1976 1990 Knuth 1980
126
author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note

mastersthesis
author, title, school, year
type, address, month, note
misc

author, title, howpublished, month, year, note
phdthesis
author, title, school, year
type, address, month, note
proceedings
title, year
editor, volume/number, series, address, month, organization,
publisher, note
techreport
author, title, institution, year
type, number, address, month, note
unpublished
author, title, note
month, year
.bib
JabRef
.bib EndNote, Google Scholar, Zotero
10.5 BTEX 10.6
2
4
6
@book { Rowling _1997 ,

author
= " Joanne K. Rowling ",
title
= "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ",
publisher = "Bloomsbury , London ",
year
= "1997"
}
10.6: BTEX
LATEX
Nicolas
10.4:
127
Markey (1976) 3 [5]

plain
unsrt
alpha
abbrv plain
\bibliographystyle
\bibliography
\ bibliographystyle {plain}
\ bibliography {myref}
1. xelatex .aux
2. bibtex .aux, .bib, .bst .bbl
thebibliography \bibtem
3. xelatex .aux
4. xelatex
.bib
.tex
xelatex
.aux
bibtex
.bbl
.bst
10.1: BTEX
\bibliographystyle
xelatex bibtex
3
1994 1998 (Paris Diderot University)

2003 (University of Orlans) 2004
CNSR
128
2
4
6
xelatex master (. tex)

bibtex chapter 1(. tex)
bibtex chapter 2(. tex)
...
10.7:
10.4.3
Natbib
-LATEX
\cite Patrick W. Daly 4 natbib [6]
natbib plainnat, abbrvnat, unsrtnat

LATEX plain, abbrv, unsrt
-
()
natbib
\setcitestyle 10.1
10.1:
authoryear, numbers, super

round, square, open=char, close=char
, , citesep=char
aysep=char
yysep=char
notesep=text
natbib \citet \citep

LATEX \cite
- \citet
\citep 10.8
\citetext\citenum\citeauthor
\citeyear
4
10.5:
129
\ setcitestyle { authoryear }
see \cite{Daly _2010}\\
see \ citet {Daly _2010}\\
see \ citep {Daly _2010}
see Daly [2010]

see Daly [2010]
see [Daly, 2010]
\ setcitestyle { numbers }
see [6]
see Daly [6]
see [6]
\ setcitestyle { super }
see [6]
see Daly [6]
see [6]
10.8:
10.5
makeidx
\makeindex
(
)
2
4
6
8
\ usepackage { makeidx }
\ makeindex
...
\ index {}
...
\ printindex
\end{ document }
10.9:
1. xelatex .idx
2. makeindex .idx .ind
3. xelatex \printindex .ind
130
.tex
.tex
xelatex
makeindex
.idx
.ind
xelatex
.pdf
10.2:
10.6
Sebastian P. Rahtz 5 Heiko Oberdiek 6 hyperref [7]
\hyperref
2
4
\ label {sec: hyperlink }

...
\ref{sec: hyperlink }\\
\ hyperref [sec: hyperlink ]{}
10.6
10.10: \hyperref
\url \href
\url{http :// www. dralpha .com /}\\

\href{http :// www. dralpha .com /}{}
http://www.dralpha.com/
10.11: \url \href
1970 1980
CERN (Elsevier) TUG CTAN
6
pdfTeX
10.7:
131
10.7
LATEX
Contents, List of Figures, List of TablesChapter, Section, Subsection
Figure Table
10.12 \bibname
book \abstractname \refname report
article
10.12
2
4
6
8
10
12
\ renewcommand {\ contentsname }{}

\ renewcommand {\ listfigurename }{}
\ renewcommand {\ listtablename }{}
\ renewcommand {\ partname }{ \ thepart }
\ renewcommand {\ chaptername }{ \ thechapter }
\ renewcommand {\ figurename }{}
\ renewcommand {\ tablename }{}
\ renewcommand {\ bibname }{}
\ renewcommand {\ appendixname }{}
\ renewcommand {\ indexname }{}
\ renewcommand {\ abstractname }{}
\ renewcommand {\ refname }{}
10.12:
2.9 \ref hyperref

