CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION
At this present time, people cant oppose the boosting of the countless pests that get in our ways.
Ants (Formicidae) live everywhere on land, they are also considered as the most numerous in
insect species; digging tunnels underground and creating those earthier mounds. Some finds life on trees
and some on hollow parts of certain plants. They are also known to be the menace in our kitchens and
dining halls.
Ants only visit our houses for the goal of finding food, warmth and shelter. When they find food,
they will make the most of it and will establish a trail that leads to their nest outside.
These insects are pests once they are allowed to multiply and once we tolerate their annoying
deeds. To control these pests, chemical ant insecticides or repellants are usually used by most of us but
harmful effects also come together with the package. Among those are the threat on our health and
surroundings; it causes and adds pollution.
Some local plants produce a distinctive organic substance or odor that can drive away insects.
Becoming aware on the good potential of these plants in controlling pests, botanical or organic materials
are being used now instead of using chemical-based ones. Since some of this plants are usually growing
in our very own pots and backyards, they are inexpensive, reasonable and environment friendly.
Thats why the researcher wants to make a product that could be the answer for this problem that
we all face. By using the four main ingredients: chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), garlic (Allium sativum
Linn.), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and onion (Allium Cepa), we will come up to have an alternative that
can repel, or much better, kill, common household pests, such as ants.
But having a biorepellant or bioinsecticide spray is too mainstream and sometimes harmful too;
just like for example the chili spray. Humans might inhale the minute droplets of chili spray and have an
allergy or irritation. So why not come up with a chalk, since we also have chalk repellants or insecticides.
But to add twist and to make our product more organic, environment friendly, not a threat to humans and

can give an equal quality as the commercial can give, chalks that were going to make should come from
eggshells.
Meaning, the researcher is pointing towards the goal of producing eggshell chalks with extracts of
chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), garlic (Allium sativum Linn.), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and onion
(Allium Cepa) that will come in individual sticks for the purpose of measuring the feasibility and
effectiveness of each in repelling or killing ants.
Despite the fact that there are hundreds of problems out there that is still unsolved, the
researcher chose this problem because it is one of the glitches that people really cant solve in just a snap
and this project could help us make our houses ant-free.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This all natural biorepellant derived from different plants could have driven away or even kill most
domestic insects anywhere, inside or outside of our homes.
Focusing first on the ingredient that will form the chalk, the eggshell, making chalk out of
eggshells is simple and requires no special ingredients. In short, there is no excuse for tossing eggshells
in the bin appreciate their varied uses. Egg shells, comprised mainly of calcium carbonate, can be used
to improve garden soil, make delicious coffee, clean out drains, and provide a calcium supplement and
more. But in this project we will concentrate on its use as a chalk because of its calcium carbonate
content.
Directing now on the main ingredients, first the chili pepper or what we, Filipinos, all know as
siling labuyo, which is commonly found in most Pinoy backyards and which can also be purchased at any
markets, was attested to be an efficient ingredient in making insect repellants. They said that we will gain
hot benefits from siling labuyo because of its active component, capsaicin. Capsaicin is the primary
ingredient of pepper sprays. With this and several related compounds, they are called as capsaicinoids.
They are generated as a secondary metabolite by chili peppers, probably as preventive against
herbivores and insects. They are called as secondary metabolite because they are organic compounds
that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of organisms. Chili
peppers are very strong and insects, as well as other animals have a very powerful sense of smell and
taste. It was said to be an irritant that causes a perception of burning of the tissues that comes to contact.

The insecticidal repellant properties are highest in the ripe fruit especially in the skin and seed. Chilies act
as a stomach poison, antifeedant and repellant to number of pests. But in working with this ingredient,
care should be given because they can irritate eyes and skin.
For the ginger or luya, which also contains capsaicin, is not recommended in use of sizeable
gardens, as quantities large enough to protect several plants would be quite expensive. It can also be
used to control pests that attack our houses. Ginger is non-toxic to humans and some animals, so if we
ingest it or get it on our faces, it cannot usually harm unlike chili peppers. This makes it an excellent
ingredient for gentle or mild repellant or insecticide.
Next is the very well-known garlic or bawang. Garlic was used all the way through history for both
cooking and therapeutic purposes. Aside from using garlic as a flavoring, it could also be beneficial to
make insecticides and repellants. No doubt, we are all familiar at how powerful its stimulating odor is.
Allicin is the substance and the effective force behind its natural power to repel and kill insects. But allicin
is not seen on the garlic on its natural state, when chopped or crushed, the enzyme allinase acts on the
chemical aliin, converting it to allicin. It could kill insects because of its smell. Insects dont like the smell
of garlic. Garlic compounds also protect the garlic itself just like how it protects us by being a strongly
oxidizing compound; it protects the garlic from attacks by bacteria and insects, thus acting like natural
insecticide. Garlic is said to be the foundation of many insecticidal formulations. It also let the insecticide
to be more secure and natural.
Last but not the least, the onion or sibuyas as we call it; who would have ever thought that we
could have a tearful benefit from onions. The gases emitted by onion, when sliced, have strong odors and
are known irritants. Onions are also very handy repellant to deter insects from our houses. A mixture with
this also works well to get rid of ants. It is wonderfully easy to work with and non-toxic too.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study determined the feasibility and effectiveness of home-made eggshell chalks with chili
pepper (Capsicum annuum), garlic (Allium sativum linn.), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and onion (Allium
cepa) as biorepellants for ants (Formicidae). Definitely, it has general and specific objectives to meet for
this study to be able to answer a number of queries.
1.3.1 General Objectives

1.3.1.1 To produce home-made biorepellant chalks for ant out of eggshells, chili pepper,
ginger, garlic and onion.
1.3.1.2 To find out if it is really possible to produce home-made biorepellant chalks for ant
out of eggshells, chili pepper, ginger, garlic and onion.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
1.3.2.1 Conduct a qualitative evaluation of home-made biorepellant chalks for ant out of
eggshells, chili pepper, ginger, garlic and onion.
1.3.2.2 This study also aims to answer the following query:
1.3.2.2.1 Is it really possible to produce biorepellant chalks out of eggshells, chili
pepper, ginger, garlic and onion?
1.3.2.2.2 Can the chalks really repel or kill ants?
1.3.2.3 Make our product more organic, environment friendly, not a threat to humans and
can give an equal quality as the commercial can give
1.3.2.4 Discover the significant effects of using home-made eggshell chalks with chili
pepper, ginger, garlic and onion as biorepellant for ants not just only to man but
also to nature.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The drive that keeps the researcher determined to work on this experiment is to help people to
extinguish pest that could destroy our daily routines just like ants. This problem could change a huge
population of people that are sick and tired of killing pests. This inquiry is the present-day interest for
many individuals, for the reason that almost all homeowners consider ants as one of the reasons why
their life become uneasy for them. This could reduce or eradicate any existing ant infestation and prevent
any forthcoming problems that could perchance go back again in our house. The research outcomes may
lead to some valuable change in best practice because it could lessen the population of domestic ants at
every house.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study is focused on producing and testing the feasibility and effectiveness of home-made
eggshell chalks with chili pepper (C. annuum), garlic (A. sativum linn.), ginger (Z. officinale) and onion (A.
cepa) as biorepellants for ants (Formicidae).
This study also focuses on how to lessen the risks that are caused by ants that had been a
problem to the people for quite some time now. The researcher also focused on how she can let people
be able to reach their needs in life, thats why she used cheap materials to create a repellant that would
lessen the risks to their health.
It deals with the assessment of its actual advantages as compared to another. The qualities and
quantities data obtained in the testing of the product were limited to three (3) trials only. This project is
also limited only on the effectiveness of home-made eggshell chalks with chili pepper, garlic, ginger and
onion as biorepellants for ants. It does not involve comparison between the home-made eggshell chalks
and the commercial one as repellants for ants.
Qualitative evaluation of the product based on Singh and Sharma (2004) using a five scale likert
method shall be used to determine physical attributes of the product. Its effectivity shall be determined
based on background knowledge, technical know-how and availability of resources we can cover the time
allotted for the completion of this paper, more or less two (2) months.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

"How can I get rid of ants in my house?" is one of the most common homeowner complaints
heard by insect pest control specialists. Ants invade the home to forage for food or seek shelter or both.
Using insect spray repellents is a handy way to avoid ants searching for food and residing our houses. It
is possible to get too much of a good thing, and if we are not careful, insect spray can actually cause
poisoning quite the opposite of the intended effect (healthguidance.org). This is caused through
breathing or swallowing bug spray which can occur if you spray too much in your vicinity and then move
around where it is still hanging in the air (Wickman, G., 2012).

Because of the undesirable effects we get from using insect sprays, most of the people chose
insecticide chalks as an alternative but EcoWaste Coalition; promoting consumer safety from harmful
chemicals has sounded the alarm bell over the unregulated sale of these chalks in the local market.

