aan Geography of the Colonies > vocasutary a a a ion growing season a The | tidewater 1600-1750 and (eae Build on What You Know What is the geography ike J where you live? Are you close to mountains or is the land ‘Mos _ Vocabulary Strategy flat for miles around? Think about where you live and WaB | | tidewater how it affects the way you live. fore | | harc ‘The word water is a . : compound word. Breaktte |»: The Thirteen Colonies : c word apart to help you | Main Idea The geography and climate of the thirteen wer remember its meaning. { sete [i _ | colonies affected how colonists lived and worked. seas “@&) READING SKILL | During the 1600s and 1700s, many English settlers thet 7 Compare and Contrast | moved to North America. People believed that they had fore | Asyou read, take notes to | a better chance to make a living in North America or to Brow | compare and Fad | find freedoms that they didn’t have at home. These 10 ee ae a |. settlers established thirteen English colonies. . just | * | ‘The colonies were located along the Atlantic Ocean, litte | Ty ry with New France to the north and New Spain to the F j oo south. The Appalachian Mountains formed a natural but | | boundary to the west. ale | | ‘The geography and climate of the thirteen colonies livin ‘ | separated them into three different regions: New England, fores <== the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonie a cea New England Coast , qa Rocky coasts are common ” ‘ ae New! in New England (160 * chapter 5)1800 ike ad New England New England's geography was shaped by glaciers. During the Ice.Age, thick sheets of ice covered much of North ‘America. As the glaciers moved slowly across New England, they carried rocks trapped in the ice, The ice and rocks cut deep valleys through the mountains. ‘They scraped up New England's rich soil and pushed it south, leaving a thin, rocky layer of dirt. Farming was difficult in New England. Most of the land was filled with rocks or was too sandy to farm. The region’s many forests and rugged mountains made it hard to find good farmland. The climate also affected New England farming. Summers were warm, but winters were long and bitterly cold. The growing season was short. The growing season is the time of year when it is warm enough for plants to grow. In New England, the growing season lasted only from late May to early October, Most farmers could grow just enough food for their families, with a little left over to sell. Farming in New England was hard, but the area had many natural resources. Colonists used these resources to make a living. They took wood from the thick forests to make buildings and ships. They caught fish and whales from the Atlantic Ocean to use for food and other products, GETED why was farming difficult for New England colonists? FRENCH TERRITORY! ae co (BB ew nana coir [a] wi cles [| souta cles Three Regions This map divides the colonies into three regions. Each region has its own geography and dimate. G9 Reading Maps Which were the New England Colonies?rc Middle and Southern Colonies Gentle, rolling hills were a common feature of the Middle Colonies (left). The tidewater of the Southern Colonies had many rivers (right). The Middle Colonies The glaciers that had scooped up soil from New England stopped in the Middle Colonies. When the glaciers melted, they dropped fertile soil on the area's rolling | hills and valleys. Fertile soil is rich in the material that helps plants grow. Crops grew well in the Middle Colonies because | of their fertile soil. |The climate also made the Middle Colonies a very good farming region. The growing season was much longer than in New England. The Middle Colonies had many sunny days and plenty of rain. The Middle Colonies’ wide rivers, such as the Delaware and the Hudson, were ideal for transportation. Farmers used riverboats to sell their crops in nearby towns and to bring supplies to their farms. ‘The woods near these farms were full of wildlife, Colonists hunted and trapped animals such as deer and beaver. (162 © Chapter 5 )- Trees The Southern Colonies ‘The geography of the Southern Colonies was very different from that of the other colonies. The southern coast is a watery world of rivers, bays, and wet- lands. This area is called the tidewater. In the tidewater, the water in rivers and streams rises and falls every day with the ocean's tides. The climate and soil of the tidewater were excellent for farming. Many southern colonists grew cash crops. The weather was warm for much of the year, and crops could grow for seven or eight months. Soil in the tidewater was rich and fertile, and the area received plenty of rain. Colonists used the waterways in the tidewater to ship crops to markets in other towns and countries, The tidewater ended at the fall line, about 100 miles inland. At the fall line, rivers from higher land flow to lower lands and often form waterfalls,‘The fall line followed the eastern edge Lesson Summary of the Appalachian Mountains, from the ‘The thirteen English colonies in Southern Colonies to New England. 