\autoref
( 10.13)
\autoref
x x
10.13 \ref
132
2
4
6
\ renewcommand {\ equationautorefname }{}

\ renewcommand { \ footnoteautorefname }{}
\ renewcommand {\ itemautorefname }{}
\ renewcommand {\ figureautorefname }{}
\ renewcommand {\ tableautorefname }{}
\ renewcommand {\ appendixautorefname }{}
\ renewcommand {\ theoremautorefname }{}
10.13: hyperref
[1] Peter R. Wilson. A Few Notes on Book Design, 2009. URL http://www.ctan.
org/tex-archive/info/memdesign/.
[2] Peter R. Wilson. e Memoir Class, 8th edition, 2010. URL http://www.ctan.
org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/memoir/.
[3] UCP, editor. Chicago Manual of Style, 15th Edition. University of Chicago, 2003.
URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Manual_of_Style.
[4] Axel Sommerfeldt. Customizing captions of oating environments using the caption package, 2008. URL http://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/
contrib/caption/.
[5] Nicolas Markey. Tame the BeaST: e B to X of BibTeX. CTAN, 2005. URL
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/.
[6] Patrick W. Daly. Natural Sciences Citations and References, 2010. URL http:
//www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/natbib/.
[7] Sebastian Rahtz and Heiko Oberdiek. Hypertext Marks in LaTeX: A Manual for
hyperref, 2010. URL http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/.

2.8 LATEX
11.1
11.1.1
1786 Georg C. Lichtenberg (17421799) 1/ 2
19121914 Walter Porstmann (18861959)

Wilhelm Ostwald (18531932) 1
Ostwald
1cm x 1.41cm
Porstmann
1918
1
1878 (University of Tartu) 1909
133
134
(Deutschen Instituts fr Normung, DIN)

Waldemar Hellmich Porstmann 1920
1922 DIN 476
A0 (841mm x 1189mm)
B, C, D
DIN 476 1961 ISO A
B 1975 ISO 216 B DIN 476
1000mm x 1414mm B0 1985 ISO 269
C A B
A B (B7, 88mm x 125mm)C
A A4 C4
C5 C6
11.1.2
A4 Letter (8.5in x 11in)Letter

1950
IEEE Government-Letter (8in x 10.5in)

Letter Herbert Hoover
(18741964) 2 1920
1980 Ronald Reagan (19112004)

Letter Letter
A4
Legal (8.5in x 14in)
hold 1996
ANSI Y14.1 A, B, C, D, E A LetterB
A C B B C
A4A0
31 WSN1895
Benjamin Harrison
11.1:
135
11.1.3
5
7
Header
8
Body
10
Footer
11
11.1:
11.1 A4 210mm x 297mm 597pt x 845pt
Body Header Footer
LATEX
136
lshort 20
11pt,oneside
1. 1in Word
2. \oddsidemargin \evensidemargin46pt
3. \textwidth360pt 32
4. 597pt 1in + 46pt 360pt 119pt
1pt
5. 1in
6. \topmargin18pt
7. \headheight12pt
8. \headsep25pt
9. \textheight595pt 38
10. \footskip30pt 12pt + 25pt
7pt
11. 845pt 93pt 1in + 18pt 3pt
oneside twoside 22pt 70pt
LATEX
section 2.4 \setlength \addtolength
3 geometry [1]
\ usepackage [ paperwidth =100mm , paperheight =150mm , margin =20

mm ]{ geometry }
11.2:
137
\ usepackage [top =2in , bottom =1in , left =1in , right =1 in ]{

geometry }
\ usepackage [ landscape ]{ geometry }
11.2
LATEX 11.1
11.1: LATEX
empty
plain
headings
myheadings
book
book
\pagestyle \thispagestyle
\ pagestyle {plain }
%
\ thispagestyle {empty}%
11.1 @oddhead, @evenhead,

