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SRM INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY SRM UNIVERSITY NCR CAMPUS, GHAZIABAD,
U.P., INDIA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CANDIDATES DECLARATION I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in
the thesis entitled, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTOREY BUILDING in partial fulfi
llment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Civil Engineering at SRM Institute of Management and Technology, NCR Campus,
Ghaziabad is an authentic work carried out during a period from January, 2013 t
o May 2013 under the supervision of Mr. Pradeep Singh. The matter embodied in th
e thesis has not been submitted to any other University/Institute for the award
of any Degree or Diploma.
(Avinash Sharma)
(Dhruv Gupta)
(Gaurab Paul)
Prof. (Dr.) Manoj Kumar Pandey (Director)
Dr. Vineet Bajaj (Head of Department)
Mr. Pradeep Kumar (Project Guide)
(Project Co-ordinater)
(External Examiner)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to all the people behind the screen who hel
ped me to transform an idea into a real application.
I profoundly thank Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Head of the Department, Civil Engineering w
ho has been an excellent guide and also a great source of inspiration to my work
.
I would like to thank my guide, Mr. Pradeep Kumar, Asst. Professor, for his tech
nical guidance, constant encouragement and support in carrying out my project at
college.
I would like to thank Mr. Ashoka Kumar, Staad Pro Expert from Bentley, for his v
aluable guidance in whenever requirement for the successful fulfillment of my pr
oject needs.
I wish to thank Er. Naveen Kumar Singh, Structural Consultant, for his valuable
guidance in the practical aspects related to the project.
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the ta
sk would be great but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it p
ossible with their constant guidance and encouragement crowns all the efforts wi
th success. In this context I would like to thank my friends who supported me in
successfully completing this project.
Thanking You.
AVINASH SHARMA 1010930013 DHRUV GUPTA 1010930017 GAURAB PAUL 1010930018
ABSTRACT
In this growing world, as a Civil Engineering student one needs to be fully awar
e of the Structural elements and their safety parameters before and during the e
xecution of the project. As a sequel to this an attempt has been made to learn t
he process of analysis and design of a multistorey Building using Limit State Me
thod (IS 456:2000). The project focuses on Reinforced Concrete buildings. The desi
gn using Limit State Method (of collapse and serviceability) is taken up. In the
limit state of collapse, the strength and stability of structure is ensured. Th
e guidelines being followed are as per IS 456:2000 and IS 13920 : 1993. The stru
ctural components in a typical multi storey building, consists of floor system w
hich transfers the floor loads to a set of plane frames in one or both direction
s. The design study comprises of the footing, columns, beams and slabs.
The present project deals with the analysis of a multi-storey residential hostel
building of G+9 consisting of 22 rooms in each floor at SRM University, NCR Cam
pus. The loadings are applied and the design for beams, columns, slabs and footi
ngs is obtained.
STAAD Pro with its new features surpassed its predecessors and compotators with
its data sharing capabilities with other major software like AutoCAD, and MS Exc
el.
The conclusion of this study is that the design parameters of a multi-storey bui
lding are successfully construed and Staad Pro is a very powerful tool which can
save much time and is very accurate in Designs.
CONTENTS List of Tables List of Figures Assumptions and Notations Symbols CHAPTE
R 1 CHAPTER 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 i ii-iii iv-v vi-vii
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE SURVEY
1-2 3-12 4 7-9 9-11 12 13-17 14 15 15 16 17 18-20 19 20 21-38
Elements of Structural Design Design Philosophies Multi-Storey Building Structur
al Planning COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS & DESIGN
CHAPTER 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
Staad Pro V8i Alternatives for Staad Pro Staad Editor Staad Foundation V8i Auto
Cad PLAN & ELEVATION
CHAPTER 4 4.1 4.2 Plan
Elevation LOADS
CHAPTER 5
LIST OF TABLES Table No. 5.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Zone Factor Dimensions of Conti
nuous Strip Footing Design Results of Foundation Applied Loads-Allowable Stress
Level Calculated Pressure at Four Corners Check for Stability against Overturnin
g Title Page No. 30 92 93 95 96 96
i
LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7
.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 Title Dead Load on the Structure Live Load on the Structu
re Seismic Parameters Seismic Load in X direction (SLX) Seismic Load in Z direct
ion (SLZ) Location of Beam No. 1 in the Structure Beam Reinforcement Beam Web Re
inforcement Skeleton Structure showing Column No. 1539 Shear Bending for Column
No. 1539 One Way Slab Load Distribution in a One Way Slab Two Way Slab Load Dist
ribution in a Two Way Slab Load Distribution showing One Way and Two Way Monolit
hic connection between Slab, Beam & Column Plan showing Slabs Detailing of Slabs
Page No. 25 27 33 34 35 59 60 61 68 70 72 73 73 74 7
ii
7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 A-1 A-2
Staad Foundation Page showing Foundation Zoom View of Foundation Concrete and Re
bar Parameters Cover and Soil Parameters Footings Dimensions Plan of Footings El
evation of Footings Strip Footing, FC1 Strip Footing, FC2 Strip Footing, FC3 Str
ip Footing, FC4 Strip Footing, FC5 Plan of the Multistorey SRM Hostel Building E
levation of the Multistorey SRM Hostel Building
89 89 90 90 91 102 102 103 103 104 104 105 109 110
iii
fck fy
Characteristic strength for M30-30N/mm2 Characteristic strength of steel-415N/mm
2
Assumptions Regarding Design:
i) Slab is assumed to be continuous over interior support and partially fixed on
edges, due to monolithic construction and due to construction of walls over it.
ii) Beams are assumed to be continuous over interior support and they frame in
to the column at ends.
Assumptions on design:1) M20 grade is used in designing unless specified. 2) For
steel Fe 415 is used for the main reinforcement. 3) For steel Fe 415 and steel
is used for the distribution reinforcement. 4) Mild steel Fe 230 is used for she
ar reinforcement.
v
SYMBOLS
The following symbols have been used in our project and its meaning is clearly m
entioned respective to it: A Ast b D DL d1 D Mu,max Fck Fy Ld LL Lx Ly B.M. Mu M
d Mf Mx My Mx My pt W Wd Tc max Tv Area Area of steel Breadth of beam or shorter
dimension of rectangular column Overall depth of beam or slab Dead load Effecti
ve depth of slab or beam Overall depth of beam or slab Moment of resistance fact
or Characters tic compressive strength Characteristic strength of of steel Devlo
pment length Live load Length of shorter side of slab Length of longer side of s
lab Bending moment Factored bending moment Design moment Modification factor Mid
span bending moment along short span Mid span bending moment along longer span
Support bending moment along short span support bending moment along longer span
Percentage of steel Total design load Factored load Maximum shear stress in con
crete with shear Shear stress in concrete
vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1
ii.
strength and stability. Besides strength, ductility of structure is also nowaday
s considered to be an additional desired quality from a view point that if at al
l failure occurs, it should not be sudden but should give prior warning of its p
robable occurrence so as to enable one to minimize the consequences of collapse
and avoid loss of human life. Ductility is thus obtained by providing steel of s
uch quality that it would yield prior to crushing of concrete.
iii.
Serviceability: The structure shall efficiently serve the intended function and
also shall give a satisfactory performance throughout the life span. The perform
ance is rated buy the fitness of the structure to maintain deflections, deformat
ions, cracking and vibration effects within acceptable limits. It is achieved by
providing adequate stiffness and cracking resistance.
iv.
Durability: The structure shall resist effectively environmental action during i
ts anticipated exposure conditions, such as rain, alternate wetting and drying o
r freezing, climatic variations in temperature and humidity, chemical actions of
salt, abrasion action etc.
v.
Economy: The economy shall be of material by optimum utilization of its strength
or it may be the economy of cost which includes cost of construction as well as
cost of maintenance and repairs.
vi.
Aesthetics: The structure should be so designed that it should not only be safe,
serviceable and durable but should also give a pleasing appearance without affe
cting the economy to a great extent.
vii.
