df3@)&@

df3@)&@

df3@)&@

df3@)&@

df3@)&@

df3@)&@

10

cfj/0f

cfheGbf ^ jif{ cufl8 cyf{t\ @)^% kmfu'g ( ut]

hf]l8Psf] of] ;DaGwnfO{ cfh sfg"gL kdf g} 6'\Uofpg] sfd
ul/of].
x/t/xsf ;Dej x'g ;Sg] ;a} k|of;x ubf{ klg bfDkTo
hLjg cufl8 a9fpg ;lsPg. Pp6f dfq xftn] tfnL gaHbf]
/x]5. ;DaGw g6'6f];\ eg]/ sfdgf ug]{, k|of; ug]{ z'elrGts,
;fyLefO, cfkmGthgx s;}sf] klg s]xL nfu]g. cflv/
h] x'g' lyof] Tof] eP/} 5f8\of]. k|of;df ;fy lbg] ;a}k|lt d
hLjgko{Gt s[t1 /xg]5'. w]/} cufl8 st} s'g} k':tsdf s'g} k|Voft
ljfgsf] egfO k9]sf] lyPF.
ljjfx k'ifxsf nflu h'jf v]n]h:t} xf], c;n >LdtL e]6] hLjg
:ju{ aG5. v/fa e]6] hLjg g/st'No aG5. ;a}df t of] s'/f nfu" gxf]nf

wflb a]+;Laf6 tLg lbg k}bn lxF8]kl5 ltlKn k'luG5. ltlKndf

kftnf] a:tL 5. ToxL a:tLd} Pp6f ;fgf] 3/ 5. 3/df tLg hgf
afnaRrf 5g\.
3/d'lgsf] rf}tf/fdf sf]xL gf}nf] dfG5] b]Vg]lalQs} tLg hgf
afnaRrf bf}l8Fb} k'U5g\/ lg/fz eP/ kmls{G5g\. rf}tf/fdf pgLx?n]
cfdfnfO{ b]Vb}gg\. of] qmd rn]sf] Ps jif{ eO;Sof].
@)&! ;fnsf] ;fpgdf cfdf ;Demgf tfdf log} tLghgf
afnaRrfsf] kfngkf]if0fsf nflu s'a]t uPsL lyOg\. rf/ dlxgfkl5

t/ d]/f] hLjgdf rflxF To:t} eof]. j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ljb]zdf

/ut;l/ kl;gf aufpg]xsf] 3/af/ / >LdtL;Fusf] ;DaGw lalu|Psf w]/}
syfxdf cfhb]lv d]/f] syf klg ylkof].

lIflth ;'j]bL @)&@ h]7 !! ut]sf] km];a's :6f6;af6

;Demgfsf] kmf]g cfpg 5f8\of]. cfdf x/fPkl5 afafn] klg vf]hL

u/]gg\. a? s]xL ;do kl5 bf]>f] ljjfx u/]. To;kl5 cf7 jif{sf xl/
/ pgsf b'O{ hgf efO alxgL 6'x'/f] em}+ ePsf 5g\. afafn] klg klxnf
h:tf] dfof ug{ 5f8]. sfG5L cfdfnfO{ b]Vbf Gof;|f] d]l6g] eGbf klg
cfdfsf] ofbn] emg} ;tfpF5 pgLx? eG5g\.
;Demgfsf] kl/jf/sf] ljifodf ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePkl5 Ps
cgnfOg klqsf;Fu ;Dks{df cfPsL ;Demgfn] ljb]z uPkl5 cfgf]
kmf]g x/fPsf] / 3/sf] gDa/ lal;{Psfn] kmf]g ug{ g;s]sf] atfOg\. s'a]t
k'u]sf] rf/ dlxgfkl5b]lv ;fx'n] tna dfUbf oftgf lbPsf], df]afOn
klg x/fPsfn] s;};Fu s'/f ug{ g;s]sf] pgn] u'gf;f] ul/g\.
cK7]/f]df k/]/ kmf]g ug{ ;lsgF. d rfx]/ o;/L a;]sL xf]Og. klxnf
sdfpFbf rf/ dlxgfsf] tna >Ldfg\nfO{ k7fPs} lyPF. t/ clxn]
>Ldfg\n] klg ;f}tf NofP5g\. 3/df 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] lahf]u eP5. ca
hlt ;Sbf] rfF8} g]kfn kmls{g rfxG5' ;Demfgfn] eg]sL l5g\ .
df3@)&@