@oddfoot, @evenfoot
11.1
permanentdamagedhead \ps@style
\pagestyle{style}
\hfill
@ \makeatletter
\makeatother
11.2
138
2
4
6
8
\ makeatletter
\ newcommand {\ ps@permanentdamagedhead }{
\ renewcommand {\ @oddhead }{\ hfill }
\ renewcommand {\ @oddfoot }{\ hfill \ thepage \hfill }
\ renewcommand {\ @evenhead }{\ hfill }
\ renewcommand {\ @evenfoot }{\ @oddfoot }
}
\ makeatother
2
11.1:
11.2:
\thepage
\thechapter
\thesection
\chaptername
\sectionname
\leftmark
\rightmark
Chapter
Section
article section
report book chapter
article subsection
report book section
11.2
\ markboth {}{}%
\ markright {}
%
\leftmark \rightmark
\markboth \markright Lamport
\markleft AMS
11.2:
139
AMS Lamport
11.2 book headings
2
4
\def\ ps@headings {%
\let\ @oddfoot \ @empty \let\ @evenfoot \ @empty
\def\ @evenhead {\ thepage \hfil\ slshape \ leftmark }%
\def\ @oddhead {{\ slshape \ rightmark }\ hfil\ thepage }%
...
11.2: headings
11.3 book myheadings
headings
2
4
6
8
\def\ ps@myheadings {%
\let\ @oddfoot \ @empty \let\ @evenfoot \ @empty
\def\ @evenhead {\ thepage \hfil\ slshape \ leftmark }%
\def\ @oddhead {{\ slshape \ rightmark }\ hfil\ thepage }%
\let\ @mkboth \ @gobbletwo
\let\ chaptermark \ @gobble
\let\ sectionmark \ @gobble
}
11.3: myheadings
11.4 myheadings
Piet van
Oostrum4 fancyhdr [2]
11.5 fancyhdr
fancy
Utrecht University
140
2
4
6
8
10
\ documentclass {book}
\ markboth {}{}
\ pagestyle { myheadings }
...
\ newpage
\ newpage
\end{ document }
11.4:
2
4
6
8
10
\ usepackage { fancyhdr }
...
\ pagestyle {fancy}
\lhead {}
\chead {}
\rhead {}
\lfoot {}
\cfoot {}
\rfoot {}
\ renewcommand {\ headrulewidth }{0.4 pt}
\ renewcommand {\ footrulewidth }{0.4 pt}
11.5: fancyhdr
\chaptermark \sectionmark 11.6
11.3:
141
2
4
6
8
10
12
\ usepackage { fancyhdr }
\ pagestyle {fancy }
\ fancyhf {}
\ fancyhead [LE ,RO ]{\ thepage }
\ fancyhead [RE ]{\ leftmark }
\ fancyhead [LO ]{\ rightmark }
\ fancypagestyle { plain }{
\ fancyhf {}
\ renewcommand {\ headrulewidth }{0 pt}
}
\ renewcommand \ chaptermark [1]{\ markboth {\ chaptername \ \
thechapter : #1}{}}
\ renewcommand \ sectionmark [1]{\ markright {\ thesection : #1}}
3.2:
27
Chapter 3:
28
11.6:
fancyhdr plain
plain plain
11 \markboth
\chapter{} \chapter{} \chaptermark

\markboth \leftmark
11 \markright
11.3
LATEX
142
\ documentclass [ twocolumn ]{ article }
Mittelbach multicol
11.7 12pt 10pt

1pt 0pt
multicols
2
4
6
\ usepackage { multicol }
\ setlength {\ columnsep }{12 pt}
\ setlength {\ columnseprule }{1 pt}
\ begin { multicols }{2}
...
\end{ multicols }

