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Investigatory
Project
By-Yash G.Desai
12th A
Certificate
This is to Certify that Master YASH G.DESAI of Class
Twelve has successfully completed his Investigatory
Project in Chemistry for All India Senior School Certificate
Examination (AISSCE) 2016 on the topic Study of Foaming
Capacity Of Soaps under my guidance.
Boards Roll No. 4637457
Date of Submission
Sign of Internal Examiner
Sign of External Examiner
Sign of the Principal
Acknowledgement
I sincerely thank my Chemistry Teacher and Head
of the Chemistry Dept. Mr. S.K.Paul, who stayed
long hours after school to help us. Without his
support and guidance this project wouldnt have
been completed. I thank him for providing us with
his laboratory and amenities.
I would also like to thank our Principal Mr. ANIL
MOHAN for giving us an opportunity to do this
project.
Foaming
Capacity
Of Soaps
Contents
Introduction
Aim of the Experiment
Materials Required
Theory
Details of Procedure
Observations
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
What is soap?
Soaps for cleansing are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and
fats with a stronglyalkaline solution. Fats and oils are composed of
triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single
molecule ofglycerol.
The alkaline solution brings about achemical reactionknown
assaponification. In saponification, the fats are first hydrolyzed into free
fatty acids, which then combine with the alkali to form crude soap.
Glycerol (glycerin) is liberated and is either left in or washed out and
recovered as a useful byproduct.
Illustration
Oil
Hard water
When soap is added to hard water (water that contains calcium Ca 2+ and
magnesium Mg2+ ions), insoluble compounds are formed which appear as a
sticky scum. This scum leaves a deposit on clothes, skin, and hair. When
boiled, hard water leaves a deposit of calcium carbonate, CaCO 3.
Calcium and magnesium ions react with Na2CO3 to produce insoluble
carbonates of higher fatty acids.
2C17H35COONa + Ca2+
(Water soluble)
2C17H35COONa + Mg2+
(C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+
(ppt)
(C17H35COO)2Mg + 2Na+
Materials Required
5 test tubes
5 conical flasks (100 ml)
Test tube stand
Bunsen burner
Stop watch.
Burette and Titration Stand
5 different samples of soap and distilled water
Theory
The foaming capacity of a soap sample depends upon the nature of soap and
its concentration. This can be compared for various samples of soaps by
taking the same concentration of solution and shaking them.
The foam is formed and the time taken for disappearances of foam in all
cases is compared. The lesser the time taken by a solution for the
disappearance of foam, the lower is its foaming capacity.
Procedure
One ml of the five soap solution is then poured in the test tubes of
corresponding number.
10 ml. of distilled water is then added to each test tube.
Test tube no 1 is then shaken vigorously 5 times.
The foam would be formed in the empty space above the container. Stop
watch is started immediately and the time taken for the disappearance of
foam is noted.
Similarly the other test tubes are shaken vigorously for equal number of
times (i.e., 5 times) with approximately with the same force and the time
taken for the disappearance of foam in each case is recorded.
Observation
Observation table
Sr. No.
Soap Sample
Time taken
(seconds)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Conclusion
The soap for which the time taken for the disappearance of foam is
highest has maximum foaming capacity and is the best quality soap among
the soaps tested.
The highest time taken for the disappearance of soap is:
Name of the soap :
Bibliography
Comprehensive practical Chemistry- Class12.
Study of Soaps bywww.niton.com
www.icbse.com
Wikipedia