Feasibility, Practicability and Acceptability: The structure has to be so design
ed that the proposed solution is feasible, practicable an acceptable.
2.1.3. The Design Process: The entire process of design requires conceptual thin
king, sound knowledge of engineering, relevant design codes and byelaws, backed
up by experience, imagination and judgment. The codes of practice are compendia
of good practice drawn by experienced and competent engineers. They are intended
to guide the engineers and should not be allowed to replace their conscience an
d competence.
5
The design process commences with the planning of the structure primarily to mee
t its functional requirement and then designed for safety and serviceability. Th
us, the design of any structure is categorized into the following two types: 1)
Functional Design: The structure to be constructed must primarily serve the basi
c purpose for which it is to be constructed to satisfy the need of the user effi
ciently. This includes proper arrangement of rooms, halls, good ventilation, and
acoustics, unobstructed view in cinema theatre / community halls, proper water
supply and drainage arrangements etc. 2) Structural Design: As mentioned earlier
Structural design is a science and art of designing, with economy and elegance,
a durable structure which can safely carry the design forces and can serve the
desired function satisfactorily in working environment during its intended servi
ce life span. It consists of the following steps: a) Structural Planning b) Dete
rmination of Loads c) Analysis d) Member Design e) Drawing, Detailing and Prepar
ation of Schedule. 2.1.4. Elements of a R.C. Building Frame The principle elemen
ts of a R.C. building frame are slab, beam, column and footing. a) Slab: It is t
wo-dimensional or a planar member supporting a transverse load and providing a w
orking floor or a covering shelter. The loads are transferred to supporting beam
s or walls in one or both directions. b) Beam: A Beam is a one-dimensional (norm
ally horizontal) flexural member which provides support to the slab and the vert
ical walls. c) Column: It is one dimensional vertical member providing a support
to beam. Load is transferred primarily by axial compression accompanied by bend
ing and shear.
6
The mathematical basis is derived from classical reliability theory and statisti
cal probability (e.g. the reliability of the fitness of the structure and the pr
obability of attainment of a critical limit state). 4) The method, adopts the id
ea of probability of the structure becoming unfit, and attempts to achieve the m
inimum acceptable probability of failure. 5) The method is based on statistical
probabilistic principles. The method examines the factors which can be quantifie
d by statistical method (such as loads, material strength) and then they are acc
ounted through characteristic loads and characteristic strength on the basis of
statistical probabilistic principles and the others which are abstract (such as
variation in dimensions, accuracy, variation in loads and material properties et
c.) are taken into account through partial safety factors. In the limit state me
thod, a structure is essentially designed for safety against collapse (i.e. for
ultimate strength to resist ultimate load) and checked for its serviceability at
working loads. The first part of design thus incorporates basic principles of u
ltimate load method. But at the same time, it eliminates the drawbacks of the ul
timate load method by introducing the second part of check for serviceability. S
ince this second part relates to working loads at which the behavior of structur
e is elastic, the material uses the principles of working stress method to satis
fy the requirements of serviceability. The limit state method, thus, makes a jud
icious combination of the ultimate load method and working stress philosophy avo
iding the demerits of both. 2.2.2. Limit State of Collapse (Ultimate Limit State
) It is the limit state on attainment of which the structure is likely to collap
se. It relates to stability and ultimate strength of the structure. Design to th
is limit state ensures safety of structure from collapse. The structure failure
can be any of the following types: i. Collapse of one or more members occurring
as a result of force coming on the member exceeding its strength(Types (a) and (
b) given below);
8
ii.
Displacement of the structure bodily due to lack of equilibrium between the exte
rnal forces and the resisting reactions (Types (c), (d), (e) given below).
The various conditions leading to structural failure are as follows: a) Failure,
breakage and hence division into segments of one or more members of the structu
re either due to material failure or on account of formation of mechanism by dev
elopment of plastic hinges at one or more critical sections. b) Buckling; c) Sli
ding; d) Overturning; e) Sinking. This limit state is attended to by providing r
esistance greater than the force coming on it and keeping a margin of safety thr
ough safety factors. I.S. Code prescribes different safety factors for overturni
ng and sliding without giving any special status to sinking or buckling. 2.2.3 L
imit State of Serviceability Limit states of serviceability relate to performanc
e or behavior of structure at working loads and are based on causes affecting se
rviceability of the structure. They are mainly subdivided into following categor
ies: A. Limit State of Deflection, B. Limit State of Cracking, and C. Other Limi
t States. 2.3. MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS
Reinforced concrete buildings consist of floor slabs, beams, girders and columns
continuously placed to form a rigid monolithic system. This continuous system l
eads to greater redundancy, reduced moments and distributes the load more evenly
. The floor slab may rest on a system of interconnected beams. A building frame
is a three dimensional structure or a space structure.
9
A wide range of approaches have been used for buildings of varying heights and i
mportance, from simple approximate methods which can be carried out manually, or
with the aid of a pocket calculator, to more refined techniques involving compu
ter solutions. Till a few years ago most of the multistory buildings were analyz
ed by approximate methods such as substitute frame, moment distribution, portal
and cantilever methods. The recent advancement of abundance of ready-made comput
er package programs has reduced the use of approximation methods. This has been
induces from analysis to design, to plotting, to detaining, to specification wri
ting, to cost estimating, etc.
2.3.1. Structural Systems
A building is subjected to several loads which are transferred to ground through
a system of interconnected structural members. In tall buildings, the biggest c
hallenge comes from controlling lateral displacements within the serviceability
limit state. The lateral stiffness may be achieved through a permutation and com
bination of placement of columns and walls in plan. A structural system may be c
lassified as follows:1. Load Bearing wall system:
Walls provide support for all
gravity loads as well as resistance to lateral loads. No columns. The Walls and
partition wall supply in-plane lateral stiffness and stability to resist wind an
d earthquake loads. Clause 8.2.1 and 8.4.8 of IS: 4326-1993 restricts the use of
such system to 3 storey in seismic zone V and 4 storey in other zone.
2. Building with flexural (shear) wall system:
Gravity load is carried by frame
supported on columns rather than on bearing walls. The frame provides vertical s
tability to the building and prevents collapse after damage to flexural wall or
braced frames.
10
2.4.
Structural Planning
Salient features:
Utility of building No of stories No of staircases No. of Rooms/floor No of lift
s Type of construction Types of walls Ventilation
Residential Hostel Building G+9 1 22 rooms on each floor with attached washroom.
1 R.C.C framed structure Brick wall Ventilated rooms with window in each room.
Geometric details: Ground floor Floor to floor height Height of plinth Depth of
foundation 2m 3.65m. 2m 2m
Materials: Concrete grade All steel grades Bearing capacity of soil: Depth of Wa
ter Table M35 (for footing) & M25 (for all other elements) Fe415 grade 175KN/m2
4m.
12
COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN This project is mostly based on software and
it is essential to know the details about these softwares. List of softwares used
1. Staad Pro (V8i) 2. Staad foundations 5(V8i) 3. Auto Cad 2010
STAAD PRO V8i
STAAD FOUNDATIONV8i
AUTOCAD 2010
3.1.
STAAD PRO V8i
Staad Pro V8i is powerful design software licensed by Bentley .Staad stands for
structural analysis and design Any object which is stable under a given loading
can be considered as structure. So first find the outline of the structure, wher
eas analysis is the estimation of what are the type of loads that acts on the be
am and calculation of shear force and bending moment comes under analysis stage.
Design phase is designing the type of materials and its dimensions to resist th
e load. This we do after the analysis. To calculate S.F.D and B.M.D of a complex
loading beam it takes about an hour. So when it comes into the building with se
veral members it will take a week. Staad pro is a very powerful tool which does
this job in just an hours staad is a best alternative for high rise buildings. No
wadays most of the high rise buildings are designed by staad which makes a compu
lsion for a civil engineer to know about this software. This software can be use
d to carry RCC, steel, bridge, truss etc. according to various country codes.
14
3.2.