11.7: multicol
multicols *
11.8 h
\ begin { figure *}[ tbp]

...
\end{ figure *}
4
6
\ begin {table *}[ tbp]

...
\end{ table *}
11.8:
11.4:
143
11.4
TEX
NP 5
\ newpage
TEX
144 1
\ pagebreak [3]
TEX 144
1
\ nopagebreak [2]
TEX
TEX
\ clearpage
[1] Hideo Umeki.
e geometry package, 2010.
URL http://ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/geometry/.
[2] Piet van Oostrum. Page Layout in LaTeX, 2004. URL http://www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/.
Knuth 2046

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
145
A
A.1:
MacTeX
MikTeX
TeX Live
Kile
TeXShop
TeXstudio
TeXworks
Emacs
PSPad
Vim
Ghostscript
GSview
Bullzip PDF Printer
ImageMagick
Paint.NET
JabRef
http://www.tug.org/mactex/
http://www.miktex.org/
http://www.tug.org/texlive/
http://kile.sourceforge.net/
http://www.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/
http://texmakerx.sourceforge.net/
http://www.tug.org/texworks/
http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
http://www.pspad.com/
http://www.vim.org/
http://www.ghostscript.com/
http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/
http://www.bullzip.com/products/pdf/info.php
http://www.imagemagick.org/
http://www.getpaint.net/
http://jabref.sourceforge.net/
147
B
Printing is a human achievement that has demonstrated far greater
power to shape the world than all the forces of mordern weaponry.
John F. Kennedy
(printing) (image carrier)

(typesetting) (presswork)
()
LATEX
B.1
149
B:
150
1. (relief printing)
(block) (moveble type) (letterpress)
( exography)
2. (intaglio printing)
(engraving) (drypoint) (mezzotint) (etching)
(aquatint)
3. (planography)
(lithography) (oset
lithography)
4. (porous printing)
(stenciling) (screen-printing)
B.1.1
220
868 ( B.1) 1
(9701051) 1040
Johannes Gutenberg (13981468) 1450

(printing press)
Gutenberg
B.2 Gutenberg 1455 2

1
1907 Marc A. Stein (18621943)
B.1:
151
B.1: 868
B.2: Gutenberg Bible, letterpress, 1455
B:
152
19
B.1.2
15
15
B.3 Albrecht Drer (14711528)
3 B.4 Lesser Ury (18611931)
B.3: St. Christopher, engraving B.4: Woman in Cafe, drypoint by

by Drer, 1521
Lesser Ury
15 Daniel Hopfer (14701536)
B.5 Hopfer
B.1:
153
1642 Ludwig von Siegen (16091680)
B.6 19
omas
Gainsborough (17271788)
B.5: e Soldier and his Wife, B.6: Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess

etching by Hopfer, 1500
of Devonshire, mezzotint
B.7 Francisco
Goya (17461828)
B.8 Mary S. Cassatt (18441926)
B.1.3
1796 Alois Senefelder (17711834)

(limestone)
B:
154
B.7: Sleep of Reason Produces B.8: e Bath, drypoint and aquatint

Monsters, etching, aquatint, and by Cassatt, 1890
drypoint by Goya, 1799
Robert Barclay (16481690) Ira W. Rubel 1875

1904 (oset press) (oset)
(rubber blanket)
1950
B.1.4
B.2:
155
B.2
B.2.1
Gutenberg 1450
(job case) (upper case)

(lower case) type typeset
typesetter
(forme)
(12711368)
(1298 ) 100
1313 13
()
B.2.2
19
400
1869 Karl Kastenbein
1870 Peter Kniagininski
19 (hot metal typesettinghot type)
1884 Ottmar Mergenthaler (18541899)

(Linotype)
B:
156
(Mergenthaler Linotype Company)
1885 Tolbert Lanston (18441913)

(Monotype) (Lanston Monotype
Machine Company)
1897 C. Mray-Horvth (teletypography)

