SPE 23471 Waterflood Surveillance Techniques—A Reservoi Management Approach G.€. Thakur, SPE, Chevron U.S.A. inc. “The reservoir management aspects of waterflooding. . . span the time before the start of waterflood to the time when the secondary recovery either is uneconomic or Is changed to an enhanced recovery.” Introduction Billions of barrels of additional reserves have been generated through waterfiooding, ‘one ofthe most important methods of im proving recovery from il reservoirs. With the uncertainty ofthe economic applicabi iy of EOR techniques sa result of o-price instability, opimization of waterflooding has become more significant than ever. ‘The reservoir management aspects of waterflooing are not esticted oan ial ngioering and geological report, economic justification, and project approval by man- agement. Rather, these ongoing activites span the time before the start of watrficod 1 the time when the secondary recovery either is uneconomic ois changed to an en- hanced recovery ‘A reservoir thanagement approach to waterflood surveillance considers a system consisting of feservoir characterization, fluids and their behavior inthe reservoir, bore skin damage, o isolated pay intervals. 3. Production curves. Percent oil cut in produced stream (log scale) vs. cumulative recovery during. secondary. performance ‘may result in an estimate of future recovery ‘or may indicate improvement inthe water- flood performance asa reslt of more uni {orm injection profile. Fig. § ilustrates the performance curve of a typical successful IPT + October 1991, ‘wateflod, and Fig 6 states various ex amples of watefloods. Lo etal. discuss results supporting the application ofa pot oflog (WOR) vs. cumulative ol for water ‘ood analysis. 4, GOR. Decreasing GOR’s indicat that ‘ud fil-up is being achieved. Increasing GOR's indicate that vodage is not replaced by injection ‘5. Flood front map. This pictorial play shows the location of various flood fronts. “The maps, often calle bubble maps, alow visual difereniation between areas ofthe reserves that have and have not been swept by injected water 2 Before filup, Eqs. 1 and 2 can be applied to eximate the outer radius ofthe banked oil an the water-bank radius S61SigE\" et} o 30h, where rap outer radius ofthe banked oi, A; ig “eumulative water injected, bbl: Sys saturation at start of injection, frac: re of water volume that enters the layer where effective waterflood is taking place); and thickness, ft where rai average Water saturation behind front, fac- tion; and S.yconnate water saturation, fraction. If zones are correlative from well o well and if limited vertical communications ex- jst, then the bubble map can be drawn for each zone. The bubble map can be used t0 identify areas that are not flooded and areas ‘with infil dling opportunites. Cone?! used a simple numerical model- ing approach to prepare isobaric and water front maps that identified areas of igh gas and water saturation, 6. X plot.2223 Because extrapolation of ‘past performance onthe graph of Water cut \s, cumulative oil is often complicated, a method was devised to plot recovery factor vs. X that yielded a straight line. X was de- fined as (t-1)-+ ° in) he where f,=fractionl water cu "Tis lahod ire geet tan the ome ventional plot of wate ctv. camulave ‘land yids boner results when the water ut exceeds 075. "Hall plo. This technique, used to analyze injecion-vell dt, is based on 8 ot of cumulative pressure vs cumulative Injection, Itcan provide a wealh of infor ‘maton regiding the characterises ofan infection Well a6 shown in ig. 7. arly nthe life ofan injection well, the water-2ove radius wil erate with tine, using the slope to concave upward, as Shown by Segment ab in Fig. 7 afer il 4p, Line bA indicates stable or normal in Jestion. An nereasing slope tats concave pra generally lnclcas« pshive ain oF poor water quality (Line D). Snir Slopes may occur ia well etme is de Signed to) improve effecve. volumetric seep. In this as, however, the slope wl firs crease and then say constant Line B indiaes a decreasing slope, inicing negative skin or