CHEMISRTY PROJECT REPORT

TO DETECT THE PRESENCE CATIONS AND ANIONS

IN DIFFERENT HOLI COLOURS [GULALS]

Submittedby:
Name

Class

- XII

Roll NO.School -ABC SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE

It is hereby to certify that, original and genuine

investigation work has been carried out to
investigate about the subject matter and the
related data collection and investigation has been
completed solely ,sincerely and satisfactorily by
XYZ of CLASS XII , ABC SCHOOL
, regarding his project : ANALYSIS OF IONS IN
HOLI COLOURS.

MRS. -------------------(CHEMISTRY TEACHER)

ABC SCHOOL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, ABC am immensely grateful to my chemistry

teacher PQR for guidance and helpful hints
during the preparation of my project. My Project
would not have been successful without their help
regarding this project on ANALYSIS OF IONS IN
HOLI COLOURS.

CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
APPARATUS
THEORY
PRELIMINARY TESTS
5 A. TEST FOR GREEN COLOR
5 B. TEST FOR SILVER COLOR

6.

CONCLUSION

Introduction

The tradition of holi has been present in India

since time immemorial and holi celebration .
Holi colors are available in multiple colors from
orange to red to black and so on.
Each color is equally prominent and equally
preferred .
The colors used here are green and silver and
are bought from a local market.

AIM
To detect the ions present in the given holi colors.
APPARATUS REQUIREDTest tubes, test tube stand and holder ,Bunsen
burner , china dish, spatula, tripod stand, mesh ,
dropper , filter paper .
THEORYHolicolors or gulaals are mainly colored powders
which are used for celebratory purposes during the
festival of holi.
As the commercialistion of the holi market
began,sellers started introducing artificial
substances into naturally made holicolors to
enhance their color. Eventually ,holi colors
transformed into fully chemical colors ,and even
though chemical colors are cost effective, they are
a huge threat to human body.
These days most holi colors sold in the market are
oxidized metals or industrial dyes mixed with
engine oil. These chemicals are known to cause
serious harm to persons health .
For example

GREEN color is obtained from copper sulphate

-which may cause allergies in eye or even
temporary blindness.
PURPLE COLOR is obtained from chromium iodide
which may cause bronchital asthma or other forms
of allergy.
SILVER COLOR is obtained from aluminium
bromide
a known carcinogenic.
RED COLOR is obtained from mercury sulphite
which may cause skin cancer or minamata disease
(mental retardation, paralysis, retardation ,
impaired vision)
SHINY COLOR are result of powdered glass being
added to the colors.
MOREOVER Many water colors have an alkaline base
capable of causing severe injuries.
Colors in the form of pastes have toxic
compounds mixed in a base of engine oil or
other inferior quality oil.
These toxic compounds may cause skin allergy
temporary blindness etc.

TEST FOR GREEN COLOR

a.PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS :
COLOR-GREEN

SOLUBILITY-SOLUBLE

STATE- CRYSTALLINE SOLID

b. OBSERVATION TABLE:
TEST FOR ANIONSS.NO
1

2.a

EXPERIMENT
Add dil.H2SO4
to the soln.

OBSERVATION
No change.

Add conc.
Reddish brown
H2SO4to W.E.
vapors with
(water extract)
pungent smell.
)
Confirmatory test (Br1-)
Add AgNO3
Light yellow
and dil HNO3
ppt.(Partially

INFERENCE
CO32-,SO32-,
and S2absent.
Br1indicated.

to the soln.
2.b

To W.E. add
CCl4 and
conc.HNO3
drop wise.
Add conc.
H2SO4 and
heat.

soluble in
water)
Orange
colouration .

Br1confirmed.

Reddish brown
vapor persists.

NO31indicated.

Confirmatory test (NO31-)

Now add Cu
Vapor does not
turnings
intensify.
Test for Independent Radicals.
q
Add BaCl2 to
White.ppt.form
W.E.
ed
(water
insoluble)
Add lead
White ppt.
acetate to
formed
W.E.
Add
No change
ammonium
observed.
molybdate to
W.E. Boil it
and add conc.
HNO3 after
cooling .