1930
1914 (International Typesetting Machine Company)

(Intertype)
1936 (Monotype Corp.) 1999

- (Agfa-Gevaert) 2004
(TA Associate) (Monotype Imaging)
1990 (Hell) 4 -
(Linotype-Hell AG) 1997 (Heidelberg Printing Machines
AG)
2007
1916 (Intertype Corp.)
1957 (Harris Corp.) 1960
B.2.3
1450 19 400
printing letterpress
(phototypesettingcold type)
(phototypesetter)
1879 Karl Kli (18411926) (photogravure)
1929 Rudolf Hell (19012002) 1981
B.3:
157
1946 (Intertype Fotosetter)

(U.S. Government Printing Oce) 1947
(Fairchild Camera and Instrument) 5 (photo-engraving machine)
1954
Ren Higonnet Lious Moyroud Photon 100
B.3
(photoelectric printer) (photoelectric eect)

(laser
printer) (LED printer) (LCS
printer)
(liquid inkjet printer)
(impact printers) (print head) (ink

ribbon) (line printer)
(dot matrix printer)
(thermal printer)
(direct thermal printer)
(thermal wax transfer printer)
(dye-sublimation printer)
(plotter)
5
1957 (Fairchild Semiconductor)
B:
158
B.3.1
1930 Chester F. Carlson (19061968) 6
1938 Carlson (xerography)
(Haloid Photographic Company)

1959 Xerox 9141961
(Xerox)
1969 Gary K. Starkweather (1938) 7
(selenium drum)
1976 IBM IBM 3800
1981 Star 80101984
LaserJet
LED LCS 8 (light-emitting diode, LED)
(liquid crystal shutter, LCS)
1985 LCS LCS-2400

LED OPP-6220 9
B.3.2
1951 (continuous)
1930 1933
(Mallory)
(Duracell) 1936
7
1960 1966 1964 1988
1997
8
LCD LCD (liquid crystal display)
9
LED LCS
1983 LED
LED 198519871989
B.3:
159
1977 (drop-on-demand)
Lexmark
(thermal DOD)
(piezoelectric material)
1988 DeskJet
B.3.3
1950
(drum printer)
(chain printer)
1952 IBM 716 1959 IBM 1403
Unix lp lpr
LP LPT
(dot matrix)
1970 DEC LA30 80

5x7
1980 MX-80
1980 LQ 24
1990
B:
160
B.3.4
1970
1976 OKIFAX
7100 1990
1940 1982
1980
1995 (Fargo Electronics) 10 FotoFun!
B.3.5
(computer-aided design, CAD)
1959 (Calcomp Technology) 11

Calcomp 5651981 HP 7470
B.4
1963 Alphanumeric 12 APS 2 DEC
PDP 8 (cathode ray tube, CRT)
IBM 360
10
2006 (HIG Global)

1986 1999
12
Rudolf Hell Digiset
11
B.4:
161
1976 (laser imagesetter) Monotype Lasercomp (raster image processor, RIP)
() 13
(computer-to- lm, CTF) (computerto-plate, CTP) (platesetter)
1988 Printware
CTF CTP RIPRIP 1.1
TEX
13
(19372006) 1975
1988
162
LATEXer LATEX LATEX Once