injotion above parting pres Sire. The injection under te ler ood ton canbe verified by running steprte tests, Avery low slope vale, a8 shown by Line 8, is an indication of possible chan teling of curo-zone injection, 8. Conraledwaterflod 2° Maximum profit and recovery would be realized all Mls reached the ood-ut point sila trou. This means producg the get Ci votimes fom te wells raining te larg est PV's, This soma wl el in i ‘mim life with minimom operating expense whl redizin maxinum on recovery. Note that i here a large variation in PV's, this tacks diel beatse cach well salted 2 producionfnjestion rte on the bass of PY tractions 9. Pattern balancing. 829 Minimizing cil migration across pater boundaries in proves the capture ofthe moblved oi and rotors the volume of recycled wate. Pa tem balancing genealy increases swespo ficeney. In stn, fealgnment of od patra in conjuton with pater bela Ing provides more opportunity to increase natRESERVOR ENGINEERING ‘aroLoay ‘AND ropnysics DESIGN AND “CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING PRODUCTION ‘OPERATIONS Le oil recovery. Simple reservoir modeling work can be of great help. For example, ‘Thomas and Driscoll” concluded that in the Slaughter field significant amounts of oil ‘would be trapped in a poorly swept area if ‘no changes were made in the producer/njec- tor configuration, 10. Produced-water analysis.3"3 Injec- ted-water breakthrough can be detected by ‘monitoring the chloride content of the pro- duced water if there isa significant differ- fence in the salinities 1. Injection profile surveys. Petioic sur- veys of injection-well Auid-entry profiles can detect formation plugging, injection out ofthe target zone, thief zones, and under- injected zones. Allocation of injection volumes with data obtained from the pro- file surveys allows tracking of waterfood histories of each zone, Wells. 438 1. Problem areas. Formation plugging, injection out of the target zone, and non: uniform injection profile caused by strat cation are all problem areas. They cause ‘major problems in waterflood operations and low vertical sweep efficiency. Thin, high permeability layers serve as highly conduc- live streaks for the injected water. 2. Well completion. Condition of the ‘casing and/or cement bond plays an impor- tant roe in waterflod surveillance. Because ‘of poor cement, water flow can occur be- hind the casing. Also, openhole injectors and producers, and fractured wells with large ns, RESERVOR MANAGEMENT: ‘Reservoir management approach. PRODUCTION ENGINEERING Economics: ‘AND MANAGEMENT RESEARCH ‘AND SERVICE LAt volume treatments are not generally desir- able, The latter condition may sometimes have a significant negative effect on sweep efficiency. Note that these conditions do not preclude a successful waterflood but require ‘more concentrated efforts in surveillance. 3. Injection well testing. These tests are ‘conducted to optimize waterflood perform lance by maximizing pressure differential, minimizing skin damage, ensuring proper distribution of water, and monitoring the ex- tent of fracturing. 3° 4. Quality of producers. Poor producers ‘make poor injectors. 5. Converting producers. Producers are converted and high gas producers are shut in @ accelerate fil-up time. 6. Backpressure. If the producing wells are not pumped off, a backpressure is ap- plied to cause erossflow. AS a result, the low-pressure zones may not produce. 7. Changing injection profiles.” This ‘can be done with selective injection equip- ment, selective perforating, low pressure squeeze cementing, aciizing, and thief zone blockage through polymer treatments. 8. Regular well cleanouts. 9. Completion and workover techniques ‘wellbore cleanout, completion and work lover fluids, perforating and perforation cleaning, packers®), 10, Tubing selection and corrosion coatings. 