NO31-absent.

SO42confirmed.

SO42confirmed.
PO43-absent.

 TEST FOR CATIONSS.NO

1
2
3

3a

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATIO
N
No reaction
No reaction
Black ppt

Add NaOH to W.E.

Add dilHCl to W.E.
Add dilHCl and
pass H2S.
Confirmatory
re
retest (Cu2+)
Dissolve black
Blue color
ppt in conc. HNO3
obtained.
and add NH4OH

INFERENCE
NH41+ absent
Pb2+ absent
Cu2+indicated

Cu2+confirme
d

To solution add acetic acid and divide into 2 parts

3b
3c
4

Add K4[Fe(CN)6] to
part 1
Add KI to part 2

Brown ppt

Add NH4Cl and

NH4OH (excess)

White ppt
formed

Brown colorn.

Cu2+confirme
d
Cu2+confirme
d
Al3+indicated
Fe3+ absent

Confirmatory test (Al3+)

Dissolve ppt in dilute HCl and divide into 2 parts

4a
4b

To aqsoln add
blue litmus
Add NH4OH till
solution turns
blue

It turns red

Acidic soln

Floating
white ppt
with blue

Al3+
confirmed

H2S added to step

4 solution

adsorbed on
it
Dirty white
ppt appears

Zn2+
indicated

Confirmatory test (Zn2+)

Dissolve ppt in dilute HCl and divide into 2 parts

5a
5b

6
7

To part 1 add
NaOH
To part 2 add
Potassium
ferrocyanide
(NH4)2CO3 added
to step 4 solution
(NH4)2HPO4 added
to step 4 solution

White ppt
White ppt
formed
No change
No reaction

c.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
Reaction for:
1. Br12KBr+H2SO4
KBr+AgNO3

KHSO4+HBr(g)
KNO3+AgBr(yellow ppt)

Zn2+confirme
d
Zn2+confirme
d
Ba+2,Sr+2,Ca+2
absent
Mg+2 absent

2NaBr+CCl4dissolves to give orange colour in CCl4

layer
2.SO42Na2SO4 +BaCl2

Ba SO4(white ppt.)+2NaCl

Na2SO4 +Pb(CH3COO)2
+2CH3COONa

Pb SO4(white ppt)

3.Cu2+
CuCl2+H2S

2HCl+CuS(black ppt)

3CuS+8HNO33Cu(NO3)2+4H2O+2NO+3S
Cu(NO3)2+4NH4OH
+4H2O

[Cu(NH3)4].[NO3]2(blue)

[Cu(NH3)4]SO4+4 CH3COOH
CuSO4+4CH3COONH4
2 CuSO4+4KI

Cu2I2(white ppt)+I2+2K2SO4

4. Zn2+
Zn(OH)2+H2S
ZnS+2HCl

ZnS(white ppt)+2H2O
ZnCl2+H2S

ZnCl2+NaOH
2ZnCl2+K4[Fe(CN)6]
5. Al3+

Zn(OH)2(white ppt)+2NaCl
Zn2[Fe(CN)6](white ppt)+4KCl

AlCl3+3NH4OH

3 NH4Cl+Al(OH)3(white ppt)

Al(OH)3+3HClAlCl3+3H2O
AlCl3+3NH4OH
ppt)

3NH4Cl+Al(OH)3(blue.color adsorbed on

TEST FOR SILVER COLOR

A.PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS :
COLOR-SILVER

SOLUBILITY-SOLUBLE

STATE- CRYSTALLINE SOLID

B.OBSERVATION TABLE:
TEST FOR ANIONS
S.NO
1

EXPERIMENT
Add dil.H2SO4
to the soln.

OBSERVATION
No change.

Add conc.
H2SO4 to W.E.
(water extract)

Reddish brown
vapors with
pungent smell.