11

 em08} #) jif{ cl3b]lv z'? ePsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf t];|f] d'n's

hfg] g]kfnLx?sf] ;+Vof ljut @) jif{b]lv lbg b'O u'gf /ft rf}u'gfsf]
lx;fan] al9/x]sf] 5.
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] tYof\s cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)^# )^$
b]lv @)&! )&@ ;Dd #) nfv @* xhf/ ! ;o * hgf g]kfnLx?
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf /x]sf]df rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] d+l;/ d;fGt;Dd ! nfv
&$ xhf/ ( ;o @^ hgf ylkPsf 5g\. of] ;+Vof hf]8\bf ;f9] ( jif{sf]
cjlwdf #@ nfv # xhf/ #$ hgf g]kfnLx? j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf /x]sf
5g\. tL dWo] sl/j *@ xhf/ dlxnf 5g\.
@)^# cl3sf] tYof\s Jojl:yt g/x]sf]n] o;df ;dfj]z gu/]sf]
ljefusf] egfO 5. To; cl3sf sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof o;sf] cfwf g} cg'dfg
ug]{ xf] eg] klg em08} %) nfv g]kfnLx? sfdsf] nflu t];f| ] d'ns
' df /x]sf]
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5. pgLx?n] j}wflgs af6f]af6 dfq} k7fPsf] ljk|]if0fsf]
u0fgf g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] ug]{ u/]sf] 5. pQm ljk|]if0f jflif{s ^ va{sf]
xf/fxf/Ldf x'g] u/]sf] 5. h'g em08} b]zsf] s'n ah]6sf] glhs kb{5.
hfgsf/x?sf cg';f/ ljb]zaf6 cfpg] /]ld6\ofG; j}wflgs af6f]af6 hlt
cfpF5 Tof] eGbf a9L cj}w x'08Laf6 cfpg] u/]sf] 5. o; lx;fadf !@
va{eGbf a9Lsf] cfDbfgL x'g] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] b]zsf] cy{tGqdf /fd|}
k|efj kf/]sf] 5. t/ o;n] Psflt/ sfd ug]{ hgzlQm ljb]z knfog x'Fbf
b]zdf s[lif nufot pTkfbgsf If]q lgl:qo ag]/ k/ lge{/tf j9fPsf]
5 h'g b]zsf] bL3{sfnsf] nflu Pp6f ;d:of xf].
To; afx]s gful/sx?df klg l;h{glzntf / b]zd} s]xL u/f}+ eGg]
efjgf 36]/ efjL k':tf;Dd k/ k/lge{/tf r'lng] cj:yfsf] cf+sng
ug'{kg]{ cj:yf eO;s]sf] 5. To;sf] cltl/St kl/jf/ ljv08gsf]
;a}eGbf eofjx cj:yf o;n] l;h{gf ul//x]sf] 5.
>LdtL jf >Ldfg\ nfdf] ;do ljb]zdf /xFbf d'VotM >Ldfg\
>LdtL aLrdf cljZjf; r'lng] / cGttM kl/jf/ g} 6'6\g] u/]sf
w]/} pbfx/0f 5g\. ltg} pbfx/0fdWo] b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0fnfO{
xfdLn] of] l/kf6{sf] cu|efudf k|:t't u/]sf xf}+.

rf/ hgfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ Ps ;ftfdf rflxg] b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'

-ls/fgf ;fdfu|L_ lsGg slt vr{ nfUnf <
Ps hgfsf] sdfOn] k'U5 < tkfO{sf] ;xh hjfkm x'g ;S5
h;f]t;f] k'Unf. t/, olb cf};t Hofnfsf] cfwf/df lx;fa ug]{ xf]
eg] Ps hgfsf] sdfOn] c? vr{ t 5f8f}+, ls/fgf ;fdfu|L lsGg
klg k'Ub}g.
olt dfq xf]Og, g]kfndf x'g] o:tf] vr{ o'/f]lkog / c/a b]zsf]
eGbf w]/} a9L b]lvPsf] 5. d'exj gfds j]a;fO6sf cg';f/ Hofnfsf
cfwf/df rf/ hgfsf] kl/jf/sf nflu Ps ;ftfdf ls/fgf
;fdfu|Ldf w]/} vr{ x'g] d'n'ssf] ;"rLdf g]kfn 5}6f}+
:yfgdf k/]sf] 5.
p;sf cg';f/ g]kfndf ls/fgf ;fdfu|L
vl/bsf nflu x'g] vr{ cf};t HofnfeGbf
em08} bf]Aa/ 5. h; cg';f/ g]kfndf Ps
hgfsf] ;ftfsf] sdfO !)) ?k}ofF 5 eg] p;n]
rf/ hgfsf] kl/jf/sf nflu ls/fgf ;fdfu|L
vl/bdf Ps ;ftfdf !&!=!^ vr{
ug{'k5{.
o;df ;a} e Gbf cufl8
o''uf08f b]lvPsf] 5. ToxfF
ls/fgf ;fdfu|L vl/bsf
nflu ;fKtflxs sdfOsf]
@&%=*^ k| l tzt vr{
x'G5. Olyof]lkof bf];|f],
s]Gof t];|f], lhDafAa] rf}yf]
/ Dofgdf/ kfFrf}+ :yfgdf 5.