1, Scale removal and inhibition 12, Specific recommendations for injec- tion/production well, water source well, and wellheads 13. Flow regulation (surface and down- hole regulation, single/dual-string injection). ‘onirol (polymer, cementing, chemical, microbial Facilites/Operations, The literaure on \waterflood surveillance is generally aimed at reservoir performance. Overall project success, however, is often critically affected by daily field operations. While reservoir engineers and geologists play avery impor- ‘anc role in reservoir performance and water- flood optimization, facilities/operations staf are concerned with daily management of field operations, information collection, and diagooss of potential o existing probiens (mechanical, electrical, or chemical) Soft equipment coscatons ould include surface gathering and storage sys- tem, injection pumps, water distribution sys- tems, metering, water treatment and filtering system, oil/wate separation, corrosion and scale, plant and equipment sizing, handling ‘of separated waste products, Water-Quality Maintenance‘3.44 water quality is not maintained, higher in jection pressures are required to sustain esired injection rates. Also, corrosion prob lems increase with time when lower-qualty ‘water is used. Ii important to protect the injection system against corrosion 10 preserve its physical integrity and to prevent the generation of corrosion products. Tally, the water quality should be such that the reservoir does not plug and injec- tivity isnot lot during the life ofthe flood. However, cost considerations often prohibit the use of such high-quality water. The ex- pense of obtaining. and preserving good- quality water must be balanced against the loss of income incurred as a result of de- creased ol recovery and increased workover and remedial operations requirements. ‘Questions are often asked about the de- termination of acceptable water quality Tighter formations require better-quality water. Sometimes poor-quality water can be injected above parting pressures, but injec: tion through fractures could reduce sweep efficiency. Although iti impossible to predict quan- tiatively the minimum water quality re- Quired for injection water into a given formation, some authors* have attempted to define injection water-quality requize- ments from on-site testing. Table 3 and Fig. 8 describe other considerations regarding ‘water systems. Ie is imeesting to-note that incompatible barium and sulfate waters were injected into the Baylor County Waterflood Unit No. 1.47 Produced and makeup waters were not ‘mixed; instead, they Were injected through two separate systems and into separate wells. Roebuck and Crain$? reported that no problems were encoumtered through mi ing and precipitation in the reservoir, nor were any problems in the producing system. ‘experienced. otober 1991 + 4PTHydrocarbon Transport | Water Treatment |+—— | Water Weis | | | Production Faciities [-—+[Disposal Weis | injection Faction Froducion Wels Reservoir |_ Gases }-—{Reservei] {aso | Wale Fig. 2—Waterfiood cycle. Monitoring Facilites. Reservoir, * Prosvcton/nection, ‘ Pressure (portable test equipment, uid- level testing; repeat formation, buildup/fall- off, and step-rate tests; feldwide pressure surveys to determine pressure gradient for use on balancing injection/producton rats) ‘Rate (ol, water, gas, watercut, GOR, ‘well esting producioninjecion allocation). ‘Pattern balancing (voidage control, areal/verical sweep efficiency using stream tube models), ‘ Waterflood patter realignment. * Observation/monitoring wells. * Reservoir sweep and bypassed oil. Fracture communications. * Thief zones and channels. * PV injected. © Gravity uneriding ad fingering/coning, Walls. * Productioinjction logging (opeahole! cased hole, temperature/spinner/tracer), Injected water in target zone. * Hal plots (well plugging/stimulation. * Tracer (single well/nterwell, © Tagging fill. * Cement integrity. ‘© Downhole equipment. ‘Surface equipment «+ Wellbore fractures, ‘Formation damage/ perforation plogsing. ‘* Pumped-off condition, * Corrosion/scale-inibition residuals. ‘+ Monitoring equipment and maintenance. ater System. ' Presence of corrosive dissolved gases (CO;, H,S, 03); minerals; bacterial grow; dissoived solids; suspended solids, concen- tration and composition; ion