Alternatives for Staad Pro V8i:
STRUDS, ETAB, ROBOT, SAP which gives details very clearly regarding reinforcemen
t and manual calculations. But these softwares are restricted to some designs onl
y whereas Staad can deal with several types of structure.
3.3.
Staad Editor:
Staad has very great advantage to other softwares i.e., Staad editor. Staad edito
r is the programming For the structure we created and loads we taken all details
are presented in programming format in Staad editor. This program can be used t
o analyze other structures also by just making some modifications, but this requ
ire some programming skills. So load cases created for a structure can be used f
or another structure using Staad editor.
Limitations of Staad Pro V8i: 1. Huge output data 2. Even analysis of a small be
am creates large output. 3. Unable to show plinth beams.
3.4. Staad foundation: Staad foundation is a powerful tool used to calculate dif
ferent types of foundations. It is also licensed by Bentley softwares. All Bentle
y softwares cost about 10 lakhs and so all engineers cant use it due to heavy cost
. Analysis and design carried in Staad and post processing in Staad gives the lo
ad at various supports. These supports are to be imported into this software to
calculate the footing details i.e., regarding the geometry and reinforcement det
ails. This software can deal different types of foundations SHALLOW (D<B) 1. Isol
ated (Spread) Footing 2.Combined (Strip) Footing 3.Mat (Raft) Foundation
15
DEEP (D>B) 1.Pile Cap 2. Driller Pier 1. Isolated footing is spread footing which
is common type of footing. 2. Combined Footing or Strap footing is generally lai
d when two columns are very near to each other. 3. Mat foundation is generally l
aid at places where soil has less soil bearing capacity. 4. Pile foundation is l
aid at places with very loose soils and where deep excavations are required. So
depending on the soil at type we have to decide the type of foundation required.
Also lot of input data is required regarding safety factors, soil, materials us
ed should be given in respective units. After input data is give software design
the details for each and every footing and gives the details regarding 1. Geome
try of footing 2. Reinforcement 3. Column layout 4. Graphs 5. Manual calculation
s These details will be given in detail for each and every column. Another advan
tage of foundations is even after the design; properties of the members can be u
pdated if required. The following properties can be updated Column Position Column
Shape Column Size
Load Cases Support List It is very easy deal with this software
and we dont have any best alternative to this.
16
3.5.
AutoCAD:
AutoCAD is powerful software licensed by auto desk. The word auto came from auto
Desk Company and cad stands for computer aided design. AutoCAD is used for draw
ing different layouts, details, plans, elevations, sections and different sectio
ns can be shown in auto cad. It is very useful software for civil, mechanical an
d also electrical engineer. The importance of this software makes every engineer
a compulsion to learn this softwares. We used AutoCAD for drawing the plan, elev
ation of a residential building. We also used AutoCAD to show the reinforcement
details and design details of a stair case. AutoCAD is a very easy software to l
earn and much user friendly for anyone to handle and can be learn quickly. Learn
ing of certain commands is required to draw in AutoCAD.
17
4.1.
PLAN
The Annexure A represents the plan of a G+9 hostel building. The plan clearly sh
ows that it is a combination of rooms and attached washrooms of the SRM Hostel b
uilding. The Hostel is located at SRM University, NCR Campus, Ghaziabad which is
surrounded by other hostel blocks on the three sides except the backside. Every
floor consists of 22 rooms along with attached bathroom. It represents a spacio
us surrounding with huge areas for each room. It is a G+9 proposed building, so
for 9 floors we have 9*22=198 rooms. The plan shows the details of dimensions of
each and every room. The entire plan area is about 810sq.m. The plan also gives
the details of location of stair cases in different blocks. We have 2 stair cas
es for the building and designing of stair case is shown in AutoCAD plot no.3.
At the left end of the building we have a small construction which consists of t
wo lifts and those who want to fly through lift can use this facility and we kno
w for a building with more than G+4 floors should compulsory have lift and the c
harges for the facilities is collected by all the members. So these represent th
e plan of our building and detailed explanation of remaining parts like elevatio
ns and designing is carried in the next sections.
19
4.2.
Elevation
The Annexure B represents the proposed elevation of building. It shows the eleva
tion of the G+9 building representing the front view which gives the overview of
a building block. Each floor consists of height 3m which is taken as per GHMC r
ules for residential buildings. The building is not designed for increasing the
number of floors in future.so the number of floors is fixed for future also for
this building due to unavailability of the permissions of respective authorities
. Also special materials like fly ash and self-compacted concrete were also used
in order to reduce the dead load and increase life of the structure and also im
prove economy. But these materials were not considered while designing in Staad
to reduce the complexity and necessary corrections are made for considering the
economy and safety of the structure as it is a very huge building. The construct
ion is going to complete in the month of July 2013 and ready for the occupancy.
This is regarding the elevation and details of the site and next section deals w
ith the design part of the building under various loads for which the building i
s designed.
20
CHAPTER 5 LOADS
21
live load). For example, the tributary gravity load on a floor joist would inclu
de the uniform floor load (dead and live) applied to the area of floor supported
by the individual joist. The structural designer then selects a standard beam o
r column model to analyze bearing connection forces (i.e., reactions) internal s
tresses (i.e., bending stresses, shear stresses, and axial stresses) and stabili
ty of the structural member or system a for beam equations. The selection of an
appropriate analytic model is, however no trivial matter, especially if the stru
ctural system departs significantly from traditional engineering assumptions are
particularly relevant to the structural systems that comprise many parts of a h
ouse, but to varying degrees. Wind uplift forces are generated by negative (suct
ion) pressures acting in an outward direction from the surface of the roof in re
sponse to the aerodynamics of wind flowing over and around the building. As with
gravity loads, the influence of wind uplift pressures on a structure or assembl
y (i.e. roof) are analyzed by using the concept of tributary areas and uniformly
distributed loads. The major difference is that wind pressures act perpendicula
r to the building surface (not in the direction of gravity) and that pressures v
ary according to the size of the tributary area and its location on the building
, particularly proximity to changes in geometry (e.g., eaves, corners, and ridge
s).Even though the wind loads are dynamic and highly variable, the design approa
ch is based on a maximum static load (i.e., pressure) equivalent. Vertical force
s are also created by overturning reactions due to wind and seismic lateral load
s acting on the overall building and its lateral force resisting systems, Earthq
uakes also produce vertical ground motions or accelerations which increase the e
ffect of gravity loads. However, Vertical earthquake loads are usually considere
d to be implicitly addressed in the gravity load analysis of a light-frame build
ing.
5.2.3. Lateral Loads: The primary loads that produce lateral forces on buildings
are attributable to forces associated with wind, seismic ground motion, floods,
and soil. Wind and seismic lateral loads apply to the entire building. Lateral
forces from wind are generated by positive wind pressures on the windward face o
f the building and by negative pressures on the leeward face of the building, cr
eating a combined push and-pull effect. Seismic lateral forces are generated by
a structures dynamic inertial response to cyclic ground movement. The magnitude o
f the seismic shear (i.e., lateral) load depends on the
23
magnitude of the ground motion, the buildings mass, and the dynamic structural r
esponse characteristics (i.e., dampening, ductility, natural period of vibration
, etc.). For houses and other similar low rise structures, a simplified seismic
load analysis employs equivalent static forces based on fundamental Newtonian me
chanics (F=ma) with somewhat subjective (i.e., experiencebased) adjustments to a
ccount for inelastic, ductile response characteristics of various building syste
ms. Flood loads are generally minimized by elevating the structure on a properly
designed foundation or avoided by not building in a flood plain. Lateral loads
from moving flood waters and static hydraulic pressure are substantial. Soil lat
eral loads apply specifically to foundation wall design, mainly as an out-of-plan
e bending load on the wall. Lateral loads also produce an overturning moment that
must be offset by the dead load and connections of the building. Therefore, ove
rturning forces on connections designed to restrain components from rotating or
the building from overturning must be considered. Since wind is capable of the g
enerating simultaneous roof uplift and lateral loads, the uplift component of th
e wind load exacerbates the overturning tension forces due to the lateral compon
ent of the wind load. Conversely the dead load may be sufficient to offset the o
verturning and uplift forces as is the case in lower design wind conditions and
in many seismic design conditions.