;fKtflxs sdfOaf6
ls/fgf ;fdfu|L sd vr{ x'g]
b]zdf ;a}eGbf cufl8 vf8L
d'n's 5g\.
zLif{ :yfgdf stf/ 5. ToxfF
Ps JolQmn] rf/ hgfsf] kl/jf/
kfNg ;fKtflxs sdfOsf] @=^@
k|ltzt dfq ls/fgf ;fdfu|Ldf
vr{ ug{'k5{. bf];|f] :yfgdf
dsfp, t];|f]df s'j]t, rf}yf]df
l;+ufk'/ / kfFrf}+ gDa/df o'PO{
5g\. gj]{ bzf}+ gDa/df 5, hxfF
Ps JolQmn] rf/ hgfsf] kl/jf/
kfNg ;fKtflxs sdfOsf] *=@&
k|ltzt dfq ls/fgf ;fdfu|Ldf
vr{ ug{'k5{.

g' D a] c f] gfds
j]a;fO6n] x/]s jif{ cBfjlws
ug{] d"No ;"rLnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/
cf} ; t vr{ lgsflnPsf]
d'exjn] hgfPsf] 5.

df3@)&@

12

 k"jL{o ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltcg';f/ ljjfx Pp6f s7f]/ t/ kljq ;fdflhs