analysis; pH. * Corrosvity (corrosion coupons and cor rosion rate monitoring), oil content (dis: persed or emulsified oil in water), and iron sulfide * On-site or laboratory analysis. « Data gathering a the water-source well, ‘water-injection wells, and several points in the injection system, Case Histories Means San Andres Unit. Stiles*® docu- ‘mented a comprehensive surveillance pro- ‘gram used at the Means San Andres Unit, AA detailed surveillance program was devel- ‘oped and implemented in 1975. It included ‘monitoring production (oil, gas, and water) and water injection, controlling injection pressures with step-mte tests, pater balanc- {ng with computer balance program, running Injection profiles to ensure optimum distri- bution, selecting specific production pro- files, and choosing fluid levels to ensure pumpotf of producing well. ‘The following were implemented dur tertiary recovery (water-alterating-gasin- “Effective waterflood management requires a multidisciplinary team approach. Jection), but they also apply to waterflood surveillance * Areal flood balancing (optimizing the arrival of flood fronis at producers) per- formed by annval pressure-falloff tests in each injector and computer balancing programs. ‘* Production/injection monitoring. ‘Data acquisition and monitoring. « Patter performance monitoring to max- mize oil recovery and flood efficiency by evaluating and optimizing the performance of each pattern. * Optimization (t must be dynamic and sensitive to changes in performance, tech- nology, and economics). ‘Vertical conformance monitoring to op- timize vertical sweep efficiency while minimizing out-of-zone injection. Several cross sections were constructed for each pat- term to ensure completions in all the flood- able pay. Annual profiles were run on all injection wells. For each profil, casing or packer leaks were identified, out-of zone in- Jection was identified, and zonal injection from profile was compared with porosity fet profiles, ‘The main objective ofan injection survey {sto provide a means of monitoring the in- {ection water so that efforts can be made to ensure that injection rates conform with ‘zonal porosity-thickness. These efforts have paid substantial dividends in increased ver- tical sweep and ultimate recovery. Reservoir Wells Facies Pressure Pertorations Productionvinjection Rates Produetionfinjection lagging Monitoring equipment Volumes Injected water in target zone cus Tracer Fluid samples Taaping fil Hal plots Cement intority Fluid drift Downhole equipment. Pattern balancing Wellbore fractures Pattern realignment Formation damage Perforation plugging Pumpedott condition Water System Water quaity Presence of corosive dissolved gases, minerals, bacterial growth, dissolved ‘soli, and suspended solids ton analysis pH Corrosivity it content tron eutide ‘On-atte of laboratory analysis Data gathering on source and injection walls end injection systom IPT + October 1901 uaaSerena 1A pan of action, involving al functions Flexible plan 3 Management support | 4. Commitment of field personnel | 5. Periodic review meetnge, involving allteam members (interdscipinary, | cooperation in teaching each other's | _ tunetional oojectives), South Hobbs Unit. Production atthe South Hobbs Unit increased almost 100% within ‘a year. The reason for boosted perform ance was an aggressive program of well sur- veillance, general record keeping, and remedial action, Five operational efforts had positive effeets on production 1. Liftcapacity of a number of wells was increased s0 that a pumped-off condition ‘could be maintained 2. Operating pressures in the stellt bat tery separators were reduced, thereby reduc ing backpressure through the Nlowlines back to the wel. 3, Adverse effets of scale accumulation ‘were decreased by remedial and preventive 4 Injection pressures just under the parting pressure were maintained. 