PROJECT REPORT

ELECTRONICS

B.S. (SE) 2013

Name

Enrolment

Seat number

Asma Muhammad Younus

2013/Comp/BS(SE)/15448

1315512
Alishba Muhammad Anwer

2013/Comp/BS(SE)/15444

1315508
Maryam Shaikh

2013/Comp/ BS(SE)/15466

1315530
Maryam Mukhtiar

2013/Comp/ BS(SE)/15432

1315497
Muniyem Iftikhar

2013/Comp/ BS(SE)/15468

1315532

18th November 2013

DEPARTMENT

OF

COMPUTER SCIENCE

AND

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

JINNAH UNIVERSITY

FOR

WOMEN

5-C NAZIMABAD, KARACHI 74600

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Object ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 02
Circuit diagram ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 02
How the circuit works ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 03
Components used in the circuit ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 03
Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 06

LIST OF FIGUR
Figure 1 Circuit diagram --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
Figure 2 LDR ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Figure 3 Resistor ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Figure 4 Transistor --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Figure 5 LED ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

AUTOMATIC LIGHT SENSOR

OBJECT
Automatic light sensor, using transistor and variable resistor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 1

HOW CIRCUIT WORKS

A light detector senses light. As the light level increases and LDR meets the lowest threshold
resistance, the circuit automatically turns on the LED D1. We can adjust the sensitivity using the
preset VR1-100K.
LESS RESISTANCE(VR1)-> LESS DARKNESS TO SWITCH OFF THE LED
1

HIGH RESISTANCE(VR1)-> MORE DARKNESS TO SWITCH OFF THE LED

COMPONENTS USED AND THEIR DESCRIPTION

The components which have been used in this project are described as below:

1. LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)

Figure 2

DESCRIPTION
LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits.
Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, but when
they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically.

2. RESISTOR

Figure 3

DESCRIPTION
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
omnipresent in electronic equipment. The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals
to the intensity of current in the circuit is called its resistance, and this can be assumed to be a
constant (independent of the voltage) for ordinary resistors working within their ratings. The
electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance.

3. TRANSISTOR(BC547)

Figure 4

DESCRIPTION
BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is
commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at
collector & emitter terminals.

BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain
of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor
is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and
taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage
divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so
that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base.

4. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Figure 5

DESCRIPTION
Light Emitting Diodes are basically tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit. They
can be found in dozens of applications including digital clocks, remote controls, and traffic
lights. Unlike ordinary incandescent light bulbs, LEDs do not have a filament that will burn out,
so they have a much longer lifetime. LEDs are illuminated by the movement of electrons in a
semiconductor material. The composition of the semiconductor affects the wavelength (color)
and intensity of the emitted light. LEDs also generate much less heat and a larger percentage of
the electrical current is directed toward generating light, which reduces electrical power usage.

CONCLUSION
When the sensor LDR detect the darkness the LED will automatically glow , when the sensor
LDR detect the light the LED will automatically OFF.