The Periodic Table

& Atomic Structure

2.1

CHAPTER

Matter is made of atoms and every element has its own unique
type of atom.
Elements are identified by names and chemical symbols.
Atoms have a structure that determines their properties.
Every atom is composed of three types of subatomic particles:
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
The number of electrons in the outer shell of an elements atoms
determines the properties of the element.

Ch. 2

CHAPTER

The Periodic Table organizes elements in different ways.

Metals are found on the left,
non-metals on the right,
and metalloids in between.
Chemical families are arranged
in vertical groups.

Periodic Tables can indicate the chemical symbol, atomic number, atomic
mass, ion charge, density, and other information about each element.

Ch. 2

 Elements are listed in order by atomic number

Rows of elements (across) are called periods.
All elements in a family have similar properties,
and bond with other elements in similar ways

Ch. 2

Group 1 = alkali metals

Group 2 = alkaline earth metals
Group 17 = the halogens
Group 18 = noble gases

CHAPTER

Ch. 2

6.1
VOCABULARY

Physical properties can be observed

without changing the chemical
structure of a substance.

physical properties
chemical properties
mixtures
pure substances
elements
atoms
compounds

Chemical properties describe a

possible chemical
change.

Ch. 2

6.2

The Nucleus
Ch. 2

Atomic Theory
VOCABULARY
subatomic particles
nucleus
protons
neutrons
atomic number
mass number
atomic mass
electrons
electron shells
unpaired electrons
paired electrons

Ch. 2

Atomic Theory

Name

Symbol

Charge

Location

Relative Mass

Proton

1+

nucleus

1836

Neutron

nucleus

1836

Electron

area surrounding
the nucleus

Ch. 2

6.2
Every atom of any one element will have the same
number of protons
Atomic number = # of protons = # of electrons
There are an equal number of protons and
electrons in an atom.
Ions form when the number of electrons changes.
The number of electrons in the outer shell
determines the properties of the element.

Ch. 2

Bohr Diagrams
Bohr diagrams show how many electrons
appear in each electron shell around an atom.
Each shell holds a maximum number of electrons
2 electrons in the first shell, 8 in the 2nd shell, and 8
in the 3rd shell.
Electrons in the outermost shell are called valence
electrons
Think of the shells as being 3D like spheres, not 2D
like circles

Ch. 2

 The period # = # of shells in the atom.

Except for the transition elements,
the last digit of the group # = # of
electrons in the valence shell

Ch. 2

Bohr Diagrams

What element is this?

Ch. 2

Bohr Diagrams
It has 2 + 8 + 8 = 18
electrons, and
therefore 18 protons
It has 3 electron
shells, so it is in
period 3
It has 8 electrons in
the outer (valence)
shell

Ch. 2

18 p
22 n

Argon!

Patterns of Electron Arrangement

in Periods and Groups

The noble gas elements have full electron shells,

and are very stable.
Ch. 2

The Periodic Table

INCREASING REACTIVITY

Where are the

following?
Atomic
Number
Period
Group/Family
Metals
Non-metals
Transition
metals
Metalloids
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth
metals
Halogens
Noble gases

Ch. 2