5. Tracer surveys were run to ensure that fluid is entering into the proper zones inthe right amounts. West Yellow Creek Field. Gordon and ‘Owens described the importance of a thorough, well-organized reservoir surveil- lance forthe West Yellow Creck field. This effort involved many activities, including pressure falloff ests, a computerized flood balancing program, and a produced-water sampling program. Ventura Field. SchneiderS! described the role of geological factors on the design and surveillance of waterfloods in the structur- ally complex reservoirs in the Ventura field, CCA. Geologic factors strongly influenced the profiles of injection wells and the responses Of producing wells. The waterflood was monitored to determine the dependence of injectvity nd productivity on geologic fac tors. The continuing geologic surveillance proved t be quite useful in determining the ‘cause of injection anomalies and predicting their effect on waterflood response. Jay/Little Escambia Creek Field. The ap- plication of reservoir management tech- niques. was key 10 the success of this waterflood.523* Surveillance information and reservoir description data provided new insights into water movement and zonal epletion. Operating decisions based on these data proved to be highly profitable. ‘Surveillance was used for both the veri- cal and horizontal conformances. Cased hole logging, pressure-buildup and produc- tion tests, and permeability data from core analysis were used forthe vertical conform- ance surveillance; radioactive racers, reser- voir pressure data, and interference tests ‘were used for the areal surveillance. ‘To achieve vertical conformance, injec- tion wells were acid-fracture-treated in multiple stages to create connecting vertical fracture systems. Temperature surveys, noise logs, and flowmerers were used for the vertical conformance surveillance. The entire section in the producing wells was, ‘opened without acd fracturing to maintain the flexibility of future water production. Flowmeter/gradiomanometer_ surveys, pressure buildups along with core analysis data, noise logs, and gamma ray logs were ted for monitoring. In addition, pulsed neutron-capture logs tracked edigewater en- croachment Radioactive tracer data provided a means of determining the source of water break- through, which was later confirmed by the inerference test performed between the producer and the suspect injection well. On the basis ofthese results, rates were adjusted to minimize trapped oll behind the water fronts, Wasson Denver Unit. GhauriS55° and Ghauri etal.57 described several innova- tive techniques to increase this unit's pro- ‘duction rates and reserves, including novel ‘geological concepts (Fig. 3), major modifi- ‘ations in flood design, infill driling, and careful surveillance. The wateflood surveil lance incorporated such common techniques as computer-generated analyses of produc- tiow injection data, water-bank radi or bub- ble maps, pressure contour maps, atificial- lift monitoring, and specific items like care- fal monitoring of the relationship between reservoir withdrawals and the wate-injec- tion rate. The latter was monitored on both ‘unit and individual battery basis. ‘Based upon an energy balance of injec- tion and withdrawals, Bole =Bo do Be(R-Ry)4p+By nr injection rate, STB/D; B, oil FVF, RBI STB; q,~oil production rate, STBID; B,mgas FVE, RBiscf, B: GOR, scf/STB; R,=solution GOR, ater production rae, 6) With 800-psi PVT data and injection and production rates of 416,000 and. 70,000 STBID water, the oil rate for producing GOR's of 700 and 750 scfiSTB are 148,000 ‘and 138,000 STBID, respectively (B,= 1.213 RB/STB, By =0,003125 RBIsef, and R,=339 scf/STBJ. The above rate model Was history matched with actual perform- ance in individual battery areas and then used to investigate the effects of changes in ‘operating policy. ‘A significant effort was also made to im- prove the vertical sweep efficiency in both existing and new waterinjection wells. ‘Cemented liners were installed in openhole producers that were converted to injection, land the zones tobe flooded were selectively perforated. All new producers and injectors ‘were cased through the zones of interest and selectively perforated rather than completed ‘openhole, which had been practiced before. ‘Treating pressures during acid stimulation Jobs were kept under formation fracturing Dressures to maintain zonal isolation, and in- OLD GEOLOGIC CONCEPT CONTINUOUS PAY CURRENT GEOLOGIC CONCEPT NON-CONTINUOUS PAY Ej pay Fig. 3—Geologie concepts. 