aGwg xf], h;n] ;dfhnfO{ cu|ult k|bfg ub{5. j}1flgs / ;do;fk]If
?kdf x]bf{ klg ljjfx Pp6f kljq aGwg h;nfO{ ;Gtfg pTkfbgsf] d'Vo
cfwf/ dflgG5. ljjfx aGwgdf afFlwPkl5 5'6\6} kl/j]z / lhDd]jf/L
cfOk5{. ;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] s;L klg xf], ljjfx. t/, kl5Nnf]
bzsdf ;dfhsf] ;+/rgf nueu l5GgleGg x'g] ;+s]t kfOg yflnPsf]
5. tkfO{+ cfkm}F ;f]Rg';\, ha kl/jf/ g} elTsg yfNof] eg] afFsL rflxF s]
/xG5 <
g]kfnsf] k"jL{ efudf klg ljjfx]Q/ ;DaGwsf dfnf wdfwd v'l:sFb}
uPsf] b[i6fGt of] l/kf]6{dfkm{t k|:t't ul/Psf] 5. kl/jfl/s a]d]n, kl/jf/sf]
c:jLs[lt, cGt/hftLo ljjfx, lszf]/fj:yfd} ljjfx ug]{ kl/kf6Ln]
j}jflxs ;DaGwdf lju|x cfPsf] xf]. g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg emfkf cWoIf
uh]Gb| cfrfo{ j}jflxs ;DaGw tf]l8g] qmd a9\g'sf] sf/0f cs}{ /x]sf]
l6Kk0ffL u5{g\. pgsf cg';f/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/n] ;DaGwljR5]b a9]sf]
xf]. >Ldfg\ ljb]z uPkl5 >LdtLdf dxTjfsf+Iff a9\g yfN5, k};fn] dfq}
;a} sfd x'Fb}g, zf/Ll/s cfjZostfn] klg ;DaGwnfO{ k|efljt u5{, pgL
eG5g\ ljjfxnuQ} >Ldfg\ jf >LdtL j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] / cfk;L
ljZjf; 36\b} uPkl5 ;DaGwljR5]bsf] af6f] v'N5. >Ldfg\ ljb]zd}
/xFbf >LdtLn] cs}{;Fu ljjfx u/]kl5 cf}krfl/stfsf nflu cbfnt k'Ug]
kl/kf6L a9]sf] 5.
emfkf lhNnf cbfntsf] tYof\sn] klg cfrfo{sf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ k'li6
u5{. k"j{df ;a}eGbf lzlIft elgPsf emfkf / Onfddf ;DaGwljR5]bsf]
8/nfUbf] b[Zo k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5. emfkf lhNnf cbfntsf >]:t]bf/ gj/fh
cfrfo{sf cg';f/ ;DaGwljR5]bsf 36gfdf cfwf hlt rflxF j}b]lzs
/f]huf/L g} sf/s b]lvG5. emfkf lhNnf cbfntdf cfwf bzsotf ;DaGw
ljR5]b ug]{sf] ;\Vof a9]sf] 5. rfn" cfly{s jif{ @)&@)&# sf]
d\l;/ d;fGt;Ddsf] tYof\s cg';f/ $ ;o $( cf]6f ;DaGwljR5]bsf
d'2f k/]sf 5g\. ;fpgotf ! ;o ^! cf]6f d'2fsf] lhDd]jf/L ;/]sf] 5,
pgn] cy{la6;Fu eg], h;df @ ;o ** cf]6f gofF x'g\. cfrfo{n] rfn"
cfly{s jif{sf] of] cjlwdf @ ;o #@ cf]6f d'2fsf] km};nf eO;s]sf]
5. @ ;o !& cf]6f afFsL 5g\ pgn] eg]. cbfntsf] tYof\scg';f/
clwsf+z d'2fdf jfbL dlxnf g} 5g\. pgsf cg';f/ @ hgf k'?ifn] ;DaGw
ljR5]bsf nflu lgj]bg lbPsf 5g\.
;'b'/k"jL{ kxf8L lhNnf Onfddf klg ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] 36gf a9\bf]
5. lhNnf cbfntsf cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)^()&) df *% cf]6f
;DaGwljR5]bsf 36gf btf{ ePsf lyP. t/, @)&!)&@ df To;sf]
emG8} bf]Aa/ a9L ! ;o $& k'u]sf] 5. cfly{s jif{ @)&))&! df