But we need not to worry for theres still a way that will help you keep annoying ants away from
your yard and patio, so you can enjoy your house spaces while using less bug spray and shooing away
those creepy crawlies (Fitzpatrick, J., 2010)
Those eggshells you throw away can be reused easily. Eggshell is the outer covering and the
barrier of embryo of bird species. It contains calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), the same component a typical
chalk has, which is a form of limestone (Boynton, R., et al., 1980). Eggshell can be reused after egg yolk
and egg white have been extracted. It can be reused to make many things. Therefore we must reuse
eggshell to obtain benefits (Waihoo, 2011). We can produce an eggshell chalk just by grinding the shells
in to fine powder, adding teaspoons of flour and pouring hot water into it. We can add coloring if we want
to make our chalks more appealing. On a clean dry surface, well roll the mixture into a stick and wait for it
to dry. Itll take about three days to completely dry and there it goes, ready to be used as a chalk.
Theoretically, six (6) eggs can produce a single stick of chalk. (Functional3rdEggshellChalk)

Unfurl home-made eggshell chalks with extracts of chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens Linn.),
garlic (Allium sativum Linn.), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and onion (Allium Cepa) instead of ordinary hot
water as biorepellent for ants (Formicidae) which is useful to keep home, warehouses and buildings pest
free.
The mentioned Philippine local spices which are readily available have been proven helpful for
eradicating crawling household insects, especially for those who don't want to use harmful chemicals or
want an organic garden (Kluza., A., 1998).
2.2 RELATED STUDIES
Capsaicin, which is made from the Capsicum red chili pepper, is used as insect repellent.
Capsaicin repellents are used indoors to protect carpets, furniture, etc. and outdoors to protect other
plants. Capsaicin is obtained by grinding dried, ripe Capsicum frutescens Linn. Chili peppers into fine
powder. The oleoresin is derived by distilling the powder in a solvent and evaporating the solvent. The
resulting highly concentrated liquid has little odor but has an extremely pungent taste (United States
Environment Protection Agency). It disrupts the nervous system of insects and damages their cell
membranes. It is most effective in preventing populations of pests from growing instead of killing large
infestations. Capsaicin is also a skin irritant and should be handled with care. (Miller, L., 2012). Ginger
(Zingiber officinale) is also said to have the same organic chemical as an effective control to insect pests.
(MaCloskey, E., 2012)
Aside from using garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) as a flavoring, it could also be a benefit to make
insecticides. The powerful stimulating odor that can kill pests is called allicin. Allicin is not seen in garlic on
its natural state, when chopped or crushed, the enzyme alliinase acts on the chemical alliin converting it
to allicin. Alliin is an amino acid that does not build proteins. Alliinase has been demonstrated to be
irreversibly deactivated below pH of 3; as such, allicin is generally not produced in the body if garlic is
consumed. Thus, it could kill insect because of its smell. Insect dont like the smell of garlic, which
humans also dislike too. Being a strongly oxidizing compound, it protects garlic from attack by bacteria
and insects by disabling the enzymes that are found in the substrate necessary for infections to occur,
thus acting as a natural insecticide. It does by attacking the S-H groups found on their active sites.
(Cavalitto, C.J. et al. 1944. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66: 1950)

The amount of essential oil from onion (Allium Cepa) is very small but it contains the aromatic
and tears producing properties. These are caused by sulfide which is produced by the reaction of the
enzyme alliinase on the amino acid. These substances are normally is separate cell in the tissues, but
when the onion is cut and bruised, rupturing the cells, the reaction takes place. In the late 1970s a
chemical was identified as propanethal S-oxide, the onion chemical that makes the people tear-up
(Colliers Encyclopedia 5).
Through studies, it is said that plants are the common source of insecticide. A Siling labuyo or
chili pepper is an example of these. It contains mild insecticidal substances which in moderate
concentrations and quantities would have an adverse effect on several types of insects. Abad, U., et al,
1988, conducted a study with a goal to find out if other spices-specifically garlic, onion and ginger- contain
insecticidal substances toxic to insects. Their study paved the way to the development of new potential
source of effective insecticides that would be available cheaply and locally.
Allicin was used by agents Browdy and Neimark and inventors Miron,. T., et al last 2006 as an
insect repellent and insecticide in agricultural crops by treating the object or area with an effective amount
of allicin.
Some researchers also tried to work on these plant extracts. Extracts are at different
concentrations (10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, 0.1% and 0.01%). All extracts except that from ginger had similar
repellencies ranging between 80%-96% at 10% concentration. At the lowest concentration (0.01%) onion
extract gave the highest repellency (30%) followed by garlic (23%). Generally, the plant extracts showed
various degrees of repellency against larval mites and the repellency increased with increasing
concentration of the extracts (Ming, H.T., et al, 2012).
To list their effectiveness in order as general repellants is pretty hard since the results would vary
upon method and area of application, type of insects, and other variables (Madachik, M., 2000).

CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 MATERIALS/ EQUIPMENTS

An important aspect of every investigatory project is the materials list. Because a key factor of
project success is proper planning, a detailed materials list should be prepared for even minor research
work.
The main materials that were used in this study were shells from two hundred fifty (250) large
white eggs, thirty grams (30g) powdered chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), thirty grams (30g) powdered
garlic (Allium sativum linn.), thirty grams (30g) powdered or granulated ginger (Zingiber officinale) and
thirty grams (30g) powdered onion (Allium cepa).
Other materials used were tap water, dishwashing soap, stove or heat source, large metal pot,
bleach, baking sheet, oven, mortar and pestle, plastic mixing bowl, plastic storage containers, plastic
spoon, small strainer, hot water, one hundred sixty milliliter (160 ml) measuring cup, tablespoons,
teaspoons, plaster of Paris, wax paper, scissors, sago straws, masking tape, funnel, medium-sized tray,
scratch papers, and cutter.
Warm tap water and dishwashing soap are used to completely rinse out the inside of the shells.
The stove or heat source, measuring cups, large metal pot, tap water, bleach, baking sheet and
oven shall be used for the sterilization of empty eggshells. Boiling the eggshells with bleach solution
would kill any potential bacteria. To make sure that the eggshells are really sterilized, it is advisable to
bake them in the oven for just a couple of minutes.
The purpose of the mortar and pestles for pounding and grinding sterilized empty eggshells to
make them into smaller particles, specifically powder in state.
Plastic storage containers are available in a lot of sizes and heights for keeping almost any item
imagined. The pulverized eggshells must be kept in a cool dry place while in a plastic storage container

covered with its lid to avoid contamination. Mixing of ingredients should also be done in a plastic container
together with a plastic spoon.
The powdered chili, garlic, onion, ginger, and eggshells will serve as the main ingredients for the
chalk sticks to be it.
We dont want unwanted materials and bits of eggshells to be included in the chalk mixture for it
might be the cause why chalks break easily. So before putting the pulverized eggshells in the mixture use
a small strainer to separate wanted elements from unwanted materials. Using hot water will dissolve the
ingredients faster and much better. Tablespoons and teaspoons will serve as measuring device. Adding
few teaspoons of plaster of Paris will help on binding the minute particles of the main ingredients. Use
plastic bowls or containers and plastic spoon to break up any lumps in the dry plaster and ensure that the
ingredients are evenly mixed, with fine texture and batter-like after the addition of water.
To make a single chalk stick, the main requirements are: six (6) empty eggshells or one
tablespoon (1 tbsp.) pulverized eggshells, one teaspoon (1 tsp.) plaster of Paris, one teaspoon (1 tsp.)
powdered ingredient, and one teaspoon (1 tsp.) hot water.
Cutting is also involved in this project. For us to always cut evenly, without problems, and with a
minimum of effort, use either the scissors or cutter.
Sago straws are will be used as cylindrical molds by lining it with wax paper inside. Wax paper is
coated with a thin layer of wax to make it water resistant. Use wax paper so mixture won't stick to the
mold frame. To cover the side holes of the straw, use masking tape.
The funnel is for bringing the batter-like mixture into the straw molders with precision.
To hold all the molders with mixture neatly, use a plastic medium-sized tray. But before putting the
molders with mixture do not forget to put scratch papers in it to serve as absorbers of water that will be
leaking out of the straw molders.

10

Figure 3.1B Crushed shells from empty large white eggs

Figure 3.1A Shells from empty large white eggs

Figure 3.1C Running tap water

Figure 3.1D Powdered shells from empty large white eggs

Figure 3.1C Crushed shells from empty large white eggs (closer
view)

Figure 3.1F Packs of Ginger powder (left), Chili powder (middle),

Onion powder (second to the right) and Garlic powder
(right)

Figure 3.1E Powdered shells from empty large white eggs (closer
view)

11

Figure 3.1G Large metal pot on stove

Figure 3.1H Zonrox bleach

Figure 3.1I Small oven

Figure 3.1J Porcelain mortar and pestle

Figure 3.1K Dishwashing liquid soap

12
Figure 3.1L Running tap water

Figure 3.1M Heat source or stove

Figure 3.1O Pair of scissors

Figure 3.1N Baking sheet/ tray

Figure 3.1Q Small funnel

Figure 3.1P Plastic mixing bowl

13
Figure 3.1R Heat source or stove

Figure 3.1S Plaster of Paris

Figure 3.1T Plaster of Paris

Figure 3.1U Plaster of Paris (closer view)

Figure 3.1W 160ml Measuring cup

Figure 3.1V Plastic spoon

14
Figure 3.1X Small strainer

Figure 3.1Y Sago straws

Figure 3.1Z Cutter

Figure 3.1b Tablespoon

Figure 3.1a Teaspoon

Figure 3.1c Medium-sized tray with scratch papers

15

Figure 3.1d Plastic storage containers

3.2 TREATMENT/ GENERAL PROCEDURES

This project seems to be easy but in reality it involves a lot of procedures.
3.2.1 Gathering of Materials
The most difficult and also the most important part of making any investigatory or research project
is actually getting started.
In gathering of materials, the researcher took time to make careful choices among available
project resources and allowed herself to collect items from the nearest store or supermarket since the
materials needed are not that hard to find. Some of the materials are just common household utensils
and equipment. She also made trips to the library to acquire enough information and reliable
references for the completion of this project.
3.2.2 Preparing the Materials
When you already have the materials, it's tempting to jump right in and start mixing and molding.
However, in order to achieve a professional-looking finished product, it's important to properly prepare
the material before doing anything else.
The researcher, to keep things in order and to make the process successful, gathered all
materials needed on the working table not farther than her arms reach. The materials to be used
were organized in a particular manner; materials to be used in specific processes were grouped
together.