84 October 1991 «PT{ection rates below fracturing pressure were ‘maintained. Survelltance—A Look Ahead In the years ahead, more attention will be given to surveillance. Three areas wit! play ‘an increasing role, ‘Starting a Surveillance Program Early in the Life of a Reservoir. Sloat discussed the profound effect ofthe proper timing of the implementation of monitoring/volumet- rc sweep technology on recovery efficiency ‘An increase from 20 to 45% was noted. With this in mind, our goal should be 10 maximize volumetric sweep early in the project's life. Trying to squeeze more oil from marginal projects will, at best, yield marginal 10 average results. Designing waterfloods with dedicated observation! monitoring wells will allow the reservoir team to understand how the waterlood is ‘operating in the reservoir and to take cor rective actions if necessary, Field Automation and Information ‘Management System.®? As Bohannon‘? pointed out, field automation will continue to play an increasingly important role in waterflood surveillance. Automation, together with an information management system, will enhance technical analysis and control. Our skill in controling future per- formance will depend on how well we docu- ‘ment and utilize the past and the present. Because the industry has lost expertise in the last few years through reductions in the work force, it is important to build an in- formation management system that incor- ‘orates heuristic knowledge into waterflood surveillance operations. Development and pplication of integrated computer software Using artificial intelligence (an expert sys- tem) will be of great importance in the fu ture. In addition, it is easier to transfer expertise 10 new professionals if @ well- ‘organized information management system is available Reservoir Management—A ‘Team Ap- proach. The reservoir management approach. 10 waterflood surveillance con- siders a systems approach that includes reservoir characterization, fluids and their behavior in the reservoir, creation and op- eration of wells, and surface processing of fuids. Economic recovery from a water- flood ean be maximized by an integrated ‘group effor. All decisions pertaining tothe \Waterlood should be made by the team con- sidering the ene system, rather than only fone aspect. The team approach to reservoir ‘management should always be emphasize. Acknowledgment: 1 express my appreciation t0 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. for permission to publish this paper. I thank my colleagues within (Chevron Corp. andthe industry who provi ed valuable information for this paper. In particular, I appreciate constructive cr IPT # October 1991 or BHO- G.W.0. + 1087 TOP/YATES Bc SAND 3 SAND STRAY SANDS. ‘TOP/SEVEN RIVERS| Ta AND, 3020 toxg ° Fig. 4—Type log for North Ward Estes tleld PHASE lL PRODUCTION RATE = 8/0 | =o * a A ‘cue PERIOD | 18 DECLINE PERIOD, I (0) ARITIMAETIC AVERAGE RECOVERY/PERIOD Fig. 5—Typlcal successful watertiood performance.‘SLOPE OF TOTAL FLUID CURVE (0) cones moicares maccTOn lats wrwonamals ©) cess Nun 6 ononcEs wovcarEs ‘iLL on PLD avons PATTERN, GREATER Ta 45 DRONEES ‘movcaee wrtonaMaus x DEVIATION OF OIL AND TOTAL FLUIDEURVE | ‘ippeunw a Low annua iar: Le nets se oe (@) SLOPE OF O1L CURVE INDICATES WHAT THE. Setbeotrabrasent aca Saree cocrues sue OC etomnimenon mosactor Sermons” ‘ORRLATIVE TOPAL FLD ‘Gilera gantry waren neartonoua Fig. 6—Cumulative injection vs. cumulative total fluid and cumulative ol cisms provided by J.L. Goolsby and R.A. and Gas Recovery Conference, Midland Norris of Chevron Stiles of Exxon | March 69. 