Name: ________________________________

RNA, Transcription, Translation, Mutations

RNA
1) RNA is a type of nucleic acid.
2) RNA contains the elements C,H,O,N,P and sometimes S.
3) There are four structural differences between RNA and DNA, they
are :
a.

SINGLE STRANDED VS. DOUBLE STRANDED

b.

RIBOSE vs. deoxyribose ( ribose has one more

oxygen than deoxyribose)

c.

Uracil vs. thymine

d.

Three types vs. 1 type

4) The functional difference between DNA and RNA is

that DNA contains the instructions for protein
synthesis and RNA workers that assemble the
proteins.
5) Similarities between DNA and RNA are:
a.

building blocks are nucleotides

b.

nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine

c.

phosphate group

d.

involved in protein synthesis

e.

type of organic molecules (nucleic acids)

TRANSCRIPTION
6) Where in the cell does transcription take place? nucleus
7) Draw the steps of transcription in the space
below.

8) For the DNA sequence below, write the sequence of messenger

RNA codons that is synthesized during transcription.
a.
b.

DNA molecule TTA- CA C- GGT- ACT- GTC- CCA ATT

mRNA

AAU - GUG - CCA- UGA- CAG- GG U- UAA

TRANSLATION
9) Define translation: The process by which messenger RNA directs
the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide during protein
synthesis
10)

Where in the cell does translation occur? ribosomes

11)

Amino acids join together to form a polypeptide (protein) in

a process called protein synthesis (dehydration synthesis,

polypeptide synthesis, translation).
12)

Each time amino acids join together, a (bond) peptide

forms using ATP as a energy source.

13)

For each mRNA codon sequence, determine the sequence

of tRNA anticodons.
a. DNA molecule : T A T- G G C -A A T- T T A-G G C- C G G- A T G
b. mRNA strand :

AUA- CCG- UUA- AA U- CCG- GCC- UAC

c. tRNA anticodon: UAU- GGC- AAU- UUA- G GC -CGG- AUG

14)

Using the chart below, write the amino acid sequence

coded by each mRNA molecule. Remember, the chart is for

codons!)

a.

DNA molecule : TAT-GGC-ATT-TAG-GCC-GGA-TGA

b. mRNA strand :
c.

15)

AUA-CCG-UAA-AUC-CGG-CCU-ACU

amino acid sequence: ILE-PRO-stop-ILE-ARG-PRO-THR

List at least two functions of proteins

a.

ENZYMES

b.

HORMONES

c.

P/O CELL MEMBRANE

d.

ANTIBODIES

e.

RECEPTORS ON CELL MEMBRANE

MUTATIONS
16)

Define mutation: changes in base sequences of DNA

17)

Three causes of mutations are :

a.

spontaneous

b.

mutagens

c.

inherited

18)

Define mutagen: environmental factors that cause

mutations
19)

Examples of mutagens are:

a.

Uv rays

b.

X rays

c.

Pesticides

d.

Extreme temperatures

The following is the base sequence of one strand of a DNA molecule:

AAT- GCC- AGT- GG T -T C G -C A C

20)

Give the base sequence of the complementary DNA Strand.

T TA -C GG -T CA -C CA-A G C- G T G

21)

Draw this DNA molecule:

___________________________________
AATGCCAGTGGTTCGCAC
TTACGGTCACCAAGCGTG

22) Give the base sequence of the strand of mRNA read from the
original strand.
23)

U U A- C G G- U C A -C C A- A G C -G U G

Draw this RNA molecule:

U U A- C G G- U C A- C C A- A G C- G U G

24)

What protein fragment would this mRNA code for?

LEU-ARG-SER-PRO-SER-VAL
25 ) If the fourth nucleotide in the original DNA strand were changed
from G to C, what would the resulting mRNA look like?
U U A- G G G- U C A- C C A- A G C- G U G
26)

What would the resulting amino acid sequence (protein)

look like? LEU GLY- SER-PRO-SER-VAL

27)

What is this type of mutation called? POINT

28) If a G were added to the original DNA strand after the 3rd
nucleotide, what would the resulting mRNA look like?
U U A- CC G -G U C- A-C C- A A G- C G U -G__
29) What is this type of mutation called? Why? FRAMESHIFT , BECAUSE
IT CHANGES THE ENTIRE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS
30 ) If the 8th nucleotide in the original DNA strand were changed
from G to C, what would the resulting mRNA look like? ___

AAT- GCC- A(GC)T- GG T -T C G -C A C

U U A- C G G- U G A- C C A- A G C- G U G
31)

What would the resulting protein (amino acid sequence)

look like? LEU-ARG-STOP-PRO-SER-VAL

32)

What type of mutation is this? POINT

33)

DNA(gene) mRNA codon sequence-->Amino acid

sequence shape of the protein function of the proteintraits