16

She double-checked if all the materials needed are present, clean and in good condition to avoid
any interruption while doing the procedures.
3.2.3 Sterilizing the Eggshells
First, the researcher washed the eggshells well using soap and water, so they don't have any egg
left in them and then completely rinsed out the inside of the shells with warm water. The inner lining of
the shells were also removed.
The large metal pot was filled with ten percent (10%) bleach solution, three liters (3L) of tap water
and one (1) cup of bleach, followed by the two hundred fifty (250) washed empty eggshells. The
eggshells in the bleach solutions were boiled with a moderate stove flame for about 15 minutes.
The clean eggshells were placed on a baking sheet and dried them out in the oven for about 1520 minutes.
The completely sterilized eggshells were placed in a clean plastic container to be kept for a while.
3.2.4 Grinding the Eggshells
The researcher ground the sterilized eggshells with mortar and pestle on a flat working table. She
made sure that the equipment shes using for grinding is clean so she doesnt get dirt ground in with
the eggshells. The eggshells are ground into fine powder. Pulverized eggshells were checked if there
are still big pieces of shells. The researcher picked out any little bits of eggshell that are still not
ground up and threw them away. She sifted the powdered shells with a small strainer, let a plastic
container catch the fine powder and brought it for the next part.
3.2.5 Constructing the Improvised Chalk Molders
The sago straws are too long for it to become a chalk molder so the researcher decided to cut it
in half. She cut twenty (20) straws in half in order to have forty (40) chalk molders. The cut straws
cannot be molders unless one of their side holes is covered. She covered one side hole with masking
tape and secured that theres no open space or holes left.
The researcher cut twelve by four inches (12x4in) wax paper and folded it in half (1/2) four (4)
times. She unfolded the wax paper and started cutting it following the created lines. She did it ten (10)
times just to have forty (40) wax paper cuts.

17

Figure 3.2.5A 12X4 wax paper

Figure 3.2.5B 12X4 wax paper divided into 4

Figure 3.2.5C Straw molder for chili mixture

Then, she rolled the wax paper loosely and inserted it into the straw molder so as to effectively
line the molder. She did the same thing with other molders. The top of the wax paper should be higher
than the molders.
She kept the finished molders aside to give way to the next process.
3.2.6 Making the Chalk Mixture
In this procedure, the researcher decided not to make individual mixtures, meaning instead of
making a mixture for only a single stick of chalk and repeating the process over again for more chalk
sticks, she chose to make a mixture for the production of ten (10) for every type of mixture.
The researcher didnt take any hard time thinking of what mixture to make first; powdered eggshells
with chili pepper, garlic, ginger or onion. Any of the following powdered condiments may come first.
She also took note that the main ingredients should not be mixed all together. There should only be

18

one (1) powdered condiment to partner the pulverized eggshells at a time. So the researcher decided
to start working with the powdered eggshells and chili pepper mixture.
To make the mixture, the researcher dissolved three teaspoons (3 tsp.) of powdered chili pepper to
forty milliliters (40 ml) of hot water in a deep plastic container. Then ten tablespoons (10 tbsp.) of
powdered eggshells were added. She mixed the mixture very well using a plastic spoon until the
mixture became light in color, light reddish-orange specifically. Next, she added ten teaspoons (10
tsp.) of plaster of Paris gradually. The researcher incorporated the plaster of Paris little by little so that
it wont form lumps in the mixture. The temperature of the water matters since the hotter the water the
better the action and blending of the plaster of Paris in to the mixture. The temperature of the water
also determines whether the chalk will harden in a short or long period of time; the hotter the water
the faster the chalk will harden. She continued mixing until the mixture became even lighter in color,
batter-like, and smooth in texture.

Figure 3.2.6A Eggshell chalk with chili pepper mixture (upper left), eggshell chalk with garlic mixture (upper right), eggshell
chalk with ginger mixture (lower left) and eggshell chalk with onion mixture (lower right)

3.2.7 Filling the Straw Molders

19

For the chalks to obtain a cylindrical shape, the researcher got the straw molders and filled each
molders carefully using a funnel. She used a plastic spoon to pour the mixture little by little into the
straw molders through the funnel. The mixture was poured until each mold is three fourths full. She
also tapped the molders lightly on the work surface to shake the mixture down into the molds and
remove air bubbles and then filled the molds to the top and set aside.
3.2.8 Drying the Eggshell Chalks
The chalks were set aside and let it dry. She waited until the chalks texture is firm and dry. This
may take a few hours depending on the humidity and the sizes of the molds filled in. Wait for the
moment that the chalks feel dry and firm, the researcher took it out from the molder by pulling the
masking tape off of the straw tubes. By using a cutter, she cut the top of the molders vertically. Then
she let the blade of the cutter be perpendicular to the first cut done and slid the blade until it reached
the end to completely open the straw molders and peel the straw from the chalk to let the hardened
chalk out. She waited for another 24 hours for the chalks to dry completely.

Figure 3.2.8A Drying the eggshell chalk with chili pepper mixture

3.2.9 Packaging the Eggshell Chalks

Designing a good box isn't difficult if you adhere to a few basics. A box is more than just a
package to hold your product.
To make a box appropriate for the product, the researcher got an old box to serve as reference or
pattern for the one that shell be making.

20

The
that

first step

the

researcher

did

for

packaging

of

the

product is

to

implement

a design.

the

What

the

researcher

kept

mind is to

bring the

product

into

She chose

graphics

that

in

life.

are

appropriate for the product. The next thing is she made sure that the box has the correct measure or
size. A four by five inches measure was applied by the researcher. She believed that the box should
not be too tight and too loose for the four (4) different chalks to be placed inside. She also chose
appropriate colors like orange and yellow. The texts like products name, what the product is for,
direction/s for use, products active ingredients, first aid, etc. were also designed to be easily read by
the customers. She just used Microsoft word 2010 for this process. The researcher printed it on a
high quality photo paper. Right after the printing is done, she just let the ink to completely dry for a
couple of minutes and started cutting it following the black external outline of the box. She folded on
the black internal lines, and then glued the flaps to the inside of the box so no one can see them. She
did not glue the top flap because she wants the box to be able to open and close. When the box is
ready, the researcher put four (4) chalks of different types in the box.

21

Figure 3.2.9A Biorepellent eggshell chalks box

pattern

3.2.10 Testing the Eggshell Chalks

After a lot of procedures done, the products need to undergo tests for the researcher to evaluate
the effectiveness of the eggshell chalks. She decided to conduct an evaluation test one after every
type of eggshell chalk to avoid confusion.
The qualitative evaluation was done by the researcher using five scale likert method to determine
physical attributes of the product which is derived from Singh and Sharmas (2004) Qualities of a
Chalk Repellent.
For the quantitative evaluation, she placed two (2) candies on a rough-surfaced ground; one
would serve as the control element and the other candy would be subject to chalk application.
One of the candies was encircled using the chalk. The researcher waited for the ants to come
near the candies. She also recorded the time of arrival and going away of ants.
Aside from ants, the researcher noticed that other insects species were also repelled and
attracted so she took note of those details too.
Some equations and formula were also used by the researcher to determine significant digits
which will be helpful for the comparison of the four different types of chalk products.

22

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Results and Discussion

The researcher actually underwent series of trials and errors, specifically four (4) trials, before
coming up with the perfect chalks.
The first trial was when the researcher did not consider sterilizing the empty eggshells before
using and preferred to extract the active compounds from the main ingredients through decoction. As the
chalks were set to dry, growth of molds and fungi were also observed. So she considered the hypothesis
of not sterilizing the eggshells before use and extracting the active compounds from the main ingredients
through decoction as failure.
The second trial was when the researcher sterilized the eggshells already, chose powdered
ingredients instead and used flour as binder for the mixture. The eggshell chalks werent observed to
have molds and fungi but it became crunchy, crumbly, cant even draw with it on sidewalks after molded
and dried. So she considered the hypothesis of using flour as binder of mixtures particles as failure.
The third trial was when the researcher thought of using something inorganic to be added to her
mixture to prolong the shelf life and improve its physical qualities. She assumed of using plaster of Paris
as the binder. The researcher first tried if plaster of Paris and extracts from decoction process would react
well. As the products were set to dry, no growth of molds and fungi were observed and the perfect

23

hardness was achieved. She had the notion that this time, the trial would be a success but she got wrong
for just after 2 days the chalks started to have molds and fungi around it.
Still, the researcher kept on searching for ways that the chalks would attain its almost perfect
quality and effectiveness.
On the fourth trial, the researcher used the plaster of Paris as binder plus the powdered main
ingredients. As the products were drying, she already observed that there was a great potential that the
product would obtain the desired physical appearance. The eggshell chalks, at the moment of drying did
not have any molds or fungi. The chalks were also observed to have good physical qualities and its
writing capacity was also improved. She also noticed that the shelf life of the product actually lasted for
weeks, particularly two (2) weeks.
The production of repellent chalks out of eggshells, different condiments and plaster of Paris was
tested and proven feasible by the researcher upon actually seeing the actual product after a lot of
procedures.
The researcher undertook quantitative and qualitative tests to measure the effectiveness of the
chalks.