5.3.
Design loads for the residential building:
General Loads are a primary consideration in any building design because they de
fine the nature and magnitude of hazards are external forces that a building mus
t resist to provide a reasonable performance(i.e., safety and serviceability) th
roughout the structures useful life. The anticipated loads are influenced by a bu
ildings intended use (occupancy and function); configuration (size and shape) and
location (climate and site conditions).Ultimately, the type and magnitude of de
sign loads affect critical decisions such as material collection, construction d
etails and architectural configuration. Since building codes tend to vary in the
ir treatment of design loads the designer should, as a matter of due diligence,
identify variances from both local accepted practice and the applicable
24
code relative to design loads as presented in this guide, even though the varian
ces may be considered technically sound.
5.3.1. Dead Loads: Dead loads consist of the permanent construction material loa
ds compressing the roof, floor, wall, and foundation systems, including cladding
s, finishes and fixed equipment. Dead load is the total load of all of the compo
nents of the components of the building that generally do not change over time,
such as the steel columns, concrete floors, bricks, roofing material etc. In sta
ad pro assignment of dead load is automatically done by giving the property of t
he member. In load case we have option called self-weight which automatically ca
lculates weights using the properties of material i.e., density and after assign
ment of dead load the skeletal structure looks red in color as shown in the figu
re.
Figure 5. 1
25
Example for calculation of dead load: Dead load calculation Weight=Volume x Dens
ity Self-weight floor finish=0.12*25+1=3kn/m^2 The above example shows a sample
calculation of dead load. Dead load is calculated as per IS 875 part 1
Here for the multistory building we need to define the loads distributed by the
masonry brick wall which is shown in the above figure using UNI GY -20.063N/mm.
5.3.2. Imposed Loads
Live loads are produced by the use and occupancy of a building. Loads include th
ose from human occupants, furnishings, no fixed equipment, storage, and construc
tion and maintenance activities. As required to adequately define the loading co
ndition, loads are presented in terms of uniform area loads, concentrated loads,
and uniform line loads. The uniform and concentrated live loads should not be a
pplied simultaneously n a structural evaluation. Concentrated loads should be ap
plied to a small area or surface consistent with the application and should be l
ocated or directed to give the maximum load effect possible in endues conditions
. For example, the stair load of 300 pounds should be applied to the center of t
he stair tread between supports. In staad we assign live load in terms of:
Floor
load = 2.125KN/m2 (as per IS 875 Part 2) (for residential building including fl
oor finish) Plate/Element Load = 2KN/m2 (Imposed/live load on slab)
We have to create a load case for live load and select all the beams to carry su
ch load. After the assignment of the live load the structure appears as shown be
low.
26
Design Spectrum For the purpose of determining seismic forces, the country is cl
assified into four seismic zones as shown in Fig. 1. of IS 1893 The design horiz
ontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure shall be determined by the followin
g expression:
Ah= Z.I.Sa /2.R.g Provided that for any structure with T <0.1 s, the value of Ah
will not be taken less than Z/2 whatever be the value of I/R, where,
Z = Zone factor given in Table 2 of IS 1893, is for the Maximum Considered Earth
quake (MCE) and service life of structure in a zone. The factor 2 in the denomin
ator of Z is used so as to reduce the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) zone f
actor to the factor for Design Basis Earthquake (DBE). I = Importance factor, de
pending upon the functional use of the structures, characterized by hazardous co
nsequences of its failure, post-earthquake functional needs, historical value, o
r economic importance (Table 6, IS 1893).
R= Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived seismic damage performa
nce of the structure, characterized by ductile or brittle deformations. However,
the ratio (I/R ) shall not be greater than 1.0 (Table 7, IS 1893). The values o
f R for buildings are given in Table 7.
Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient for rock or soil sites as given
by Fig. 2 and Table 3 of IS 1893, based on appropriate natural periods and damp
ing of the structure. These curves represent free field ground motion.
Table 5.1
ZONE FACTOR (Z)
II LOW III MODERATE IV SEVERE V VERY SEVERE
Seismic Zone Seismic Intensity Z
0.10
0.16
0.24
0.36
30
5.4.
Design Imposed Loads for Earthquakes Force Calculation
For various loading classes as specified in IS 875(Part 2), the earthquake force
shall be calculated for the full dead load plus the percentage of imposed load
as given in Table 8. For calculating the design seismic forces of the structure,
the imposed load on roof need not be considered. The percentage of imposed load
s should be 25% for floor loads up to and including 3KN/m2.
Seismic Weight of Floors The seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load
plus appropriate amount of imposed load. While computing the seismic weight of e
ach floor, the weight of columns and walls in any storey shall be equally distri
buted to the floors above and below the storey.
Seismic Weight of Building The seismic weight of the whole building is the sum o
f the seismic weights of all the floors. Any weight supported in between storeys
shall be distributed to the floors above and below in inverse proportion to its
distance from the floors.
Design Lateral Force Buildings and portions thereof shall be designed and constr
ucted, to resist the effects of design lateral force. The design lateral force s
hall first be computed for the building as a whole. This design lateral force sh
all then be distributed to the various floor levels. The overall design seismic
force thus obtained at each floor level, shall then be distributed to individual
lateral load resisting elements depending on the floor diaphragm action.
Design Seismic Base Shear The total design lateral force or design seismic base
shear ( Vb)along any principal direction shall be determined by the following ex
pression: Vb= AhW Where,
31
Figure5.3 The weights are then defined for the structure which includes: SELFWEI
GHT (represents the dead weight) FLOOR WEIGHT (represents the live load) PLATE W
EIGHT (represents the live load on slab) MEMBER WEIGHT (masonry brick weight )
The load case for seismic loads is then defined in the two directions that are h
orizontally perpendicular (X and Z) directions. The figure of Staad Editor is sh
own as below:
33
Figure5.4
Seismic Load in X direction (SLX)
34
Figure5.5
5.5. LOAD COMBINATIONS
Seismic Load in Z direction (SLZ)
Load combinations as per IS 875 Part 5 are taken into consideration.
A judicious combination of the loads (specified in IS 875 Parts 1 to 4 of this s
tandard and earthquake), keeping in view the probability of: a) Their acting tog
ether, and b) Their disposition in relation to other loads and severity of stres
ses or c) Deformations caused by combinations of the various loads are necessary
to ensure the required safety and economy in the design of a structure. Load Co
mbinations - The various loads should, therefore, be combined in accordance with
the stipulations in the relevant design codes. In the absence of such recommend
ations, the following
35
5.7.
INPUT TO STAAD EDITOR FOR LOADING:
37
38
CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS
39
Iterative methods: These methods involve distributing the known fixed and moment
s of the structural member to adjacent members at the joints in order satisfy th
e conditions of compatibility. Limitations of hardy cross method: It presents so
me difficulties when applied to rigid frame especially when the frame is suscept
ible to side sway. The method cannot be applied to structures with intermediate
hinges. 6.1.3 Kanis method: This method over comes some of the disadvantages of h
ardy cross method. Kanis approach is similar to H.C.M to that extent it also invo
lves repeated distribution of moments at successive joints in frames and continu
es beams. However there is a major difference in distribution process of two met
hods. H.C.M distributes only the total joint moment at any stage of iteration. T
he most significant feature of Kanis method is that process of iteration is selfcorrective. Any error at any stage of iterations corrected in subsequent steps c
onsequently skipping a few steps error at any stage of iteration is corrected in
subsequent consequently skipping a few steps of iterations either by over sight
of by intention does not lead to error in final end moments. Advantages: It is
used for side way of frames. Limitations: The rotational of columns of any store
y should be functioning a single rotation value of same storey. The beams of sto
rey should not undergo rotation when the column undergoes translation. That is t
he column should be parallel. Frames with intermediate hinges cannot be analyzed
.