Black, never back MS
Word
LATEXer
Type 1Type 3TrueTypeOpenType
LATEX Word
XETEX LuaTEX
163
164
165
Alfred V. Aho, , 5
Robert Barclay, , 154
Tim J. Berners-Lee, , 6
Karl Berry, , 10
David P. Carlisle, , 64
Chester F. Carlson, ,
158
Mary S. Cassatt, , 153
Steven D. Cochran,
, 69
Patrick W. Daly, , 128
Albrecht Drer,
, 152
David C. Evans, , 2
Robin Fairbairns, ,
114
Simon Fear, , 108
Robert Fourer, , 5
David R. Fuchs, , 9
omas Gainsborough,
, 153
David M. Gay, , 5
Charles M. Geschke,
, 3
Denis Girou, , 85
Charles F. Goldfarb,
, 5
Michel Goossen, , 39
Francisco Goya, ,
153
George Grtzer, , 43
Johannes Gutenberg,
, 150
Hans Hagen, , 11
Benjamin Harrison,
, 134
Waldemar Hellmich,
, 134
Ren Higonnet, , 157
John D. Hobby, , 75
Taco Hoekwater, , 75
Herbert Hoover, , 134
Daniel Hopfer, , 152
Steve Jobs, , 3
Bill N. Joy, , 5
Karl Kastenbein, ,
155
Uwe Kern, , 72
Brian W. Kernighan,
, 5
Jonathan Kew, , 11
Karl Kli, , 156
Peter Kniagininski,
, 155
Donald E. Knuth, , 7
Leslie Lamport, , 9
Tolbert Lanston, ,
156
Sergey Lesenko, , 10
Silvio Levy, , 8
Georg C. Lichtenberg,
, 133
Raymond Lorie, , 5
Nicolas Markey, ,
127
Malcolm D. McIlroy,
, 4
C. Mray-Horvth, -, 156
Ottmar Mergenthaler,
, 155
Michael I. Shamos, ,
7
166
Frank Mittelbach,
, 9
Robert H. Morris, ,
4
Robert T. Morris, , 4
Brooks Moses, , 25
Edward Mosher, , 5
Lious Moyroud, , 157
Martin Newell, , 3
Heiko Oberdiek, ,
130
Tobias Oetiker, , 13
Joseph F. Ossanna, ,
4
Wilhelm Ostwald,
, 133
Scott Pakin, , 19
Oren Patashnik, ,
125
Walter Porstmann
, 133
Axel Sommerfeldt,
, 123
Michael D. Spivak,
, 9
Robert F. Sproull, ,
2
Richard M. Stallman,
, 7
Gary K. Starkweather,
, 158
Marc A. Stein, , 150
Ivan E. Sutherland, , 2
Till Tantau, , 95
Philip Taylor, , 10
Lesser Ury, , 152
Piet van Oostrum,
, 139
Timothy van Zandt,
, 25
Ludwig von Siegen,
, 153
Herbert Vo, , 85
Sebastian P. Rahtz,
, 130
Ronald Reagan, , 134
Wayne A. Rochester,
, 111
Keith Reckdahl, , 69
Brian K. Reid, , 6
Dennis M. Ritchie, , 5
Will Robertson, , 39
Tomas Rokicki, , 10
Ira W. Rubel, , 154
Rudolf Hell, , 156
John E. Warnock, , 2
Peter J. Weinberger, , 5
Mark A. Wicks, , 10
Peter R. Wilson, 121
Jerome H. Saltzer, ,
4
Bernd Schandl, , 27
Rainer Schpf, , 9
Alois Senefelder,
, 153
, 13
, 39
, Hideo Umeki, 136
, 150
Ji Zlatuka, , 10
, 13
, 40
, 40
, 40
, Shunsaku Hirata, 10
, 39
, 155

, 161
, 40
, 40
, Jin-Hwan Cho, 10
, Shiing-Shen Chern, 8
, Hn Th Thnh, 10
167
168
Adobe Systems, , 3
Agfa-Gevaert, -, 156
Alphanumeric Inc., ,
160
Apple Inc., , 1, 158
American Telephone & Telegraph, AT&T,
, 4
BEA Systems, BEA , 12
Bell Labs, , 4, 158
Bendix Corp., , 2
Boeing, , 121
British omson Houston, BTH,
, 121
Calcomp Technology,
, 160
CodeSourcery, , 25
Digital Equipment Corp., DEC,
, 4, 159
DuPont, , 160
Duracell, , 158
Mallory, , 158
Electronic Data Systems, EDS,
, 9
Elsevier, , 130
Elvenkind, , 75
Evans & Sutherland,
, 2
Fairchild Camera and Instrument,
, 157
Fairchild Semiconductor, ,
157
General Electric, GE, , 121
Google, , 6
Hal Computer Systems, ,
6
Harris Corp., , 156
Heidelberg Printing Machines AG,
, 156
Hell, , 156
Fargo Electronics, , 160
HID Global, HID , 160
Hewlett-Packard, HP, , 4, 158