The final product underwent qualitative evaluation by eleven (11) Biological Science
student teachers, five (5) high school students, two (2) family members and one (1) neighbor.
Data gathered shall be interpreted through percentage evaluation.

24

Figure 4.1A Sensory evaluation survey form

25

4.1.1 Physical Qualities

4.1.1.1 Durability
This is the measure if the chalk repellent doesnt easily break into pieces upon using.
Table 4.1.1.1A Durability test through different levels of tapping (Trial 1)

Chili
Garlic
Ginger
Onion

(10) Slight Tapping

(10) Moderate Tapping

(10) Strong Tapping

For trial 1, the researcher slightly tapped or knocked the chalks on a hard surface ten
(10) times and the chalks did not break upon doing so. When the chalks were subjected to
moderate tapping of the same number of repetitions, still there were no signs of breakage on
the chalks. The chalks were also tapped strongly with the same number of repetitions but then
again, the chalks did not break upon tapping.
Table 4.1.1.2B Durability test through different levels of tapping (Trial 2)

Chili
Garlic
Ginger
Onion

(10) Slight Tapping

(10) Moderate Tapping

(10) Strong Tapping

X (6 taps)

For trial 2, the researcher did the same thing, she slightly tapped or knocked the chalks
on a hard surface ten (10) times and the chalks did not break upon doing so. When the chalks
were subjected to moderate tapping of the same number of repetitions, still there were no signs
of breakage on the chalks. The chalks were also tapped strongly with the same number of
repetitions but what made the difference was when the eggshell chalk with onion broke after six
(6) strong taps.
Table 4.1.1.3C Durability test through different levels of tapping (Trial 3)

Chili
Garlic
Ginger
Onion

(10) Slight Tapping

(10) Moderate Tapping

(10) Strong Tapping

X (8taps)

For trial 3, the researcher did the same thing, she slightly tapped or knocked the chalks
on a hard surface ten (10) times and the chalks did not break upon doing so. When the chalks

26

were subjected to moderate tapping of the same number of repetitions, still there were no signs
of breakage on the chalks. The chalks were also tapped strongly with the same number of
repetitions but what made the difference were when the eggshell chalk with garlic broke after
eight (8) strong taps and when the eggshell chalk with onion surpassed the strong tapping.

Table 4.1.1.1D Durability test through application of chalks (Trials 1-3)

5.4
5.2
5
4.8
meters
4.6
4.4
4.2
4

The durability was tested through application of the products by starting from the same
initial point for three (3) trials.
For the first trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger was applied for about 5.33 meters before
breaking. A 5 meter distance was covered by the eggshell chalk with chili pepper before
breaking. The eggshell chalk with garlic was applied for about 4.62 meters before breaking. A
4.52 meter distance was covered by the eggshell chalk with onion before breaking.
For the second trial, the eggshell chalk with chili was applied for about 5.21 meters
before breaking. A 5 meter distance was covered by the eggshell chalk with ginger before
breaking. The eggshell chalk with onion was applied for about 4.6 meters before breaking. A 4.5
meter distance was covered by the eggshell chalk with garlic before breaking.

27

For the third trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger was applied for about 5.1 meters before
breaking. A 4.7 meter distance was covered by the eggshell chalk with garlic and onion before
breaking. The eggshell chalk with chili pepper was applied for about 4.65 meters before
breaking.
The first two tables discuss the tests conducted by the researcher herself. A consumer
test was also conducted through a survey.
Table 4.1.1.1E Survey tally for durability test

Statistics showed that fourteen (14) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 73.68% ranked
the eggshell chalk with chili as excellent in terms of durability, four (4) or 21.05% graded it as
very good and one (1) or 5.26% as fair.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, sixteen (16) or 84.21% ranked the eggshell chalk with
garlic as excellent and three (3) or 15.80% graded it as very good.
The tally table also displayed that seventeen (17) out of nineteen (19) respondents or
89.47% ranked the eggshell chalk with ginger as excellent and two (2) or 10.53% graded it as
very good.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, seventeen (17) or 89.47% ranked the eggshell chalk
with onion as excellent too and two (2) or 10.52 % graded it as very good and needs
improvement.
4.1.1.2 Fine-textured

28

This is the measure if the chalk repellent is a smooth, fine-grained structure.

Table 4.1.1.2A Survey tally for fine-texture test

Statistics showed that thirteen (13) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 68.42% ranked
the eggshell chalk with chili as excellent in terms of fine texture, five (5) or 26.32% graded it as
very good and one (1) or 5.26% as fair.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, fourteen (14) or 73.68% ranked the eggshell chalk
with garlic as excellent , four (4) or 21.05% graded it as very good and one (1) or 5.26% said
that it needs improvement.
The tally table also displayed that fourteen (14) out of nineteen (19) respondents or
73.68% ranked the eggshell chalk with ginger as excellent too and five (5) or 26.32% graded it
as very good.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, fifteen (15) or 78.94% ranked the eggshell chalk with
onion as excellent too, two (2) or 10.53 % graded it as very good and one (1) or 5.26% for
needs improvement.
4.1.1.3 Pungency
This is the measure of the state of the chalk repellent being pungent or having a smell
with a sharp acrid sensation.

29

Table 4.1.1.3A Survey tally for pungency test

In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5- Excellent, 4- Very
good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the researcher made use of the scale 5 as
very strong, 4 as strong, 3 as moderate, 2 as weak and 1 as very weak.
Statistics showed that fifteen (15) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 78.94% ranked
the eggshell chalk with chili as very strong in terms of pungency, three (3) or 15.80% graded it
as strong and one (1) or 5.26% as weak.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, sixteen (16) or 84.21% ranked the eggshell chalk
with garlic as very strong and three (3) or 15.80% graded it strong.
The tally table also displayed that the eggshell chalk with garlic and eggshell chalk with
ginger just obtained the same results.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, thirteen (13) or 68.42% ranked the eggshell chalk
with onion as very strong, four (4) or 21.05% graded it as very good, and , two (2) or 10.53 %
graded it as moderate and weak.
4.1.1.4 Dust-free
This is the measure if the chalk repellent doesnt produce fine powdery material upon
using.

30

Table 4.1.1.4A Survey tally for dust-free test

Statistics showed that thirteen (13) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 68.42% ranked
the eggshell chalk with chili as excellent in terms of being free from dust, five (5) or 26.32%
graded it as very good and one (1) or 5.26% as good.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, fifteen (15) or 78.94% ranked the eggshell chalk with
garlic as excellent , three (3) or 15.80% graded it as very good and one (1) or 5.26%
considered it as good.
The tally table also displayed that fifteen (15) out of nineteen (19) respondents or
78.94% ranked the eggshell chalk with ginger as excellent too and four (4) or 21.05% graded it
as very good.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, seventeen (17) or 89.47% ranked the eggshell chalk
with onion as excellent, and two (2) or 10.53 % graded it as very.
4.1.1.5 Writing capability
This is the measure if the chalk repellent writes well on sidewalks or surfaces.

31

Table 4.1.1.5A Survey tally for writing capability test

Statistics showed that seven (7) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 36.84% ranked the
eggshell chalk with chili as excellent in terms of writing capability, eleven (11) or 57.89% graded
it as very good and one (2) or 10.52% as good.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, eight (8) or 42.11% ranked the eggshell chalk with
garlic as excellent and eleven (11) or 57.89% graded it as very good.
The tally table also displayed that ten (10) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 52.63%
ranked the eggshell chalk with ginger as excellent and nine (9) or 47.37% graded it as very
good.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, eleven (11) or 57.89% ranked the eggshell chalk with
onion as excellent, and eight (8) or 42.11% graded it as very good.
After conducting several qualitative tests, the researcher continued with the quantitative
test which will reflect the effectiveness of the product.
4.1.2 Effectivity
4.1.2.1 Fast-acting
This measures the how fast ants reacted and moved away the site where chalk repellent
was applied.
The researcher also conducted her own test of repellants fast activity.

32

Table 4.1.2.1A Fast activity test measured by time (Trials1-3)

Chili
Garlic
Ginger
Onion

Trial 1
4mins. 30sec.
4mins. 25sec.
4mins.
6mins.

Trial 2
6mins. 23sec.
5mins.
3mins. 13sec.
4mins. 30sec.

Trial 3
4mins. 20sec.
4mins.
3mins. 20sec.
4mins. 54sec.