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Water Channeling,” JPT (Aug. 1963) as FuL-uP 115-25, 42, Rose, S.C: The Design Engincering Aspects = Fn eden Enineing Amer ‘CUMULATIVE WATER INJECTION iRetarion, TX 0989) Fig. 7—Typleal Hall plot for varlous conditions. Injection Wells," Ol & Gas J. (Nov. 9 1987) 59-4, 44. Chang, CK. "Water Quality Coasieraions in Malaysia's First Waterloo," JPT (Spt. SOURCE 1985) 1689-98, ware 45, Paton, C.C.: “Water Quality Cool an is Importance in Waterfloating Operations,” IPT (Seph. 1988) 1123-26, 46, McCune, C.C.: “On-Site Testing To Define Injection Water Quality Requirements,” JPT an, 1977) 17-24 47. Rocbuck, LF. Jt and Crain, LL “Water Flooding’ a High WaterCut Strawn Sand Reservoir,” JPT (Aug. 1968) 845-50, WROVE BY NECHANICAL avo /on CHEMICAL PROCESSING AocePr ir PRESERVE QUALITY BY | DEPENDS UPON | 1 Weater-quality requirements. Source ‘CONTROLLING conTAMINANT | THE LENGTH AND | ater—producee-water compat, Joetonwatr=resertact imracion GENERATION OR Ano | COMPLERTY OF THE | {Glay sweling); dispersed ol; corosion; IWECTION SYSTEM ‘scale; bacina(eufate reducing, oxidize ame te od Po0R ‘content, barium sulfate); corrosion inhi Suicemce sree a cases eet nce eee oe eee secure Some a ea a Petros 0 ae ‘Other Important considerations —olwater DECREASED OL RECOVERY separation; filtration (gathering station, ‘teatment plant, types of iters, wellhead ‘tors’ and strainers}, waste treatment; ‘wator supply walls (colds, corosion pod: || PROCEED INCREASE OPEX LESS INCOME i ‘cts, bacteria}; and surtace water (ory- ‘gen, bacteria, marine organisms, Suspended inorganle solid). Fg. 8 —Water system. IPT « October 1991 szgradu Im petrolaum engineering at the U. of Houston and the U. of Texas at the Per- ‘mian Basin, and in the MBA program at Houston Baptiat U. Thakur was a 1980— ‘82 member ofthe Editorial Review Com- mittee, a member ofthe 1985, 1987, and 1991 Forum Series commitises, and ie 12 1991-82 Distingulshed Lecturer. He holds « BS degree In petroleum engl ‘neering from Indien Schoo! of Mines, MS. ‘and PhD degrees in petroleum and ne- Stiles, L.H.: “Reservoir Management in the “Means San Andres Unit" paper SPE 20751 preseted atthe 1990 SPE Annual Techical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Sept. 25-26. Gil, D. and Har, D.: “Production Jumps Almost 100% in One Year at Sout Hobbs Unit” Dri Bi (Aug. 1977) 27-30 Gordon, SP and Owen, O.K.:Survelnce and Performance of an Existing Polymer Flood: A’ Case History of West Yellow Creek,” paper SPE 8202 presente st the 1979 SPE Angual Technical Conference sod Exhbition, Las Vegas, Sept. 23-26, ‘Schneier, 1 ""Geologie Factors inthe De- ‘sgn and Surveillance of Waterloods i he ‘Thick Suactrly Complex Reserve in he ‘Ventura Field, Califor,” paper SPE 4049, presented athe 1972 SPE Annual Meeting, Sen Antonio, Oct. 8-11, Langston, EP and Shire, J.A. “Perform= ance of Jay/LEC Fields Unit Under Mare ‘Waterlood and Early Teriary Operation,” IPT (Feb, 1985) 261-68, Langston, E.., Shier, J.A., and Nelson, DE. "Inovative Reservoir Management ‘Key to Highly Success Jay/LEC Water. foc." JPT (May 1981) 783-51 Shires, LAL: "Jay-LEC Waterloo’ Pater Perfor Successfully,” paper SPE 5534 presented atthe 1975 SPE Anncal Technical Conference and Exhibion, Dallas, Sep. 28- Oct. 1 Eng. (Dec. 1974) 26-34. 56. Ghauri, W.K.: “Production Techaology Ex perience ina Large Carbonate Waterood, Denver Unit, Wasson San Andes Field, IPT (Sep. 1980) 1993-1502 ‘51. Ghauri, W.K., Osborne, AF, and Magn 00, W.L.: “Changing Concepts in Car bonate Waterflooding =West Texas Denver Unit Project Musatve Example," JP7 ine 1974) 598-606 58, Sloat, BLE: “Measuring Engineered Oil Recovery," JPT dan. 1991) 8-13. $9. Hunter, 1D. eral: "Denver Unit Well Su veilance and Pump-Off Control System, IPT (Sep. 1978) 1319-26, (0. Bohannon, J.M.: “Automation in Oiled Production Operations," JPT (Aug. 1988) 1239-42, SI Metric Conversion Factors box 1569875 +01 =m 2001685 E-G sm? psx 689187 EF) = Ke ‘Tipper SE 247% Dog Auno Sara {ste err cnerpeve pean ha ea [eenaectine avn an aan omc) 8 ee Inorratcompranai ates era we oer Ith tps acoso Weton by cue ogres ‘Stnersinibewen hem ala oa ne (Sorc wa ae preset uc det oye [tine ackronyPurpae Tom te goers ipo er soca aecae wen cp ‘rong. A staoun aemaogy SE atta’ ‘Kor Sw: De 98) Dot 388 sabe a SPE feo or ep wer October 1991 «PT