2.a

Add AgNO3
Light yellow
and dil HNO3
ppt.(Partially
test in
(Br1-)
to the soln. Confirmatory
soluble
water)
To W.E. add
Orange

2.b

INFERENCE
CO32-,SO32-,
and S2absent.
Br1indicated.

Br1-

CCl4 and
conc.HNO3
drop wise.
Add conc.
H2SO4 and
heat.

colouration .

confirmed.

Reddish brown
vapor persists.

NO31indicated.

Confirmatory test (NO31-)

Now add Cu
Vapor does not
turnings
intensify.
q
Test for Independent Radicals.
Add BaCl2 to
White.ppt.form
W.E.
ed
(water
insoluble)
Add lead
White ppt.
acetate to
formed
W.E.
Add
No change
ammonium
observed.
molybdate to
W.E. Boil it
and add conc.
HNO3 after
cooling .
TEST FOR CATIONS-

NO31-absent.

SO42confirmed.

SO42confirmed.
PO43-absent.

S.NO
1

EXPERIMENT
Add NaOH to
W.E.
Add dilHCl to
W.E.
Add dilHCl and
pass H2S.
Add NH4Cl and
NH4OH
(excess)

2
3
4

OBSERVATION
No reaction

INFERENCE
NH41+ absent

No reaction

Pb2+ absent

No reaction

Cu2+absent

Brown ppt
formed

Fe3+indicated
Al3+ absent

Confirmatory test (Fe3+)

Dissolve ppt in dilute HCl and divide into 2 parts

4a

4b

5
6

To part 1 ,add
Potassium
ferrocyanide
To part 1 ,add
Potassium
thiocyanate

Blue color
appears

Fe3+confirmed

Blood red
coloration

Fe3+confirmed

Add H2S to step

4 solution
Dissolve black
ppt in aqua regia

Black ppt
appears
Yellow
coloration

Co2+,Ni2+
Indicated.
Ni2+
Indicated.
Co2+ absent

as

Confirmatory test (Ni2+)

Divide solution into 2 parts

6a

Add NH4OH

Rose pink

Ni2+

6b
7

and
DMG to part 1
Add NaOH to
part 2
Add NH4Cl and
NH4OH
(excess)
(NH4)2HPO4
added to step
7 solution

color
White ppt
No change

No reaction

confirmed
Ni2+
confirmed
Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+
absent
Mg2+ absent

d. CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
Reaction for:
1. Br12KBr+H2SO4
KBr+AgNO3
2NaBr+CCl4
CCl4 layer

KHSO4+HBr(g)
KNO3+AgBr(yellow ppt)
dissolves to give orange color in

2. SO42Na2SO4 +BaCl2

Ba SO4(white ppt.)+2NaCl

Na2SO4 +Pb(CH3COO)2
+2CH3COONa

Pb SO4(white ppt)

3. Fe3+
FeCl3+3NH4OH

NH4Cl+Fe(OH)3(reddish brown ppt)

Fe(OH)3+3HCl

FeCl3+3H2O

4FeCl3+3K4[Fe(CN)6]
color) FeCl3+3KCNS

12KCl+Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3(blue
3KCl+Fe(CNS)3(blood red)

4. Ni2+
NiCl2+2NH4OH+2C4H9NO2

NiCl2+2NH4OH

2NH4Cl+2H2O+

2NaCl+Ni(OH)2+Br2+H2O
2HBr+[O]

Ni(OH)2+ H2O+[O]

2Ni(OH)3(white ppt.)

CONCLUSION

COLOR

ANION
PRESENT

CATION
PRESENT

GREEN COLOR

Br1SO42-

Zn2+
Cu2+
Al3+

SILVER COLOR

Br1SO42-

Fe3+
Ni2+

As seen above, dry colors (gulaal),contains

several components which are related to skin
related problems.
Heavy metals present in the colorants can
cause asthma, skin diseases and adversely
affects the eye.