International Business Machine, IBM,
, 5, 158
Interleaf, , 10
International Typesetting Machine Company, , 156
Intertype Corp., ,
156
Intuit, , 10
Kluwer Academic Publishers,
, 75
Lexmark, , 159
Linotype-Hell AG, -, 156
Mergenthaler Linotype Company,
,
156
Lockheed Corp., , 160
London Stock Exchange,
, 156
Lucent Technologies, , 5
Massachusetts Computer Associates,
, 9
Microsoft, , 4, 158
Lanston Monotype Machine Company,
,
156
Monotype Corp., , 1, 156
Monotype Imaging, , 156
Numerical Algorithms Group,
, 64
Novell, , 5
Oracle, , 12
OReilly Media, , 6
Pragma, , 11
Printware LLC, , 161
River Valley Technologies,
, 10
Siemens AG, , 156
Sun Microsystems, , 2
Sutherland, Sproull and Associates,
, 3

TA Associate, , 156
Unilogic, , 7
Wang Laboratories, , 4
Haloid Photographic Company,
, 158
Xerox, , 2, 158
University of Adelaide,
, 39
American University, , 7
Berlin Institute of Technology,
, 95
California Institute of Technology, Caltech, , 2, 158
University of Cambridge, ,
11
Carnegie Mellon University,
, 2
Case Institute of Technology,
, 7
Clemson University, ,
27
Columbia College, , 5
Cornell University, , 4
Catholic University of America,
, 121
Duquesne University, , 7
Etvs Lornd University,
, 43
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Zurich, ETH,
, 13
Distance University of Hagen,
, 39
Harvard University, , 2
University of Illonois, UIUC,
, 19
European Institute of Business Administration, INSEAD,
, 25
Johannes Gutenberg University,
, 9
Kaiserslautern University of Technology,
, 27
169
Kettering University, , 10
University of Konstanz,
, 39
University of London, , 10
University of Lbeck, , 95
University of Manchester,
, 64
University of Manitoba,
, 43
University of Maryland, ,
6
Masaryk University,
, 10
University of Massachusetts,
, 10
University of Michigan, ,
5
Michigan State University,
, 158
University of Minnesota,
, 8
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
MIT, , 2
New Jersey Institute of Technology,
, 40
Nottingham University, ,
121
Kantonsschule Olten, , 13
University of Orlans,
127
University of Oxford, , 6
Paris Diderot University,
, 127
University of Pennsylvania, ,
25
Princeton University, ,
5
University of Rochester,
, 40
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, RPI,
, 121
University of Southampton, 6
Stanford University, , 2
Texas A&M University,
170
, 10
University of Tartu, , 133
University of Toronto, , 5
University of California, Berkeley,
, 5
University of Utah, , 2
Vassar College, , 7
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, VT,
, 25
Free University of Brussels,
, 39
Wayne State Univesrity,
, 4
University of Wrzburg,
, 72
Xavier University, , 3
Yale University, , 7
, 6
National Centre for Scienti c Research,
CNSR,
, 85
Deutschen Instituts fr Normung, DIN,
, 134
European Commission, 6
Free Software Foundation, FSF,
, 7
GNU, , 5
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers,
, 134
Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF,
, 6
Institute for High Energy Physics,
, 10
org.impa, IMPA,
, 8
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency International Organization for StandardDARPA,
ization, ISO,
, 3
, 3
General Post Oce, GPO,
Lucas Control System,
, 10
, 121
U.S. Government Printing Oce,
Max Planck Institute for Solar System
, GPO, 157
Research,
Los Alamos National Laboratory,
(Max Planck Insti, 19
tute for Solar System Research)
National Institute of Standards and Tech, 128
nology, NIST,
Mathematical Sciences Research Insti, 121
tute, MSRI,
National Security Agency, NSA,
, 8
, 2
SIL International, SIL , 11
Stanford Research Institute, SRI,
American Mathematical Society, AMS,
, 9
, 9
TeX User Groups, TeX , 10
American National Standards Institute,
World Wide Web Consortium, W3C,
ANSI, ,
, 6
33
Computer-Aided Manufacturing InterUtrecht University, ,
national, CAM-I,
139
, 121
, Toshiba, 136
European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN,
, 161