6.1.4. Approximate method: Approximate analysis of hyper static structure provid
es a simple means of obtaining a quick solution for preliminary design. It makes
Some simplifying assumptions regarding Structural behavior so to obtain a rapid
solution to complex structures. The usual process comprises reducing the given
indeterminate configuration to a determine structural system by introducing adeq
uate no of hinges. it is possible to sketch the deflected
41
profile of the structure for the given loading and hence by locate the print inf
lection. Since each point of inflection corresponds to the location of zero mome
nt in the structures. The inflection points can be visualized as hinges for the
purpose of analysis. The solution of structures is sundered simple once the infl
ection points are located. The loading cases are arising in multistoried frames
namely horizontal and vertical loading. The analysis carried out separately for
these two cases. Horizontal cases: The behavior of a structure subjected to hori
zontal forces depends upon its heights to width ratio among their factor. It is
necessary it differentiate between low rise and high rise frames in this case. L
ow rise structures: Height < width It is characterized predominately by shear de
formation. High rise buildings Height > width It is dominated by bending action
6.1.5. Matrix analysis of frames: The individual elements of frames are oriented
in different directions unlike those of continues beams so their analysis is mo
re complex .never the less the rudimentary flexibility and stiffness methods are
applied to frames stiffness method is more useful because its adaptability to c
omputer programming stiffness method is used when degree of redundancy is greate
r than degree of freedom. However stiffness method is used degree of freedom is
greater than degree of redundancy especially for computers.
42
6.2.
Seismic Analysis Procedures:
Main features of seismic method of analysis based on Indian Standard 1893(part 1
): 2002 are described as follows Equivalent lateral force method: The Equivalent
lateral force method is the simplest method of analysis and requires less compu
tational effort because the forces depend on the code based fundamental period o
f structures with some empirical modifier. The design base shear shall first be
computed as a whole, and then be distributed along the height of buildings based
on simple formulae appropriate for buildings with regular distribution of mass
and stiffness. The design lateral force obtained at each floor level shall be di
stributed to individual lateral load resisting elements depending upon floor dia
phragm action. The design lateral force or design base shear and the distributio
n are given by some empirical formulae given in the I.S 1893. Response Spectrum
analysis: This method is applicable for those structures where modes other than
the fundamental one affect significantly the response of the structure. In this
method the response of Multi degree of freedom system is expressed as the superp
osition of modal response, each modal response being determined from the spectra
l analysis of Singledegree of freedom system, which is then combined to compute t
he total response. Elastic Time history analysis: A linear analysis, time histor
y analysis over comes all disadvantages of modal response spectrum provided nonl
inear behavior is not involved. The method requires greater computational effort
s for calculating the response at discrete times. One interesting advantage of t
his is that the relative signs of response quantities are preserved in the respo
nse histories.
6.3.
Analysis Using Staad Pro V8i:
After assigning all the properties of a structural frame only a command is used
to analyze the structure and the results are obtained within seconds of time. Th
is is the main advantage of using the software or computer aided analysis.
43
6.4.
Analysis Result For Load Cases 1 To 4
For Load Case 1 (SLX)
44
6.5.
ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR SUPPORT REACTIONS
48
49
50
51
52
**The above results are displayed from the Staad Output file. **These reaction f
orces and moments are evaluated for the critical load combinations 5 to 9 as sho
wn above under load combinations. **The joints 69 to 113 show the column positio
ns the ultimate position of reaction supports for the RC framed structure.
53
CHAPTER 7 DESIGN
54
7.1.
BEAMS
Beams are the horizontal members of the RC framed structure. Generally, beam is
of two typesi) Singly Reinforced Beam and ii) Doubly Reinforced Beams. Design of
beams is done as per Limit State Design of collapse (IS 456: 2000). Using Staad
Pro software, the design of beam is simply done by assigning the parameters for
the structure which includes the clear cover, yield strength of steel, compress
ive strength of concrete, maximum and minimum size of bars to be used, etc. A re
inforced concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive and shear s
tress induced in it by loads on the beam. There are three types of reinforced co
ncrete beams 1.) Single reinforced beams 2.) Double reinforced concrete 3.) Flan
ged beams Beams transfer loads from slabs to columns and hence are designed for
bending. Singly reinforced beams: In singly reinforced simply supported beams st
eel bars are placed near the bottom of the beam where they are more effective in
resisting in the tensile bending stress. I cantilever beams reinforcing bars pl
aced near the top of the beam, for the same reason as in the case of simply supp
orted beam. Doubly reinforced concrete beams: It is reinforced under compression
and tension regions. The necessity of steel of compression region arises due to
two reasons; when depth of beam is restricted, the strength availability singly
reinforced beam is in adequate. At a support of continuous beam where bending m
oment changes sign such as situation may also arise in design of a beam circular
in plan.
Figure shows the bottom and top reinforcement details at three different section
s. These calculations are interpreted manually. Due to the huge output of Staad
Pro V8i, here we only show the design result of a beam.
56
FIGURE 7. 3
Beam Web Reinforcement
7.1.3. Check for the design of a Beam No.1:
Given data: Cross section of beam : b x d = 300mm x600 mm Vertical shear force =
Vu =145.93 KN c = 0.29 N/mm2 (from able 19 of IS 456 200)
Minimum Shear Reinforcemen : When v is less han c , given in Table 19, minimum sh
ear reinforcemen shall -be provided Design of Shear Reinforcemen : When v exceed
s c, given in Table 19, shear reinforcemen shall be provided in any of he follo
wing forms: a) Ver ical s irrups, b) Ben -up bars along wi h s irrups, and c) In
clined s irrups,
60
v
= =
Vu/(b x d) (As per clause 40.1 of IS 456-2000) 145.93 x 103/(550x300)
=1.216 N/mm2 v c
Design reinforcemen Vus = = = Vu- c x b x d (As per clause 40.4 of IS 456-2000)
145.93 x103 -0.29x550x300 111100 N
Shear reinforcemen shall be provided o carry a shear equal o Vu - c bd The s r
eng h of shear reinforcemen Vus, shall be calcula ed as below:
For ver ical s irrups: Vus = 0.87 fyAsvd/Sv (As per clause 40.4 of IS 456-2000)
Asv Sv v c b
= = = = =
o al cross-sec ional area of s irrup legs or ben -up bars wi hin a dis ance Sv.
spacing of he s irrups or ben -up bars along he leng h of he member, nominal
shear s ress design shear s reng h of he concre e, bread h of he member which
for flanged beams, shall be aken as he bread h of
he web bw, fy = chrcteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement
which shll not be
tken greter thn 415 N/mm2, = ngle between the inclined stirrup or bent- up b
r nd the xis of the member, not less thn 45, nd d = effective depth. 111130
N= 0.87 x 415 x 2 x x 82 x 550/Sv Sv = 140 mm
61
Sv should not be more than the following 1. 0.75xd = 0.75 x 550 = 300 mm 2. 300
mm 3. Minimum shear reinforcement sacing = Sv,min
Minimum shear reinforcement: Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrus
shall be rovided such that: Asv/bSv 0.4/ 0.87fy (As er clause 26.5.1.6 of IS
456-2000)
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirru legs effective in shear, Sv = stirru
sacing along the length of the member, b = breadth of the beam or breadth of
the web of flanged beam, and fy = characteristic strength of the stirru reinfor
cement in N/mm* which shall not be taken greater than 415 N/mn2 Sv=2x(/4)x82x0.87
x415/(0.4x300) = Provided 2 legged 8mm @100 mm stirrus .
605 mm.
Hence matched with Staad outut.
62
7.2.
COLUMNS
A column or strut is a comression member, which is used rimary to suort axia
l comressive loads and with a height of at least three it is least lateral dime
nsion.
A reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially loaded when line
of the resultant thrust of loads suorted by column is coincident with the lin
e of C.G 0f the column I the longitudinal direction.