'The North America formed three unique higher land on the other side of the fall regions. New England had poor soil and line was known as the backcountry. The a cold climate, but plenty of forests and | backcountry was “in back of” the area fish. The Middle Colonies had fertile soil, where most colonists settled. The land in a warmer climate, and rivers for trans- the backcountry was steep and covered _ portation. The Southern Colonies had with forests. Farms there were small, and an even warmer climate and many colonists hunted and fished for much of J waterways in the tidewater. heir food. poe Why It Matters... For the thirteen colonies to grow, colonists had to learn how to adapt to. the geography and climate of each of these three regions. GED Why was farming in the Middle and Southern colonies better than in New England? Fall Line Waterfalls are common along the area where the backcountry and the tidewater meet ST CA | © VOCABULARY Complete the following © PLACES TO KNOW What natural resources did | sentence, using two of the words listed below. colonists have in New England? fall line tidewater backcountry © CRITICAL THINKING: Draw Conclusions | The ____ was the higher land on the western Why would colonists want to settle near rivers || side of the and other waterways? Use facts and details to ‘ | © & READING SKILL Write a short paragraph eee | that compares and contrasts the growing © CRITICAL THINKING: Analyze Climate is season and sol in each region. ‘one way to divide places into regions, What are | | © main IDEA: Geography Why was the Jp Some other ways? | tidewater good for growing crops? e ART ACTIVITY Use library resources to leam | bout how glaciers changed New © MAIN IDEA: Economics In what ways did care the geography and climate of the Southems England's geography. Draw a picture to show | Colonies affect how colonists made a living? what you learned.Core Lesson DP vocaButary proprietor representative treaty Vocabulary Strategy proprietor | Toremember proprietor, ‘think of the word “property.” ‘A proprietor owns property, | often land. © READING SKILL Problem and Solution Note the solutions that | English landowners found for the problem of governing their American colonies from far away. PROBLEM. SOLUTIONS (188 « Chapter 6 iT ‘The Middle | | Colonies i 1650 1675 1700 1725 1664-1723 pidl the: off Build on What You Know You know that people can own houses, businesses, or land. In the 1600s, a few wealthy people owned entire colonies New York and New Jersey | Main Idea The colonies of New York and New Jersey belonged to English landowners, English settlement of the Middle Colonies began in | 1664, when England captured the Dutch colony of New Netherland. The King of England gave this colony to his brother James, the Duke of York. James became the colony's proprietor. A proprietor was a person who owned and controlled all the land in a colony. ‘As proprietor of New Netherland, James could do what he liked with the land. He kept part of the large colony and changed its name to New York. He gave the rest to two friends, John Berkeley and George Carteret. Berkeley and Carteret divided their land into two colonies 7 | and named them East Jersey and West Jersey. In 1702/ the “ colonies joined to form New Jersey. New Amsterdam After England captured New Amsterdam, it was renamed New York City. Many cotonists there dressed and built in the | Dutch styleThe proprietors of New York and New jersey all wanted to make money from their colonies. They decided to divide the fertile land into smaller pieces and sell or rent the pieces to colonists to farm, Because proprietors lived in England, twas difficult for them to control their - faraway property. Their solution was to pick governors in the colonies to rule "them. Each governor chose a small group of people called a council to help make important decisions. The proprietors also allowed colonists to elect representatives to an assembly. A fepresentative is someone who is chosen to speak and act for others. The assembly helped the governor and council make can ed laws, but it did not have much power. _ ven so, the assembly was an important in step toward self-government aw his . cm b ries he poauors, peau fy i ow Nantroe xd A gery < wine the Po ES Bay be to NEW JERSEY ATLANTIC OCEAN Pennsylvania and Delaware Main Idea William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a place where people could worship freely. The colony of Pennsylvania was the idea of William Penn. In England, Penn was a member of a religious group called the Society of Friends, or Quakers. Quakers believed that all Christians should be free to worship in their own way. Penn and many Quakers were put in jail for their beliefs. Some were even killed. In England, everyone was supposed to belong to the Church of England. Penn hoped to start a colony where all Christians could live together in peace. In North America, he thought, there might bea place “for such a holy experiment.” In 1681, Penn's wish came true. King Charles II had owed money to Penn's family. The king repaid Penn by giving him a large piece of land in the Middle Colonies. The region was called Pennsylvania, which means “Penn's woods.” The Duke of York later gave Penn even more land. For a time this Tand was part of Pennsylvania, but later it became the colony of Delaware. GEE How did colonists in New York and New Jersey take part in government? The Middle Colonies The Middle Colonies had good ports and lots of rich, rolling farmland. i‘ Reading Maps Along which river was Philadelphia built?In Pennsylvania, Penn created laws that allowed colonists to voice their opinions and worship freely. Penn also let colonists elect representatives to an assembly, as colonists did in New York and New Jersey. The Pennsylvania Assembly, however, had more power. It could approve or reject laws that the governor and his council suggested. Penn treated American Indians with respect. He