(* j6f d'2f btf{ ePsf] lyof]. uPsf] jif{ btf{ ePsf ;DaGwljR5]bsf
36gfdWo] ! ;o !$ cf]6fsf] km};nf eO;s]sf] hgfOPsf] 5. !^ b]lv
$% jif{ pd]/;Ddsfn] ;DaGwljR5]b ul//x]sf] cbfntsf] egfO{ 5.
emfkfdf kfFr jif{otf dlxnfn] g} ;DaGwlaR5]b ug]{ qmd a9]sf] lhNnf
cbfntsf] tYof\sn] b]vfpF5. cfly{s jif{ @)&!)&@ df @ xhf/
& ;o #) cf]6f gofF d'2f btf{ ePsf lyP. To;df cl3Nnf] cfly{s
jif{sf km};nf x'g afFsL ! xhf/ @ ;o *& ;lxt $ xhf/ !& d'2fdWo]
@ xhf/ ^ ;o $$ cf]6f d'2f km};nf ePsf lyP. ;DaGw ljR5]bsf &
;o $) gofF d'2f btf{ ePsf]df ^ ;o !) cf]6f d'2f km};nf ePsf] 5.
c;f/;Dddf afFsL /x]sf ! xhf/ # ;o &# d'2fdWo] ! ;o ^$ cf]6f
;DaGw ljR5]bsf /x]sf 5g\. lhNnf cbfntdf cfly{s jif{ @)^()&)
df ! xhf/ * ;o @ cf]6f d'2f btf{ ePsf lyP. To;df * ;o ^% d'2f
cl3Nnf] ;fnaf6 lhDd]jf/L ;/]/ s'n @ xhf/ ^ ;o @ j6f d'2fdWo] !
xhf/ $ ;o !^ cf]6f d'2f km};nf ePsf lyP. km};nfdWo] $ ;o ^ cf]6f
km};nf ;DaGw ljR5]bsf d'2f km};nf ePsf lyP. ;f] cfly{s jif{df %
;o %# cf]6f ;DaGw ljR5]bsf d'4f btf{ ePsf lyP.
o;}u/L, cfly{s aif{ @)&))&! Dff ! xhf/ ( ;o (% cf]6f gofF d'2f
btf{ ePsf lyP. cl3Nnf] cfly{s aif{df km};nf x'g afFsL ! xhf/ @ ;o
%) u/L s'n # xhf/ @ ;o $% j6f d'2f /x]sf lyP. gofF btf{dWo] ^ ;o
@% cf]6f ;DaGw laR5]bsf d'2f lyP. ;f] cly{s aif{df ! xhf/ ( ;o %*
cf]6f d'4f km};nf ePsfdWo] $ ;o @& cf]6f ;DaGwlaR5]bsf d'2f 5g\.
cbfntdf ;DaGwlaR5]bsf nflu lgj]bg lbg cfpg] (( k|ltzt
dlxnf 5g\. To;df @) b]lv #% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnf a9L x'g] u/]sf]
tYof\s 5. k/k'?if;Fusf] k|]d ;DaGwsf] cf/f]kdf clwsf+z dlxnfn]
;DaGw laR5]bsf] af6f] /f]Hg] u/]sf 5g\. clwjQmf sdnf cfrfo{ 3/]n'
lx+;f Joxf]g{ afWo dlxnf cem} klg cbfntsf] kx'Frdf cfpg g;s]sf]
atfpFl5g\.
g]kfnL ;dfhdf k'/fgf dfGotf elTsFb} uPsfn] klg ;DaGwljR5]bsf
a9]sf] ljZn]ifs tyf kqsf/ gs'n sfhLsf] wf/0ff 5. o'jfdf k/;+:s[ltu|x0f
a9]sfn] klg ;fdflhs ;+/rgf elTsFb} uPsf] pgsf] l6Kk0fL 5. emfkf
lhNnf cbfntdf s]xL aif{cl3;Dd ;DaGwljR5]b ug]{ e'6fgL z/0ffyL{sf]
;+Vof pNn]Vo lyof]. cd]l/sf, Sofg8f / o'/f]k]nL b]zdf k'gM:yfkgf x'g]
ePkl5 ;DaGwlaR5]b a9]sf] xf]. g]kfnL;Fu ljjfx u/]sf z/0ffyL{ dlxnf /
cfk/flws d'2f nfu]sf e'6fgL k'?if;Fu z/0ffyL{ dlxnfn] ;DaGwlaR5]bsf]
lgj]bg lbFbf Tof] ;+Vof pNn]Vo lyof]. To:tf clwsf+z z/0ffyL{ t];f| ] b]z
k'gM:yfkgf ePkl5 ;DaGwlaR5]b ug]{ z/0ffyL{sf] ;+Vof 36]sf] lyof].
df3@)&@

13

 /fd]5fksf] lxdu+uf& d'u]{sL clgtf du/ ljQLo ;fIf/tf sIffdf

ljb]zaf6 cfkmGtn] k7fPsf] /sd s;/L ;b'kof]u ug]{ eg]/ l;Sb} lyOg\.
;'/lIft cfk|jf;g kl/of]hgf -;fdL_ cGtu{t ;fd'bflos hgzlQm ljsf;
sfo{qmd uf]Ndf6f/n] ljb]zdf /x]sf ;b:on] k7fPsf] /sd ;b'kof]u
ug{ sIff rnfO/x]sf] lyof]. ToxL sIffsL ;xefuL lyOg\ clgtf klg.
# jif{cl3 cf]dfg uPsf >Ldfg\n] k};f k7fpnfg\ clg To;nfO{ ;xL
7fpFdf nufgL ug{ ;lsPnf eGg] ;f]r lyof] clgtfsf].
;fIf/tf sIffdf a;]s} a]nf clgtfsf >Ldfg\ g}gaxfb'/n] ut k'; (
ut] 3/ cfOk'U5' eg]/ va/ k7fP. Tof] ;'g]/ pgL x'g' v';L eOg\.
>Ldfg\n] cfOk'U5' eg]sf] lbg laxfg}b]lv clgtfsf] dg km'?\u lyof].
>Ldfg\nfO{ dg k5{ eg]/ pgn] Tof] lbg s'v'/f sf6]/ df;'eft ksfP/