Deending uon the architectural requirements and loads to be suorted, R.C col
umns may be cast in various shaes i.e. square, rectangle, and hexagonal, octago
nal, circular. Columns of L shaed or T shaed are also sometimes used in multis
toried buildings.
The longitudinal bars in columns hel to bear the load in the combination with t
he concrete. The longitudinal bars are held in osition by transverse reinforcem
ent, or lateral binders.
The binders revent dislacement of longitudinal bars during concreting oeratio
n and also check the tendency of their buckling towards under loads.
7.2.1. Positioning of columns: Some of the guiding rinciles which hel the os
itioning of the columns are as follows:A) Columns should be referably located at or near the corners of the building a
nd at the intersection of the wall, but for the columns on the roerty line as
the following requirements some area beyond the column, the column can be shifte
d inside along a cross wall to rovide the required area for the footing with in
the roerty line. alternatively a combined or a stra footing may be rovided.
B) The sacing between the columns is governed by the lamination on sans of su
orted beams, as the sanning of the column decides the san of the beam. As th
e san of the of the beam increases, the deth of the beam, and hence the self-w
eight of the beam and the total.
63
7.2.2. Effective length: The effective length of the column is defined as the le
ngth between the oints of contraflexure of the buckled column. The code has giv
en certain values of the effective length for normal usage assuming idealized an
d conditions shown in aendix D of IS - 456(Table 24) A column may be classifie
d based as follows based on the tye of loading: 1) Axially loaded column 2) A c
olumn subjected to axial load and uneasily bending 3) A column subjected to axia
l load and biaxial bending.
Axially loaded columns: All comression members are to be designed for a minimum
eccentricity of load into rincial directions. In ractice, a truly axially lo
aded column is rare ,if not nonexistent. Therefore, every column should be desig
ned for a minimum eccentricity .clause 22.4 of IS code
E min
=
(L/500) + (D/300), subjected to a minimum of 200 mm.
Where L is the unsuorted length of the column (see 24.1.3 of the code for defi
nition unsuorted length) and D is the lateral dimension of the column in the d
irection under the consideration.
Axial load and uniaxial bending: A member subjected to axial force and bending s
hall be designed on the basis of 1) The maximum comressive strength in concrete
in axial comression is taken as 0.002 2) The maximum comressive strength at t
he highly comressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected to highly comression a
nd when there is no tension on the section shall be 0.0035-0.75 times the strain
at least comressed extreme fiber. Design charts for combined axial comression
and bending are in the form of intersection diagram in which curves for Pu/fck
bD verses Mu/fck bD2 are lotted for different values of /fck where is reinfo
rcement ercentage.
64
Axial load and biaxial bending: The resistance of a member subjected to axial fo
rce and biaxial bending shall be obtained on the basis of assumtions given in 3
8.1 and 38.2 with neutral axis so chosen as to satisfy the equilibrium of load a
nd moment about two weeks.
Alternatively such members may be designed by the following equation: (Mux/ Muy)n
+(Muy/ Muy1)n
<=
1.0
Mux&Muy=moment bout x nd Y xis due to design lods Mux1&Muy1=mximum unixil
moment cpcity for n xil lod of Pu bending bout x nd y xis respectively
. n is relted to Pu/puz
Puz
=
0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc
For vlues of pu/Puz=0.2 to 0.8, the vlues of n vry linerly from 1.0 to 2.0 fo
r vlues less thn 0.2, n is vlues greter thn 0.8 , n is 2.0
The min duty of column is to trnsfer the lod to the soil sfely. Columns re
designed for compression nd moment. The cross section of the column generlly i
ncreses from one floor to nother floor due to the ddition of both live nd de
d lod from the top floors. Also the mount if lod depends on number of bems
the columns is connected to. As bem trnsfer hlf of the lod to ech column it
is connected.
7.2.3. Column design: A column my be defined s n element used primry to supp
ort xil compressive lods nd with height of lest three times its lterl
dimension. The strength of column depends upon the strength of mterils, shpe
nd size of cross section, length nd degree of proportionl nd dedictionl r
estrins t its ends. A column my be clssify bsed on deferent criteri such
s
65
1.) Shpe of the section 2.) Slenderness rtio (A=L+D) 3.) Type of loding, lnd
4.) Pttern of lterl reinforcement. The rtio of effective column length to l
est lterl dimension is relesed to s slenderness rtio. In our structure we
hve 3 types of columns. Column with bems on two sides Columns with bems on thre
e sides Columns with bems on four sides
So we require three types of column sections. So crete three types of column se
ctions nd ssign to the respective columns depending on the connection. But in
these structure we dopted sme cross section throughout the structure with re
ctngulr cross section .In foundtions we generlly do not hve circulr column
s if circulr column is given it mkes circle by creting mny lines to incre
se ccurcy. The column design is done by selecting the column nd from geometry
pge ssigns the dimensions of the columns. Now nlyze the column for lods to
see the rections nd totl lods on the column by seeing the lods design colu
mn by giving pproprite prmeters like 1. Minimum reinforcement, mx, br size
s, mximum nd minimum spicing. 2. Select the pproprite design code nd input
design column commnd to ll the column. 3. Now run nlysis nd select ny colu
mn to collect the reinforcement detils The following figure shows the reinforce
ment detils of bem in std. The figure represents detils regrding 1. Trn
sverse reinforcement 2. Longitudinl reinforcement The type of brs to be used,
mount of steel nd loding on the column is represented in the below figure.
66
68
Figure 7.5 - Sher Bending For Column No. 1539 7.2.4. Check for Column Design: S
hort xilly Loded columns: Given dt
fck = 25 N/mm2 fy = 415N/mm2 puz = 19732.59 N b = 450mm d = 900mm
69
7.3.
SLABS
A slb is flt two dimensionl, plnr structurl element hving thickness sm
ll compred to its other two dimensions. It provides working flt surfce or
covering shelter in buildings. It supports minly trnsverse lods nd trnsfer
s them to support primrily by bending ction in one or more directions. Reinfor
ced concrete slb covers reltively lrge re compred to bem or column. Theref
ore volume of concrete nd hence, ded lod is lrge in the cse of slb. A sml
l reduction in depth of slb therefore, leds to considerble economy. But cr
e hs to be tken to see tht its performnce (servicebility) is not ffected d
ue to excessive deflection nd crcking.
Clssifiction of Slb on the bsis of spnning direction: ) Spnning in one di
rection (One Wy Slb)
One wy slb re those in which the length is more thn t
wice the bredth it cn be simply supported bem or continuous bem.
FIGURE 7.6
One Wy Slb (lb/l > 2)
71
FIGURE 7.8
Two Wy Slb (lb/l > 2)
FIGURE 7.9 Lod Distribution in Two Wy Slb Checks: There is no need to check
servicebility conditions, becuse design stisfying the spn for depth rtio.
.) Simply supported slb b.) Continuous bem Slbs re designed for deflection.
Slbs re designed bsed on yield theory This digrm shows the distribution of
lods in two slbs.
FIGURE 7.10
Lod Distribution showing One wy & Two wySlbs
73
In order to design slb we hve to crete pltes by selecting the plte cursor
. Now selecting the members to form slb nd use form slb button. Now give the
thickness of plte s 0.125 m. Now similr to the bove designs give the prmet
ers bsed on code nd ssign design slb commnd nd select the pltes nd ssig
n commnds to it. After nlysis is crried out go to dvnced slb design pge
nd collect the reinforcement detils of the slb.
FIGURE 7. 11 Monolithic connection between Slb, Bem & Column.
7.3.1. Design detil nd smple clcultion of typicl slb:
6310mm
S1
3584mm
74
Ded lod=DL=125.140 Live lod=LL Floor finishing (25mm thick) Plster (6mm thick)
Totl lod Fctor lod = 6.75fctor of sfety Tking fctor of sfety 1.5 iv. CA
LCULATION FOR MOMENT
= = = = = =
3.5kN/m2 2kN/m2 0.040241=1.0 kN/m2 0.006241=0.25 kN/m2 3.5+2+1+0.25=6.75 kN/m2 6.751.