tried to understand their culture and wanted colonists to live with them as equals. Penn made fair treaties with the Delaware, or Lenni Lenape (LEN ee LEN uh pee) Indians when he bought land from them. A treaty is an official agreement between nations or groups. Penn's fairness helped Pennsylvania's | colonists and Indians live together peacefully for many years. ( 190 * Chapter 6 * Philadelphia William Penn (eft) was the proprietor of Pennsylvania, He founded the city of Philadelphia shown below. Philadelphia William Penn did more than give Pennsylvania colonists a representative government. He also planned the col- ony’s first large city, Philadelphia. For the location of Philadelphia, Penn chose a site where the Delaware and Schuykill (SKOO kill) rivers meet. Ships bringing goods from other colonies and from Europe could land in the excellent harbor formed by these rivers. Penn designed wide, straight roads that made it easy to travel throughout the city. During the 1700s, Philadelphia became a center of trade. Soon it was the largest city in all the colonies. Benjamin Franklin was Philadelphia's most famous citizen. He moved from Boston to Philadelphia in 1723. There, Franklin bought his own printing press.Franklin published a newspaper and a fe Benjamin Frankli popular book of stores, jokes, and See He founded the Union ve sayings called Poor Richard's Almanack, Fire Company in 1736 ° One of his well-known sayings is, to make Philadelphia a safer city. 66 Early to bed and early . to rise, makes a man t healthy, wealthy, and wise. 99 mies Franklin had many other interests, too. Le 7 ee . esson Summary He helped start Philadelphia's first public." p,rictors owned the Middle Colonies rs, library, fire company, and hospital. He was oP a at also a talented scientist and inventor. Ina * beiruein = eee donee g city. J famous experiment, he flew a kite in a a place where colonists had religious tea lightning storm to show that lightning was freedom. t aform of electricity. He invented a wood _® Philadelphia became the biggest city in stove, a clock, and many other useful the British colonies, and Benjamin bia’s things. Franklin became famous for his Franklin was its most famous citizen. many achievements. Why It Matters . GUE How did the government of Today people still enjoy the religious Pennsylvania differ from those of New York freedoms that were practiced in pid New Jersey? Pennsylvania. 1664 i702 im England takes New Netherland New Jersey formed Franklin moves to Philadelphia @ VOCABULARY Choose the correct words to ‘© PEOPLE TO KNOW Who was Benjamin complete each sentence. Franklin, and what were three things that he treaty representative proprietor did for Philadelphia? William Penn was the of Pennsylvania. @ TIMELINE SKILL Did New Jersey become a He made a with the Lenni Lenape. colony before or after England took control of | | | New Netherland? | | | @ © reavine sxe Using your notes, write a Paragraph telling how proprietors solved the © CRITICAL THINKING: Draw Conclusions problem of governing their faraway colonies. ‘The name Philadelphia comes from a Greek word that means “brotherly love.” Use © Main IDEA: History What events led to the information from the lesson to tell why Penn founding of New York as an English colony? might have chosen that name. Sromarscora meme ART ACTIVITY Create a pape t encourage people to move to Pennsylvania in the 1700s, Include drawings, maps, and persuasive reasons for moving,Life in the Middle Colonies 1600 1650 1700 10 Core Lesson DP vocasutary 1550 free market economy free enterprise 1600-1750 artisan laborer Build on What You Know Ifyou and your family apprentice were moving to a new place, wouldn't you want to be accepted? In the 1600s, the Middle Colonies welcomed Vocabulary Strategy people of many different religions and counties. Man apprentice Colo Anapprentice karsaskii ‘A Mix of People az from an expert. Apprentice Main Idea People from many cultures and religions comes from a word that fr t lived in the Middle Colonies. means “to understand.’ |The people of the Middle Colonies came from many pop (DREADING SKILL | tands. Colonists were German, Dutch, Scots-Irish, Scan- belt Cause and Effect Take | dinavian, and English. Some were enslaved Africans. aie notes on what caused many Many colonists were Quakers or members of other a ecele So come to te aiddie Protestant churches. Others were Jews and Catholics. Sup] Colonie { peo, j inp Quaker Meetinghouse Quakers worshipped in meetinghouses. ha farm This New Jersey meetinghouse was built in 1683. abo as t} lanc 196 * Chapter 6175 150 125 100 6 50 25- Number of Churches Religious Pre in the Middle Colonies, 1750 Presbyterian Lutheran estimated of churches? ‘The Middle Colonies had a diverse population because their proprietors believed in religious tolerance. Tolerance is respecting beliefs and practices that are different from one’s own. William Penn supported tolerance. He believed that people of all religions should live together in peace. Other proprietors simply wanted colonists to buy or rent their land for farming. These proprietors did not care about colonists’ religious beliefs as long as the colonists could pay for the land. Religious tolerance and inexpensive land attracted people from many parts of Europe. Some came to escape punishment for their religious beliefs. Others came to farm their own land. All came to find a better way of life. Newcomers to the Middle Colonies usually arrived at the ports of New York ot