For the first trial, the eggshell chalk with onion took six minutes (6mins.) of the time
before it was able to repel ants. Four minutes and twenty seconds (4mins. 20sec.) time was
covered by the eggshell chalk with chili pepper before it started repelling ants. The eggshell
chalk with garlic took four minutes and twenty-five seconds (4mins. 25sec.) of the time before it
was able to repel ants. Four minutes (4mins.) time was covered by the eggshell chalk with
onion before it started repelling ants.
For the second trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper took six minutes and twentythree seconds (6mins. 23sec.) of the time before it was able to repel ants. Five minutes
(5mins.) time was covered by the eggshell chalk with garlic before it started repelling ants. The
eggshell chalk with onion took four minutes and thirty seconds (4mins. 30sec.) of the time
before it was able to repel ants. Three minutes and thirteen seconds (3mins. 13sec.) time was
covered by the eggshell chalk with ginger before it started repelling ants.
For the third trial, the eggshell chalk with onion took four minutes and fifty-four seconds
(4mins. 54sec.) of the time before it was able to repel ants. Four minutes and twenty seconds
(4mins. 20sec.) time was covered by the eggshell chalk with chili pepper before it started
repelling ants. The eggshell chalk with ginger took three minutes and twenty seconds (3mins.
20sec.) of the time before it was able to repel ants. Four minutes (4mins.) time was covered by
the eggshell chalk with garlic before it started repelling ants.
The first table discusses the test conducted by the researcher herself. A consumer test
was also conducted through a survey.

33

Table 4.1.2.1B Survey tally for fast activity test

In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5- Excellent, 4- Very
good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the researcher made use of the scale 5 as 0
minutes and 0 seconds to one minute and fifty-nine seconds (0min0s- 1min59s), 4 as two
minutes to two minutes and fifty-nine seconds (2mins- 2min59s), 3 as three minutes to three
minutes and fifty-nine seconds (3mins- 3mins59s), 2 as four minutes to four minutes and fiftynine seconds (4mins- 4mins59s) and 1 five minutes and longer (5mins-longer).
Statistics showed that two (2) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 10.52% scored the
eggshell chalk with chili 5 in terms of fast activity, three (3) or 15.80% graded it 4, two (2) or
26.32% graded it 2 and seven (7) or 36.84% graded it 1.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, three (3) or 15.80% scored the eggshell chalk with
garlic 5, three (3) or 15.80% graded it 4, two (2) or 10.52% graded it 3, , three (3) or 15.80%
graded it 2 and eight (8) or 42.11% graded it 1.
The tally table also displayed that two (2) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 26.32%
scored the eggshell chalk with ginger 5, four (4) or 26.32% graded it 4, three (3) or 15.80%
graded it 3, two (2) or 26.32% graded it 2 and seven (7) or 36.84% graded it 1.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, two (2) or 26.32% scored the eggshell chalk with
onion 5, four (4) or 26.32% graded it 4, two (2) or 26.32% graded it 3, one (1) or 5.26% graded
it 2 and ten (10) or 52.63% graded it 1.

34

4.1.2.2 Number of ants repelled

This measures how many ants were repelled by the product.
Table 4.1.2.2A Ant-repelled-quantity test (Trials1-3)

Chili
Garlic
Ginger
Onion

Trial 1
15
15
15
15

Trial 2
16
12
12
10

Trial 3
18
14
14
14

For the first trial, all the eggshell chalks repelled almost fifteen (15) ants.
For the second trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled sixteen (16) ants.
Twelve (12) ants each were repelled by the eggshell chalk with garlic and eggshell chalk with
ginger. The eggshell chalk with onion repelled ten (10) ants.
For the third trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled eighteen (18) ants.
Fourteen (14hrs.) ants each was repelled by eggshell chalks with garlic, ginger and onion.
The first table discusses the test conducted by the researcher herself. A consumer test
was also conducted through a survey.

Table 4.1.2.2B Survey tally for number of ants repelled by each product

35

In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5- Excellent, 4- Very
good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the researcher made use of the marking
system: If the chalk repellent warded off 24-30 ants then it should be marked as 5; 18-24 ants,
mark 4; 13-18 ants, mark 3; 7-12 ants, mark 2; and 1-6 ants, mark 1.
Statistics showed that five (5) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 26.31% said that the
eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled twenty-five to thirty (25-30) ants, two (2) or 10.52%
said that it repelled nineteen to twenty-four (19-24) ants, three (3) or 15.80% said that it lasted it
repelled thirteen to eighteen (13-18) ants, six (6) or 31.58% said that it repelled seven to twelve
(7-12) ants and three (3) or 15.80% said that it just repelled one to six (1-6) ants.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, three (3) or 15.80% said that the eggshell chalk with
garlic repelled twenty-five to thirty (25-30) ants, four (4) or 21.05% said that it repelled nineteen
to twenty-four (19-24) ants, three (3) or 15.80% said that it lasted it repelled thirteen to eighteen
(13-18) ants, six (6) or 31.58% said that it repelled seven to twelve (7-12) ants and three (3) or
15.80% said that it just repelled one to six (1-6) ants.
The tally table also displayed that three (3) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 15.80%
said that the eggshell chalk with ginger repelled twenty-five to thirty (25-30) ants, two (2) or
10.52% said that it repelled nineteen to twenty-four (19-24) ants, five (5) or 26.32 said that it
lasted it repelled thirteen to eighteen (13-18) ants, five (5) or 26.32% said that it repelled seven
to twelve (7-12) ants and four (4) or 21.05% said that it just repelled one to six (1-6) ants.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, three (3) or 15.80% said that the eggshell chalk with
onion repelled twenty-five to thirty (25-30) ants, two (2) or 10.52% said that it repelled nineteen
to twenty-four (19-24) ants, three (3) or 15.80% said that it lasted it repelled thirteen to eighteen
(13-18) ants, five (5) or 26.32% said that it repelled seven to twelve (7-12) ants and six (6) or
31.58% said that it just repelled one to six (1-6) ants.
4.1.2.3 Lasting effect
This measures if the chalk repellent offers long-term protection against ants.
Table 4.1.2.3A Lasting effect test measured by hour/s (Trials1-3)

Chili

Trial 1
14hrs.

Trial 2
15hrs.

Trial 3
13hrs.

36

Garlic
Ginger
Onion

14hrs.
14hrs.
14hrs.

13hrs.
14hrs.
14hrs.

14hrs.
13hrs.
14hrs.

For the first trial, all the eggshell chalks lasted for about fourteen hours (14hrs.).
For the second trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper persistently repelled ants for
fifteen hours (15hrs.). Fourteen hours (14hrs.) time each was covered by the eggshell chalk
with ginger and eggshell chalk with onion in repelling ants. The eggshell chalk with garlic
persistently repelled ants for thirteen hours (13hrs.)
For the third trial, the eggshell chalk with garlic and eggshell chalk with onion persistently
repelled ants for fourteen hours (14hrs.) each. Thirteen hours (13hrs.) time each was covered
by the eggshell chalk with chili pepper and eggshell chalk with ginger in repelling ants.
The first table discusses the test conducted by the researcher herself. A consumer test
was also conducted through a survey.
Table 4.1.2.3B Survey tally for lasting effect test

In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5- Excellent, 4- Very
good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the researcher made use of the marking
system: If after 4 hours ants started to come near the site where product was applied then it
should be marked as 1; if after 9 hours ants started to come near the site where product was
applied, mark 2; if after 14 hours ants started to come near the site where product was applied,

37

mark 3; if after 19 hours ants started to come near the site where product was applied, mark 4
and if after 24 hours still no ants went near the site where product was applied then it should be
marked as 5.
Statistics showed that four (4) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 21.05% said that the
eggshell chalk with chili pepper lasted for twenty-four hours or even longer (24hrs-longer). Four
(4) or 21.05% said that it lasted for nineteen hours (19hrs), three (3) or 15.80% said that it
lasted for 14 hours instead, five (5) or 26.32% said that it lasted for only nine hours (9hrs.) and
three (3) or 15.80% said that it just lasted for four hours (4hrs.).
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, two (2) or 26.32% said that the eggshell chalk with
garlic lasted for twenty-four hours or even longer (24hrs-longer). Four (4) or 21.05% said that it
lasted for nineteen hours (19hrs), four (4) or 21.05% also said that it lasted for 14 hours, five (5)
or 26.32% said that it lasted for only nine hours (9hrs.) and four (4) or 21.05% also said that it
just lasted for four hours (4hrs.).
The tally table also displayed that two (2) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 26.32%
said that the eggshell chalk with ginger lasted for twenty-four hours or even longer (24hrslonger), three (3) or 15.80% said that it lasted for nineteen hours (19hrs), five (5) or 26.32%
said that it lasted for 14 hours instead, five (5) or 26.32% said that it lasted for only nine hours
(9hrs.) and four (4) or 21.05% said that it just lasted for four hours (4hrs.).
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, three (3) or 15.80% said that the eggshell chalk with
onion lasted for twenty-four hours or even longer (24hrs-longer), three (3) or 15.80% said that it
lasted for nineteen hours (19hrs), four (4) or 21.05% said that it lasted for 14 hours instead, five
(5) or 26.32% said that it lasted for only nine hours (9hrs.) and four (4) or 21.05% said that it
just lasted for four hours (4hrs.).
4.1.3 Side effects
4.1.3.1 Irritability
This measures how intense the chalk repellants bring extreme sensitivity to consumers
by stimulation of chalk repellent. This is a check whether the products have the ability to give
consumers rashes and itch.