5=10.125kN/m2
There will be negtive moment t continuous edge nd positive Moment t mid spn
= Mx My = =
=
xWulx2 yWulx2 short spn coefficient long spn coefficient
Where x Where Y v.
=
Clcultion of coefficient ccording to IS 456,cluses D-1.1 nd 24.4.1 Type of
pnel = Two djcent edge continuous. x (-ve) t 1.76 = 0.084 x(+ve) t 1.76 = 0.0
63
vi.
Moment clcultion Mux(-ve) Mux(+ve) = = 0.08410.1253.6962= 0.06310.1253.6962= 10.90
kNm 8.175 kNm
76
Lex => (Ld-1.3M1/V) = 515.78 1.3*3.049/10.875 = 151.30mm Lex => (Ld/3 bs/2) = 15
1.30 + 300/2
Lex = 301.30mm from inner face of suppor . S raigh Leng h available inside inne
r suppor = B =bs-A B = 300-(5*8+25) = 235mm Using 90degree bend, available anch
orage leng h = 8db + 235 = 64 + 235 = 299mm > 235mm Hence OK. xiii. TORSION STEE
L a) A corners near column C127 & C128, Since slab is discon inuous over bo h e
dger, Full Torsion S eel = 0.75 As x = 0.75*202 = 150mm2 ; will be required in b
o h direc ion a righ angles in each of he wo meshes, One a he op and he
o her a he bo om up o he leng h of: Lx/5 = 3584/5 = 716.8mm b) A corner ne
ar column C126, Required area of orsion s eel = 1/2(150) = 75mm2
81
83
84
****************************************************************************
FIGURE 7. 13
85
7.4.
FOUNDATION
Founda ions are s ruc ural elemen s ha ransfer loads from he building or ind
ividual column o he ear h .If hese loads are o be properly ransmi ed, foun
da ions mus be designed o preven excessive se lemen or ro a ion, o minimiz
e differen ial se lemen and o provide adequa e safe y agains sliding and ove
r urning.
7.4.1. General: 1) Foo ing shall be designed o sus ain he applied loads, momen
s and forces and he induced reac ions and o assure ha any se lemen s which
may occur will be as nearly uniform as possible and he safe bearing capaci y o
f soil is no exceeded. 2) Thickness a he edge of he foo ing: in reinforced a
nd plain concre e foo ing a he edge shall be no less han 150 mm for foo ing
on he nei her soil nor less han 300mm above he ops of he pile for foo ing o
n piles.
7.4.2. Bearing Capaci y of Soil: The size founda ion depends on permissible bear
ing capaci y of soil. The o al load per uni area under he foo ing mus be les
s han he permissible bearing capaci y of soil o he excessive se lemen s.
7.4.3. Founda ion design: Founda ions are s ruc ure elemen s ha ransfer loads
from building or individual column o ear h his loads are o be properly rans
mi ed founda ions mus be designed o preven excessive se lemen are ro a ion
o minimize differen ial se lemen s and o provide adequa e safe y isola ed fo
o ings for mul i s orey buildings. These may be square rec angle are circular in
plan ha he choice of ype of founda ion o be used in a given si ua ion depe
nds on a number of fac ors. 1.) Bearing capaci y of soil 2.) Type of s ruc ure 3
.) Type of loads 4.) Permissible differen ial se lemen s 5.) Economy
86
A foo ing is he bo om mos par of he s ruc ure and las member o ransfer
he load. In order o design foo ings we used he sof ware named STAAD FOUNDATION
V8i. These are he ypes of founda ions he sof ware can deal.
Shallow (D<B)
ola ed (Spread) Foo ing Combined (S rip) Foo ing Ma (Raf ) Founda ion
Deep (D>B) Pile Cap Driller Pier
7.4.4. Cri erion for Combined S rip Foo ing: Heavily loaded column when hese ar
e suppor ed on rela ively weak or uneven soils having low bearing capaci y (whic
h is equal o 175KN/m2) need large bearing area. In such case, Con inuous S rip
Foo ing is provided o suppor more han wo columns in a row, ins ead of indivi
dual foo ing. Thus he con inuous s rip foo ing runs along he column row. The s
rip foo ings have T sec ion and he flange of T sec ion faces downwards. The pr
ojec ion of T-sec ion behaves as a Can ilever. The hickness of he flange is ke
p cons an , when he can ilever projec ion is of small leng h. O herwise, he d
ep h of flange is increased owards he rib. The weigh of he foo ing is no co
nsidered in s ruc ural design because i is assumed o be carried by he subsoil
. I is similar o a floor res ing on a sys em on a sys em of beams and columns.
7.4.5. Design using STAAD FOUNDATION V8i:
87
Is
Impor he S aad Pro V8i analyzed file in o S aad Founda ion V8i using he IMPOR
T op ion.
Figure 7. 14 S aad Founda ion Page Showing Con inuous S rip Foo ing When he fil
e is impor ed from he S aad Pro V8i, here is no need o specify he column pos
i ions, as i is already specified in he S aad Pro file. The main advan age of
his sof ware is ha i au oma ically genera ed he reac ion and momen values
a suppor s when he load cases are defined.
FIGURE 7. 15 Zoom View of con inuous s rip Founda ion & Columns
88
The load combina ion or he load cases are genera ed (selec ed) for which
unda ion is o be designed. Assign Loading: - 1.5(DL + LL)
he fo
The nex s ep is o crea e he job for he foo ing (i.e. Combined Foo ing.) Now
he design parame ers are en ered which includes: Concre e & Rebar, Cover & Soil
, Foo ing Geome ry
FIGURE 7. 16 Concre e & Rebar Parame ers
FIGURE 7. 17 Cover & Soil Parame ers
89
Maximum leng h:
Maximum wid h:
Maximum
hickness: P
Table 7.2. Foo ing No. Main S eel Top 1 2 3 4 5 #12 @ 125mm c/c #12 @ 75mm c/c #
12 @ 125mm c/c #12 @ 50mm c/c #12 @ 50mm c/c
DESIGN RESULTS Foo ing Reinforcemen Main S eel Bo om Secondary S eel Top #12 @
125mm c/c #12 @ 75mm c/c #12 @ 125mm c/c #12 @ 50mm c/c #12 @ 75mm c/c Secondar
y S eel Bo om #16 @50mm c/c #16 @50mm c/c #12 @50mm c/c #20 @75mm c/c #25 @50mm
c/c
#32 @ 75mm c/c #40 @75mm c/c #20 @50mm c/c #40 @50mm c/c #40 @50mm c/c
7.4.6.
Design Calcula ions for Combined Foo ing 1 (FC1)
Column Dimensions for Column No. 69, 103, 102 and 101 (Combined Foo ing No. FC1)
Column Shape: Column Leng h - X (Pl): Column Wid h - Z (Pw): Rec angular 1000mm
500mm
Leng h of lef overhang : Leng h of righ overhang : Is he leng h of lef overh
ang fixed? Is he leng h of righ overhang fixed? Minimum wid h of foo ing (Wb)
: Minimum Thickness of foo ing (Do) : Maximum Wid h of Foo ing (Wb) : Maximum Th
ickness of Foo ing (Do) :
1.00 m 1.00 m No No 3.50 m 500.00 mm 40000.00 mm 2000.00 mm
92
Foo ing Size Calcula ions Reduc ion of force due o buoyancy = Minimum area requ
ired from bearing pressure, Amin = Pcri ical / qmax : Area from ini ial leng h a
nd wid h, Ao = L x W: Therefore, Final foo ing dimensions are: Leng h of foo ing
, L : Wid h of foo ing, W : Dep h of foo ing, Do : Area, A : Leng h of lef over
hang, Llef _overhang : Leng h of righ overhang, Lrigh _overhang : Table 7.3. 23
.04 9.25 0.70 213.12 3.88 3.88 m m m sq m m m -0.00 kN
123.46 sq m 60.51 sq m
94
Table 7.4.