Philadelphia. A few colonists stayed "in the cities to find work, but most moved to the countiyside to live and work on farms. Quakers* Many People, Many Beliefs the range of religious beliefs in the Middle Colonies was more diverse than those of New England and the Southern Colonies. GDB Reading Charts Which religious groups had about the same number ‘Anglican Baptist Catholic Congregational Denomination Making a Living | Main Idea Most people in the Middle Colonies farmed to eam a living, but cities were important centers of trade. ‘The climate and soil of the Middle Colonies were excellent for farming. Both men and women spent long hours work- ing in the fields and in the home. As in New England, children helped out as soon as they were old enough. Boys helped plant and harvest crops. Girls cooked, sewed, and did housework. Children also cared for the family’s animals and garden. Farmers raised livestock such as cattle and pigs. They grew vegetables, fruits, and other crops in the fertile soil. Farmers grew many different grains, such as wheat, com, and barley. In fact, they grew so much grain used to make bread that the Middle Colonies became known as the “preadbasket” of the thirteen colonies. CED why did proprietors allow religious tolerance? | | | | | L ~-{ 197 \ )Agriculture in the Middle Colonies was so good that farmers usually grew enough to feed their families and still have a surplus. A surplus is more than what is needed, Farmers sold surplus goods to earn a living, Most farmers used the long, wide rivers of the Middle Colonies to ship grain and livestock to sell in Philadelphia or New York. Some colonists also sold wood or furs from their land. Merchants then sold the goods as exports to Europe, the West Indies, and cities in the other British colonies, such as Boston and Charles Town ‘The Middle Colonies, like the other English colonies, had a free market economy. In a free market economy, the people, not the government, decide what will be produced. The Middle Colonies had a free market economy partly because the colonies’ proprietors did not tell colonists what to do. Colonists were free to make the decisions they believed would earn them the most money. The economic system in which people may start any business that they believe will succeed is called free enterprise. Enterprise is another word for business. 198 * Chapter 6 City Philadelphia and New York were the two largest and most important cities in the Middle Colonies. Both cities had ports and were centers of shipping and trade. The free market economy of these successful cities attracted merchants, shopkeepers, and artisans. An artisan is a person who is skilled at making something by hand, such as silver cal spoons ot wooden chairs. ae Laborers also found work in the cities. A laborer is a person who does hard physical work. Some of the laborers tow in the Middle Colonies were enslaved it Africans. They worked in laundries, as aad house servants, or on the docks loading aa and unloading ships. a wit) Boy sho Girl thre hel nee, Hard at Work This boy at Colonial Williamsburg (tight) shows visitors that children performed many chores on farms like the Pennsylvania farm in the painting below.le n Colonial Shops Signs like these hung outside - artisan workshops. The pictures show what artisans imade or repaired, such as furniture and clothing Many young people who lived in towns and cities became apprentices. An ‘apprentice is someone who studies with a master to lear a skill or business. As a child, an apprentice often lived in the master’s house. Apprentices usually worked with their masters for four to seven years. Boy apprentices learned skills such as - shoemaking, printing, and bookmaking, Girl apprentices learned how to spin thread and weave cloth. By watching and helping, apprentices gained the skills they needed to enter the business as adults. 18 TC © VOCABULARY Write a short paragraph about children's lives in the Middle Colonies, using artisan and apprentice. © © READING SKILL What caused people with different religious beliefs to come to the Middle Colonies? © MAIN IDEA: History Why were the Middle Colonies known as the breadbasket? @ MAIN IDEA: Economies How did most people in the Middle Colonies eam a living? © PLACES TO KNOW Why were Philadelphia and New York important cities? Most children in the Middle Colonies learned how to read and write, but many colonists believed that it was most impor- tant for children to learn useful work skills, Parents expected their children to Jearn a business or run the family farm instead of going to college. GED why did colonial children become apprentices? Lesson Summary The Middle Colonies were a place where people from many different countries could live together and earn a good living, Most colonists were farmers, but New York and Philadelphia were busy centers of shipping and trade. Children leamed skills by helping on farms, at home, or as apprentices. Why It Matters... ‘The diversity of the people in the Middle Colonies would help shape the kind of country the United States would later become. @ CRITICAL THINKING: Infer How can a city’s religious tolerance affect the growth and daily life of that city? @ CRITICAL THINKING: Evaluate Do you think free enterprise was good for the Middle Colonies? Explain why or why not. DRAMA ACTIVITY Create a dialogue between a 12-year-old colonist and his or her parents about becoming an apprentice. Use what you have learned in this lesson about an apprentice’s work.