, Nankai University, 40
, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science,
40
, National Taiwan University, 40
, Wuhan University, 13
, Xian Jiaotong University, 39
, Providence University, 40
, City University of Hong
Kong, 39
, University of Hong Kong,
7
, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 39
, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology,
13
, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, 13
, SATO Corp.,
160
, Canon Inc., 159
, Oki Electric
Industry, 158
, Casio Computer, 158
, Seiko Epson,
159
, Ho Chi Minh
City University of Pedagogy,
10
171
11pt Adobe Song Std

11pt Adobe Garamond Pro
LATEX N
v2.0
2010 3

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LATEX N

20082012 Alpha Huang

To: Anna and Bella

10.1 BTEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

11.1 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

7. METAPOST, PSTricks, PGF

BBS TEX CTEX

4.806 Jonny BBS Leeward

(raster image processor, RIP) RIP

1975 Robert F. Sproull 1 Press

David C. Evans (19241998)

Sutherland (1938) Warnock

1967 1970 1977

(Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDARPA) 1966

(Epson standard code for printers, ESC/P)

(printer command language, PCL)

(HP graphics language, HPGL)

compatible time-sharing system (CTSS)

MIT 1961 1963 1966 1995

Brian W. Kernighan (1942)

tro ditroA Typesetterindependent TROFF

Edward Mosher, Raymond

Lorie (generalized markup language, GML) GML

1964 1969 2000

1989 (European Organization for Nuclear Research,

Markup Language, HTML) HTML

Scribe: A Document Speci cation Language and its Compiler1981 Reid

1976 1980 CERN 1984 2004

Reid Scribe Michael I. Shamos (1947) 16

TEX Donald E. Knuth (1938) 18 1962 Knuth

1968 1970 (Vassar College) 1972

Nobel Zhuangbility Prize

1979 (IMPA) 1985

Knuth (format) TEX

Mittelbach Rainer Schpf 24 new font selection

Knuth TEX (Xerox graphic printer,

1960 MIT (Brandeis University) 1963 1972

1985 Tomas Rokicki 26 Funch Knuth

1990 Knuth Ji Zlatuka (1957) 29 Philip Taylor (1947) 30

-TEX TEX 256 32768

TEX, pdfTeX, LuaTEX

LATEX ConTEXt LATEX

Word Word ( eld code)

Java Java Linux Red Hat/Fedora

TEX 1.2 TEX

Tobias Oetiker (1969) 37 lshort [1] LATEX

39 TEX BBS TeX CTeX

CTeX FAQ [4]

(Kantonsschule Olten) (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich) 1995

%hello_ world .tex

2.1: Hello, Wolrd!

xelatex hello _ world (. tex)

pdfTeX latex pdfTeX

\ documentclass [ options ]{ class}

article report book

report book report

article report book

\ setcounter { tocdepth }{2} %

January 17, 2012

(bold) (italic) (oblique, slanted)

\emph{ emphasis }\\

\ begin { spacing }{1.25}

fancyvrb [2] Brooks Moses

\ renewcommand {\ thefootnote }{\ roman { footnote }} %i, ii , iii