If Au is zero, here is no uplif and no pressure adjus men is necessary. O her
wise, o accoun for uplif , areas of nega ive pressure will be se o zero and
he pressure will be redis ribu ed o remaining corners.
Table 7.5.
Design for Flexure Sagging momen along leng h Effec ive Dep h = Governing momen
(Mu) As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G-1.1C Limi ing Fac or1 (Kumax) = Limi ing Fac
or2 (Rumax) = Limi Momen Of Resis ance (Mumax)= = 0.479107 = 4822.007604 kN/m
^2 = 7928.346683 kNm = 0.63 m
=17882.520713 kNm
95
Mu <= Mumax Hogging momen along leng h Effec ive Dep h = Governing momen (Mu)
As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G-1.1C Limi ing Fac or1 (Kumax) = Limi ing Fac or2 (R
umax) =
hence, safe
= 0.63 = 3.771009
m kNm
= 0.479107 = 4822.007604 kN/m^2
Limi Momen Of Resis ance (Mumax) =
=18498.368019
kNm
Mu <= Mumax Transverse direc ion
hence, safe
Effec ive Dep h = Governing momen (Mu) = As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G1.1C Limi
ing Fac or1 (Kumax) = Limi ing Fac or2 (Rumax) = Limi Momen Of Resis ance (Mum
ax) =
= 0.64
m
= 6300.321341 kNm
= 0.479107 =4822.007604 kN/m^2
=45790.132556 kNm
96
Mu <= Mumax Check rial dep h for one way shear(along leng h) Shear Force(S) She
ar S ress(Tv) Percen age Of S eel(P ) As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 40 Table 19 Shea
r S reng h Of Concre e(Tc) Tv< Tc Check rial dep h for wo way shear For Column
1 Shear Force(S) Shear S ress(Tv) As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1 Ks = Shear
S reng h(Tc)= Ks X Tc Tv<= Ks X Tc For Column 2 Shear Force(S) Shear S ress(Tv)
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1 Ks =
hence, safe
= 3538.28 = 0.000000 = 0.080
kN kN/m^2
= 0.35 hence, safe
kN/m^2
= 2618.45 = 729.18
kN kN/m^2
= 1.00 = 1479.0199 kN/m^2 = 1479.0199 kN/m^2 hence, safe
= 4890.83 = 1361.99
kN kN/m^2
= 1.00
97
Selec ion of reinforcemen Top reinforcemen along leng h As Per IS 456 2000 Cla
use 26.5.2.1 Minimum Area of S eel (As min) Calcula ed Area of S eel (As ) Provi
ded Area of S eel (As ,Provided) As min<= As ,Provided = 7770.00 = 7770.00 = 777
0.00 S eel area is accep ed mm2 mm2 mm2
Selec ed bar Dia Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = Selec ed spacing (S) Smin <= S
<= Smax and selec ed bar size < selec ed maximum bar size... Along wid h As Per
IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1 Provided Minimum Area of S eel (As min)
= 32.000 = 50.00 = 134.38 mm mm
The reinforcemen is accep ed.
= 19353.57
mm2
Selec ed bar Dia Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) Selec ed spacing (S) Smin <= S <
= Smax and selec ed bar size < selec ed maximum bar size...
= 16.000 = 50.00 = 134.08
mm mm mm
The reinforcemen is accep ed.
99
Bo om reinforcemen along leng h As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum Are
a of S eel (As min) Calcula ed Area of S eel (As ) Provided Area of S eel (As ,P
rovided) As min<= As ,Provided = 7770.00 = 97241.73 = 97241.73 S eel area is acc
ep ed mm2 mm2 mm2
Selec ed bar Dia Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = Selec ed spacing (S) Smin <= S
<= Smax and selec ed bar size < selec ed maximum bar size... Along wid h As Per
IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum Area of S eel (As min) Calcula ed Area of S
eel (As ) Provided Area of S eel (As ,Provided) As min<= As ,Provided Selec ed
bar Dia Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = Selec ed spacing (S)
= 32.000 = 50.00 = 75.98
mm mm mm
The reinforcemen is accep ed.
= 19353.57 = 74809.93 = 74809.93 S eel area is accep ed = 16.000 = 50.00 = 61.62
mm2 mm2 mm2
mm mm mm
Smin <= S <= Smax and selec ed bar size < selec ed maximum bar size. The reinfor
cemen is accep ed.
100
FIGURE 7. 19
FIGURE 7. 20
101
CONCLUSION
105
CONCLUSION
STAAD PRO has he capabili y o calcula e he reinforcemen needed for any concr
e e sec ion. The program con ains a number of parame ers which are designed as p
er IS: 456 : 2000 and IS 13920 : 1993. Beams are designed for flexure, shear and
orsion.
Design for Flexure: Maximum sagging (crea ing ensile s ress a he bo om face
of he beam) and hogging (crea ing ensile s ress a he op face) momen s are c
alcula ed for all ac ive load cases a each of he above men ioned sec ions. Eac
h of hese sec ions is designed o resis bo h of hese cri ical sagging and hog
ging momen s. Where ever he rec angular sec ion is inadequa e as singly reinfor
ced sec ion, doubly reinforced sec ion is ried.
Design for Shear: Shear reinforcemen is calcula ed o resis bo h shear forces
and orsional momen s. Shear capaci y calcula ion a differen sec ions wi hou
he shear reinforcemen is based on he ac ual ensile reinforcemen provided by
STAAD program. Two-legged s irrups are provided o ake care of he balance she
ar forces ac ing on hese sec ions.
Beam Design Ou pu : The defaul design ou pu of he beam con ains flexural and
shear reinforcemen provided along he leng h of he beam.
Column Design: Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial momen s a he
ends. All ac ive load cases are es ed o calcula e reinforcemen . The loading w
hich yield maximum reinforcemen is called he cri ical load. Column design is d
one for square sec ion. Square columns are designed wi h reinforcemen dis ribu
ed on each side equally for he sec ions under biaxial momen s and wi h reinforc
emen dis ribu ed equally in wo faces for sec ions under uni-axial momen . All
major cri eria for selec ing longi udinal and ransverse reinforcemen as s ipul
a ed by IS: 456 have been aken care of in he column design of STAAD.
106
Slab Design: Slabs are designed for he load combina ions as specified in IS 456
:2000. All ac ive load cases are es ed o calcula e reinforcemen . The loading
which yield maximum reinforcemen is called he cri ical load. Slabs are designe
d as wo way and one way. This enables o unders and he de ailing of reinforcem
en in he slabs. Founda ion Design: Foo ing is decided on he soil ype, loadin
g condi ions and area available. I is designed o carry he load dis ribu ed by
he s ruc ure hrough slabs o beams o columns o he foo ings. Use of Sof war
es: Use of S aad Pro V8i, S aad Founda ion V8i And Au o Cad is well known af er
he comple ion of he projec . This enables o rela e heore ical knowledge o re
al life prac icali ies.
107
ANNEXURE A Plan of
1):
108
REFERENCES
o Dr. S.R. Karve & Dr. V.L. Shah - Illus ra ed design of Reinforced concre e Buil
dings, S ruc ures Publica ions. o Dr. Ram Chandra - Limi S a e Design, S andard Bo
ok House, New Delhi. o Dr. Ashok K. Jain Reinforced Concre e Limi S a e Design, N
ew Chand & Bros, Roorkee o S. Ramamru ham, R. Narayana Theory of S ruc ures, Dhanp
a Rai Publishing Company o STAAD Pro V8i Ge ing s ar ed & u orials - Published
by: R .E. I. o STAAD Pro 2004 & STAAD FOUNDATION V8i Technical reference manual Pu
blished by: R.E.I. CODE BOOKS: o IS 875(Par 1,2,3,5) - Bureau Of Indian S andar
ds, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 o IS 456 : 2000 Bureau Of Indian S andards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 1
10002 o IS 1893 : 2002 - Bureau Of Indian S andards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Sha
h Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
o IS 13920 : 1993 - Bureau Of Indian S andards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zaf
ar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
111