38

Table 4.1.3.1A Survey tally for irritability test

In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5- Excellent, 4- Very
good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the researcher made use of the marking
system: Mark 5 if you strongly agree that the chalk repellent caused you extreme itch and
irritability. Mark 4 if you simply agree that it caused you a moderate level of itch and irritability.
Mark 3 if you are undecided that the chalk caused you itch and irritability. Mark 2 if you simply
disagree that this chalk caused you itch and irritability. Lastly, Mark 1 if you strongly disagree
that this chalk caused you itch and irritability.
Statistics showed that three (3) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 15.80% said that
the eggshell chalk with chili pepper caused them extreme itch and irritability, one (1) or 5.26%
said that they disagree that this chalk can cause itch and irritability, and fifteen (15) or 78.95%
said that they strongly disagree that this chalk can cause itch and irritability.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, two (2) or 10.52% said that the eggshell chalk with
garlic caused them extreme and moderate itch and irritability, two (2) or 10.52% said that they
disagree that this chalk can cause itch and irritability, and fifteen (15) or 78.95% said that they
strongly disagree that this chalk can cause itch and irritability.
The tally table also displayed that two (2) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 10.52%
said that the eggshell chalk with ginger caused them extreme and moderate itch and irritability,
one (1) or 5.26% said that he is still undecided whether the chalk can cause itch and irritability,

39

and sixteen (16) or 84.21% said that they strongly disagree that this chalk can cause itch and
irritability.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, two (2) or 10.52% said that they strongly agree and
moderately disagree that the eggshell chalk with onion caused them itch and irritability, and
seventeen (17) or 89.47% said that they strongly disagree that this chalk can cause itch and
irritability.
4.1.3.2 Effects to other insect species
These measure two aspects; if chalks can also deter or attract other insects species.
4.1.3.2.1 Measure if chalk repellent can attract other insect species
The local and scientific name of insect species werent indicated since
the researcher and the respondents dont have the luxury of time to classify
the insects.
Table 4.1.3.2.1A Attracted insects species aside from ants quantity test (Trials1-3)

Chili
Garlic
Ginger
Onion

Trial 1
2
2
2
2

Trial 2
1
2
3
2

Trial 3
3
2
3
1

For the first trial, all the eggshell chalks attracted other two (2) insect
species.
For the second trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger attracted three (3)
insect species only. Two (2) other insect species were attracted by the
eggshell chalk with garlic and eggshell chalk with onion. The eggshell chalk
with chili pepper attracted other three (3) insect species.
For the third trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper and eggshell
chalk with ginger attracted three (3) other insect species each. Two (2) other
insect species were attracted by the eggshell chalk with garlic. The eggshell
chalk with onion attracted other one (1) insect species.
The first table discusses the test conducted by the researcher herself.
A consumer test was also conducted through a survey.

40

Table 4.1.3.2.1B Survey tally for the number other insects' species attracted by the
products

In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5Excellent, 4- Very good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the
researcher made use of the marking system: If it attracted 1 insect species
mark 5; 2 species, mark 4; 3 species, mark 3; 4 species, mark 2 and if it
attracted 5 species, mark 1.
Statistics showed that thirteen (13) out of nineteen (19) respondents
or 68.42% said that the eggshell chalk with chili pepper attracted one (1)
insect species, four (4) or 21.05% said that it attracted two (2) insect species,
and two (2) or 10.52% said that it attracted four (4) and five (5) insect species
respectively.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, eleven (11) or 57.89% said that the
eggshell chalk with garlic attracted one (1) insect species, five (5) or 26.32%
said that it attracted two (2) insect species, and three (3) or 15.80% said that
it attracted three (3), four (4) and five (5) insect species respectively.
The tally table also displayed that nine (9) out of nineteen (19)
respondents or 47.37% said that the eggshell chalk with ginger attracted one
(1) insect species, four (4) or 21.05% said that it attracted two (2) insect
species, three (3) or 15.80% said that it attracted 3 insect species and, two
(2) or 10.52% said that it attracted four (4) species.

41

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, ten (10) or 52.63% said that the
eggshell chalk with onion attracted one (1) insect species, five (5) or 26.32%
said that it attracted two (2) insect species, and four (4) or 21.05% said that it
attracted three (3) and four (4) insect species respectively.
4.1.3.2.2 Measure if chalk repellent can kill/repel other insect species
The local and scientific name of insect species werent indicated since
the researcher and the respondents dont have the luxury of time to classify
the insects.
Table 4.1.3.2.2A Repelled insects species aside from ants quantity test (Trials1-3)

Chili
Garlic
Ginger
Onion

Trial 1
5
4
1
4

Trial 2
5
4
2
4

Trial 3
5
4
2
3

For the first trial, the eggshell chalks with chili pepper repelled five (5)
insect species, four (4) insect species were repelled by the eggshell chalk with
garlic, four (4) insect species were also repelled by the eggshell chalk with
onion and only one (1) insect species was repelled by the eggshell chalk with
ginger.
For the second trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger repelled five (5)
insect species, four (4) insect species were repelled by the eggshell chalk with
garlic, four (4) insect species were also repelled by the eggshell chalk with
onion and two (2) insect species was repelled by the eggshell chalk with
ginger.
For the third trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled five (5)
insect species, four (4) insect species were repelled by the eggshell chalk with
garlic, the eggshell chalk with onion repelled three (3) insect species and two
(2) insect species was repelled by the eggshell chalk with ginger.
The first table discusses the test conducted by the researcher herself.
A consumer test was also conducted through a survey.

42

Table 4.1.3.2.2B Survey tally for the number of other insects' species repelled by the
products

. In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5Excellent, 4- Very good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the
researcher made use of the marking system: If it deterred 1 insect species
mark 1; 2 species, mark 2; 3 species, mark 3; 4 species, mark 4 and if it
deterred 5 species, mark 5.
Statistics showed that thirteen (13) out of nineteen (19) respondents
or 68.42% said that the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled five (5)
insect species, five (5) or 26.32% said that it repelled four (4) insect species,
and two (2) or 10.52% said that it repelled three (3) and two (2) insect
species respectively.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, ten (10) or 52.63% said that the
eggshell chalk with garlic repelled five (5) insect species, six (6) or 31.58%
said that it repelled four (4) insect species, two (2) or 10.52% said that it
repelled three (3) insects and one (1) or 5.26% said that it attracted two (2)
insect species.
The tally table also displayed that eight (8) out of nineteen (19)
respondents or 42.11% said that the eggshell chalk with ginger attracted five
(5) insect species, four (4) or 21.05% said that it repelled four (4) insect

43

species, three (3) or 15.80% said that it repelled three (3) insect species and,
two (2) or 10.52% said that it repelled two (2) species.
Out of nineteen (19) respondents, eleven (11) or 57.89% said that the
eggshell chalk with onion attracted five (5) insect species, four (4) or 21.05%
said that it repelled four (4) insect species, two (2) or 10.52% said that it
repelled three (3) species, and two (2) or 10.52% also said that it repelled
two (2) insect species.
4.1.4 Packaging
A survey regarding the products packaging was also done by the researcher but she
decided not to show the tally, frequency and percentage for the criteria under packaging. The
result of the tally is just intended for the researchers personal purposes. In fact, the results
from the packaging category wont be significant for the analysis and evaluation of the
products feasibility and effectiveness. But if incase the readers would like to check what
scores did the researcher got from the tally; she included the original survey forms of the
respondents in this investigatory project.
4.1.5 Would you recommend this product to others?
A survey regarding the said question was also done by the researcher but she
decided not to show the tally, frequency and percentage for the criteria under this for this wont
do any effect for the analysis and evaluation of the products feasibility and effectiveness. But if
incase the readers would like to check the result from the tally; she included the original survey
forms of the respondents in this investigatory project.
4.2 Findings
The result of the project revealed that it is really possible to produce biorepellant chalks out of
eggshells, chili pepper, ginger, garlic and onion. The products are still considered organic even though not
at its purest since plaster of Paris, an inorganic substance was included as one of the components of the
product because the large percentage of the chalks composition is still made up of organic materials like
eggshells, chili pepper, ginger, garlic and onion. When it comes to being environment-friendly, the chalks

44

would still be given a check for chemicals that could harm the environment was not utilized in the process
of product making. It is also not a threat to humans since no one was harmed during the consumer test.
Aside from the mentioned findings, the researcher discovered that its best to sterilize the
eggshells by boiling them in a 10% bleach solution for 15-20 minutes, and then put it in an oven. Boiling
the eggshells with bleach solution plus heating it in a/n oven would kill any potentially-lethal bacteria like
Salmonella which is the cause of the rapid rotting or shorter shelf life of the eggshell chalks.
The products would be at its best quality when sun dried. The drying process of the chalks
actually took only hours from the researchers time. But that is only the first phase. The second phase
required the researcher to remove the chalks inside the straw molders and let it dry for another 24 hours.
The researcher had a hard time waiting for the chalks to dry because of the rainy season. During rainy
seasons, relative humidity is high, evaporation of water is low; chalks dry slowly, worst, it doesnt dry at
all, so bacteria will benefit from the moist chalk, produce a foul odour and rot.
The researcher, at the very first place knows that the chalk repellents dont have the capacity to
write over smooth surfaces. The product is requiring the users to apply it on a rough-surfaced ground
which is usually outside the users houses. As mentioned earlier, the thing that is hindering the success of
the result is the rainy season. Heavy rain can drive ants into our homes in search of a dryer location. The
researcher tried to do it inside the house with the hope that the chalks would write on smooth surfaces but
she failed to obtain a positive result for the chalks didnt left any mark on the smooth surface.
The researcher also found out that the chalks can really repel ants but it also affects the behavior
of other insects species.
It is funny but true that the ant repellants were also considered by the respondents as human
repellants for the very strong pungency of the product made them move away from it.

4.3 Analysis of data

45

For the researcher to be able to know what chalk got the highest mark and what chalk got the
lowest mark, she decided to get the mean of the score from the tally for each type of chalk by using this
equation: (5*n)+(4*n)+(3*n)+(2*n)+(1*n)/N= mean.
4.3.1 Durability
Comparing in the results obtained from the first trial, there are no significant changes that
occurred that can be observed since all biorepellant chalks received a check mark. This implies that
the chalks are really durable even though tapped slightly, moderately or strongly. On table 4.1.1.1A, a
comparison of the results from durability test through different levels of tapping for trial 1 are shown.
Analyzing the results obtained from the second trial, there are no significant changes that
occurred that can be observed on the event of slightly and moderately tapping the chalks. But on the
event of strongly tapping the chalks, the eggshell chalk with onion suddenly broke after six (6) strong
taps while the rest remained sturdy. On table 4.1.1.1B, a comparison of the results from durability test
through different levels of tapping for trial 2 are shown.
Now looking at the results obtained from the third trial, there are no significant changes that
occurred that can be observed on the event of slightly and moderately tapping the chalks. But on the
event of strongly tapping the chalks, the eggshell chalk with garlic suddenly broke after eight (8)
strong taps while the eggshell chalk with onion surpassed the test again and the rest remained sturdy.
On table 4.1.1.1C, a comparison of the results from durability test through different levels of tapping
for trial 3 are shown.
The researcher to be able to rank the chalks according to durability, she strictly considered the
instances that the chalks were broken because of the intensity of tapping. The eggshell chalk with
chili pepper and eggshell chalk with ginger were considered the sturdiest or most durable because it
surpassed all the levels of tapping under three (3) trials. Next in line in terms of durability is the
eggshell chalk with garlic which surpassed all the levels of tapping under trials one (1) and two (2) but
failed to continue after eight (8) strong tapping under trial 3. The researcher considered the eggshell
chalk with onion as the less durable one for even though it surpassed all the levels of tapping under
trials one (1) and two (2) it failed to continue after six (6) strong tapping under trial 3.

46

The researcher is not that sure of the obtained results so she decided to conduct another type
of test.
Comparing in the results obtained from the first trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger covered the
longest range which is 5.33m before breaking and the eggshell chalk with onion covered the shortest
range which is 4.52m before breaking. This implies that the eggshell chalk with ginger is the most
durable and the eggshell chalk with onion is the least durable under trial 1. On table 4.1.1.1D, a
comparison of the results from durability test through application of chalks for trials 1 to 3 are shown.
Looking on the results obtained from the second trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper
covered the longest range which is 5.21m before breaking and the eggshell chalk with garlic covered
the shortest range which is 4.5m before breaking. This implies that the eggshell chalk with chili
pepper is the most durable and the eggshell chalk with garlic is the least durable under trial 2. On
table 4.1.1.1D, a comparison of the results from durability test through application of chalks for trials 1
to 3 are shown.
Analyzing the results obtained from the third trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger covered the
longest range which is 5.1m before breaking and the eggshell chalk with chili pepper covered the
shortest range which is 4.65m before breaking. This implies that the eggshell chalk with ginger is the
most durable and the eggshell chalk with chili pepper is the least durable under trial 2. On table
4.1.1.1D, a comparison of the results from durability test through application of chalks for trials 1 to 3
are shown.
To find out whether what chalk is the most durable and least durable under this test the
researcher solved for the mean of all the distances that the biorepellant chalks covered and obtained
the following data:
Table 4.3.1A Mean of distance covered by each type of
chalk under durability test through application

Chili
Garlic
Ginger
Onion

Mean of Distance Covered

4.95m
4.6m
5.14m
4.6m

47

It is apparent that from table 4.3.1A, the eggshell chalk with ginger is the most durable, next is
eggshell chalk with chili pepper, and then the least durable are eggshell chalks with garlic and onion.
To validate the researcher's test, it is important to also analyze the data gathered from the
consumers test.
Table 4.3.1B Mean of the evaluation tally for durability test of
the different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.1B, the eggshell chalks with ginger and chili pepper is the most
durable, next is eggshell chalk with garlic, and then the least durable is eggshell chalks with onion.
Actually, the mean of the variables are just close to one another or precise. The means are also
near the true value which is 5, so it means that the chalks are really durable or sturdy. Maybe the
reason for these is that all those types of chalks just used the same ingredients, powdered eggshell
and plaster of Paris to form the main chalk. The researcher also believes that this test became a
success because the eggshell powder did not really have bits of pieces of it that might cause the
chalks to fall or break off.
Table 4.3.1C Researcher's result vs. Respondents' result (ranked from most
durable to least durable)

Table 4.3.1C shows the agreement of the researchers result to the respondents result.

.3.2 Fine-textured

48

Table 4.3.2A Mean of the evaluation tally for finetexture test of the different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.2A, the eggshell chalk with ginger has a smoothest, most finegrained, next is eggshell chalk with garlic, then eggshell chalk with chili pepper and least smooth and
fine-grained is the eggshell chalks with onion.
Actually, the mean of the variables are just close to one another or precise. The means are also
near the true value which is 5, so it means that the chalks are really smooth and fine-textured. Maybe
the reason for these is that all those types of chalks just used the same ingredients, powdered
eggshell and plaster of Paris to form the main chalk. The researcher also believes that this test
became a success because the eggshell powder did not really have bits of pieces of it that might
cause the chalks to fall or break off.
4.3.3 Pungency
Table 4.3.3A Mean of the evaluation tally for
pungency test of the different types of eggshell
chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.3A, the eggshell chalks with ginger and garlic have the
strongest pungent smell, next is eggshell chalk with chili pepper, and then the one having the weakest
pungent smell is the eggshell chalk with onion.
Actually, the mean of the variables are just close to one another or precise. The means are also
near the true value which is 5, so it means that the chalks are really very pungent. The main

49

ingredients used were all the most common and most pungent condiments in the world according to
research.
4.3.4 Dust-free
Table 4.3.4A Mean of the evaluation tally for dust-free test of
the different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.4A, the eggshell chalk with onion is the one that doesnt
produce the greatest amount of fine powdery material upon using, next is eggshell chalk with garlic,
and then the one having the greatest amount of fine powdery material upon using is the eggshell
chalk with ginger.
Actually, the mean of the variables are just close to one another or precise. The means are also
near the true value which is 5, so it means that the chalks do not really produce great amount of fine
powdery material upon using. The researcher believes that softer chalks tended produce a cloud of
dust that some feared might contribute to respiratory problems. Dustless chalk, like the eggshell chalk
repellants still produces dust; it's just that the dust settles faster.

4.3.5 Writing capability

50

Table 4.3.5A Mean of the evaluation tally for writing capability

test of the different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.5A, the eggshell chalk with onion writes very well on surfaces,
and the writings done were dark and readable, next in line when it comes to writing capability is the
eggshell chalk with garlic and the least quality for writing capability is the one exhibited by the
eggshell chalk with chili pepper and ginger.
Actually, the mean of the variables are just close to one another or precise. The means are also
near the true value which is 5, so it means that the chalks really write well on rough surfaces. One of
the reasons why the eggshell chalk with chili pepper doesnt write on surfaces well is because of the
oil that the chili pepper solution produced while forming the product.
4.3.6 Fast-acting
Comparing in the results obtained from the first trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger repelled the
ants the fastest with the time of 4 minutes. The eggshell chalk with onion was the slowest to repel
ants. This implies that the eggshell chalk with ginger is the fast-acting repellant chalk and the slowacting repellant is the eggshell chalk with onion under trial 1. On table 4.1.2.1A, a comparison of the
results from the fast activity test measured by time for trials 1-3 are shown.
Analyzing the results obtained from the second trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger repelled the
ants the fastest with the time of 3 minutes and 13 seconds. The eggshell chalk with chili pepper was
the slowest to repel ants with the time of 6 minutes and 23 seconds. This implies that the eggshell
chalk with ginger is the fast-acting repellant chalk and the slow-acting repellant chalk is the eggshell
chalk with chili pepper under trial 2. On table 4.1.2.1A, a comparison of the results from the fast
activity test measured by time for trials 1-3 are shown.
Now looking at the results obtained from the third trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger repelled
the ants the fastest with the time of 3 minutes and 20 seconds. The eggshell chalk with onion was the

51

slowest to repel ants with the time of 4 minutes and 54 seconds. This implies that the eggshell chalk
with ginger is the fast-acting repellant chalk and the slow-acting repellant chalk is the eggshell chalk
with onion under trial 3. On table 4.1.2.1A, a comparison of the results from the fast activity test
measured by time for trials 1-3are shown.
The researcher to be able to rank the chalks according to fast-activity looked for the mean of
the time covered by each eggshell chalks.
Table 4.3.6A Mean of the time covered by each type of chalk under fast-activity test

The eggshell chalk with ginger with the average time of 3 minutes and 52 seconds was
considered the fastest acting chalk repellant for ants. Next in line in terms of fast activity is the
eggshell chalk with garlic which has the average time of 4 minutes and 47 seconds. Then itll be
followed by the eggshell chalk with chili pepper with the average time of 5 minutes and 7 seconds.
The eggshell chalk with onion was considered by the researcher as the slowest acting chalk repellant
for ants.
To validate the researcher's test, it is important to also analyze the data gathered from the
consumers test.
Table 4.3.6B Mean of the evaluation tally for fast-activity
test of the different types of eggshell chalks

52

It is apparent that from table 4.3.6B, the eggshell chalk with ginger is fastest acting among
other chalk repellants, next is eggshell chalk with garlic, and then followed by eggshell chalk with
onion. The one considered as the slowest acting repellant is the eggshell chalk with chili pepper.
Actually, the mean of the variables are just close to one another or precise. The means are also
near the true value which is 2 which means the chalks started repelling after 4 minutes and 3 which
means the chalk started repelling after 3 minutes. So even though the eggshell chalk with ginger was
considered the fastest acting chalk repellent among the rest, still, based on the scale, its performance
is just an average.
The researcher without any guide papers just formulated categories on her own, future studies
will determine if the time shown on the tables in this study was accurate or just affected by other
external factors or worst, errors.
Table 4.3.6C Researcher's result vs. Respondents' result (ranked from fastest-acting to
slowest-acting)

Table 4.3.6C shows the some agreements and disagreements of the researchers result to the
respondents result.

4.3.7 Number of ants repelled

Table 4.3.7A Mean of the quantity of ants repelled

53

It is apparent that from table 4.3.7A, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled the most
number of ants, 16, next is eggshell chalk with garlic and ginger, 14, and the one that repelled the
least number of ants was the eggshell chalk with onion.
To validate the researcher's test, it is important to also analyze the data gathered from the
consumers test.
Table 4.3.7B Mean of the evaluation tally for ants-repelledquantity test of the different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.7B, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled for about 13 to
18 ants, which made it as the most effective in repelling numbers of ants. Next is eggshell chalk with
garlic with the mean of 2.89 meaning it repelled 7 to 12 ants, and then followed by eggshell chalk with
ginger with the mean of 2.74 meaning it also repelled 7 to 12 ants but not more than the ants repelled
by eggshell chalk with garlic. The one who repelled the fewest number of ants was the eggshell chalk
with onion with the mean 2.37 meaning it repelled 7 to 12 ants too but not more than the previously
mentioned eggshell chalks.
Even though the eggshell chalk with chili pepper was the most effective in repelling numbers of
ants among all of the other repellants, still, based on the scale, its performance is just an average.
Table 4.3.7C Researcher's result vs. Respondents' result (ranked from the chalk that repelled
the most number of ants to the lowest)

Table 4.3.7C shows the agreement of the researchers result to the respondents result.
4.3.8 Lasting Effect

54

Table 4.3.8A Mean of the lasting effect test results

measured by hours of each eggshell chalk repellant

It is apparent that from table 4.3.8B, all the types of eggshell chalks last for the same number of
hours.
To validate the researcher's test, it is important to also analyze the data gathered from the
consumers test.
Table 4.3.8B Mean of the evaluation tally for lasting effect test of
the different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.8B, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper was graded as 3.1
meaning it lasted for almost 14 hours, which made it as the longest lasting ant repellant. Next is
eggshell chalk with onion that is graded 2.8, meaning it lasted for 9 hours. Lastly, the eggshell chalks
with ginger and garlic that are graded 2.7 meaning it lasted for 9 hours but not longer than the
eggshell with onion.
Even though the eggshell chalk with chili pepper was the longest lasting ant repellant among all
of the other repellants, still, based on the scale, its performance is just an average.

55

Table 4.3.8C Researcher's result vs. Respondents' result (ranked from the longest lasting to shortlasting)

Table 4.3.8C shows the agreement of the researchers result to the respondents result.
4.3.9 Irritability
Table 4.3.9A Mean of the evaluation tally for irritability test of the
different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.9B, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper was graded as 1.7
meaning respondents strongly disagree that it caused them itch and irritability. Next is eggshell chalk
with garlic that was graded 1.5, respondents also strongly disagree that it caused them itch and
irritability. Lastly, the eggshell chalks with ginger and onion that are graded 1.3 meaning respondents
also strongly disagree that it caused them itch and irritability.
It is nice to know that most of the respondents didnt experience irritability to the chalks stimulus
meaning, the products are really not harmful to humans.

4.3.10 Effects to other insect species

4.3.10.1 Measure if chalk repellent can attract other insect species

56

Table 4.3.10.1A Mean of the number of other insect species

attracted by each eggshell chalk repellant

It is apparent that from table 4.3.10.1A, the eggshell chalk with ginger got the highest number of
other insect species attracted, 3, while the rest got 2 other insect species attracted.
Table 4.3.10.1B Mean of the evaluation tally for the ability of
different type of chalks to attract other insects species

It is apparent that from table 4.3.10.1B, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper was graded as 4.4
meaning it only attracted 2 other insect species. Next is the eggshell chalk with garlic that was graded
4.3, meaning it also attracted 2 other insect species. Then it is followed by the eggshell chalk with
onion, graded with 4.2, meaning it also attracted 2 other insect species. Lastly, the eggshell chalks
with ginger, graded as 3.9, meaning it attracted 3 other insect species which is not a good indicator.
Table 4.3.10.1C Researcher's result vs. Respondents' result (ranked from the chalk that attracted the highest
number of insect species to lowest)

Table 4.3.10.1C shows the agreement of the researchers result to the respondents result.
4.3.10.2 Measure if chalk repellent can kill/repel other insect species

57

Table 4.3.10.2A Mean of the number of other insect species

repelled by each eggshell chalk repellant

It is apparent that from table 4.3.10.2A, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled 5 other
insects species which is a very good indicator. Next are the eggshell chalks with garlic and onion that
repelled 4 other insect species each. Then a few insects species, specifically 2, was repelled by the
eggshell chalk with onion.
Table 4.3.10.2B Mean of the evaluation tally for the ability of
different type of chalks to repel other insects species

It is apparent that from table 4.3.10B, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper was graded as 4.7
meaning it repelled 4 other insect species which is a very good indicator. Next are eggshell chalks
with garlic and onion that was graded 4.3, meaning it also repelled 4 other insect species. Lastly, the
eggshell chalk with ginger that was graded 3.9 meaning it only repelled 3 other insect species.
Table 4.3.10.2C Researcher's result vs. Respondents' result (ranked from the chalk that repelled the
highest number of insect species to lowest)

58

Table 4.3.10.2C shows some of the agreements and disagreements of the researchers result
to the respondents result.
Table 4.3A Summary of results

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS

6

2
Mean
1

4.9

4.6

4.7

4.3

2.2

3.1

1.7

4.4

4.7

59

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
The experience gained and the data gathered led to the formulation of the following conclusions:
It is really possible to produce eggshell chalks with chili pepper, garlic, ginger and onion. The
making of repellent chalks is really simple if you will just follow the procedures. External factors like,
humidity and sterility is also needed to be observed to obtain an almost perfect chalk. If the eggshells
were not properly sterilized from the very first start, the shelf life of the product would be affected, it will
spoil in short matter of time with growth of molds and fungi too. The repellant chalks are also effective in
deterring ants, the results would also show.
5.2 Recommendations
The researcher underwent a lot of trials and errors before coming up with the somehow
appropriate methods to use for the production of eggshell chalks with chili pepper, garlic, ginger, and
onion as biorepellants for ants. Unluckily, the researcher failed to find at least two or three articles or
journals to guide her in her study, These repetitions and series of trials and errors consumed too much of
the researchers time, so as a result, time for the experimentation, gathering of data and observation
werent maximized. The researcher recommends further research on the project especially on searching
articles or journals to be read that is somehow the same with the go about of the product that was
chosen. The researcher also believes that if one is knowledgeable about all the different methods that
could be used in a scientific experiment and be able to utilize it using appropriate materials, the

60

experiment would be so significant and helpful for the attainment of results. This study also requires the
next researchers to perfect the products quality and test its effectiveness, to be able to do that, the
current researcher suggests that the next researcher keep that pocket money for buying the materials
over and over again. Sterilizing the empty eggshells is vital for this experiment. She also wants to take
note that one should not conduct this experiment on a rainy season for humidity affects the drying phase
of the chalks and if you failed to dry the chalks properly, spoiling would be initiated by bacteria. The
researcher would also like to advice to make use of an improvised heat source like the one used in
Berlese experiment if in case the product making is done during rainy seasons.
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