/flvg\.
cfPsf] /ft 3/eGbf tn af6f]df /x]sf] uf]7df latfPsf >Ldfg\ csf]{
lbg laxfg dfq} 3/ cfOk'u], sfG5L >LdtL lnP/. k};f gk7fpFbf cln
cln z+sf t nfu]sf] lyof] clgtf elG5g\. t/ ;f}tf g} Nofpnfg\ eGg]
;f]r]sf] lyOgF.
!$ jif{s} x'Fbf g}gaxfb'/;Fu k|]d ljjfx u/]sL pgsf b'O{ 5f]/L 5g\.
kl/jf/sf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf]n] sdfpg] ;kgf b]vfpFb} cf]dfg
uPsf >Ldfg\ pt}af6 sfG5L >LdtL lnP/ cfPkl5 5f]/Lx?nfO{ s;/L
x'sf{pg] eGg] lrGtfn] ;tfpg yfn]sf] 5 clgtfnfO{.
;fIf/tf sIffdf a:bf ljb]zsf] sdfOn] s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ;f]Wg]
clg ToxL cg';f/ of]hgf agfO/x]sL clgtf clxn] lrGtfdf 5g\.

;'v]{tsf] e]/Lu+uf gu/kflnsf* sflnbdf/sL gGbf a:ofn ;fsL{n]

dn]l;ofdf sfo{/t >Ldfg\n] k7fPsf] # nfv ?k}ofF lnP/ cs}{;Fu ljjfx
u/]sL l5g\.
kfFr jif{sf] aRrfnfO{ ;'t]sf] cj:yfdf 3/d} 5f8]/ gGbfn] ut k'; !#
ut] e]/Lu+uf gu/kflnsf!% /fd3f6sf /fh' /Dt]n;Fu ljjfx u/]sL x'g\.
gGbfsf >Ldfg\ ltnsaxfb'/ ;fsL{ /f]huf/Lsf nflu dn]l;ofdf 5g\.
ltnssf bfh' rGjL/ ;fsL{n] efOn] ljb]zjf6 b'Mv u/L sdfP/
k7fPsf] /sd lnP/ a'xf/L gGbfn] cs}{;Fu ljjfx u/]sf] hfgsf/L lbP.
gGbfn] ljleGg ;xsf/Laf6 C0f lnPsf] # nfv #) xhf/ gub ?k}ofF klg
lxgfldgf u/]sf] pgsf] cf/f]k 5.
ltnssf cfkmGtn] Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no l5Gr'df # nfv /sd c;'n
u/L kfpF eGb} gGbflj?4 ph'/L btf{ u/fPsf] k|x/Ln] hgfPsf] 5.
Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no l5Gr'n] kLl8tn] ph'/L lbPsfn] b'j} hgfnfO{ kqmfp
u/L sf/jfxL cl3 a9fpg] hgfPsf] 5.

/fd]5fksf] RoflG;6f/sf bLks yfkfdu/ kl/jf/sf nflu ;'v

vf]Hb} dn]l;of uPsf] b'O{ jif{ dfq} ePsf] lyof]. >LdtL ;lagfn]
5f]/L k9fpg sf7df8f}+ hfg] k|:tfj ul/g\.
5f]/L dlgiffnfO{ zx/sf] /fd|f] k9fO x'g] af]l8{ :s'ndf k9fpg]
;kgf b]v]sf bLksn] x'G5 eg] klg b]j/ b]p/fgL / ;;'/fn] cg'dlt
lbPgg\. t/ pgLx? afn'jf lng vf]nf uPsf] df}sf 5f]k]/ 3/
5f]8]sL >LdtL eQmk'/ k'lug\. b'O{ jif{;Dd lbksn] ;lagfnfO{
5f]/Lsf] k9fOsf nflu tLg nfv %) xhf/ ?k}ofF k7fO;s]sf
lyP.
;lagf ;x/ cfOg\ t/ 5f]/Ln] /fd|f] :s"n k9\g kfOgg\. o;}
kfnL egf{ ug]{ ;Nnfx u/]sf lyof}+ bLksn] eg], t/ ToxL 5f]/LnfO{
larNnL kf/]/ cs}{;Fu uO5. ;lagfn] eQmk'/sf] 8]/fdf a;]sf]
3/s} csf]{ sf]7fsf l;Gw'kfNrf]s 3/ ePsf Ps s]6f;Fu bf];|f]
lax] u/]kl5 5f]/LnfO{ ;x/df k9fpg] bLkssf] ;kgf cw'/} eof].
>LdtL cs}{;Fu uPkl5 g]kfn kmls{Psf bLks eG5g\ hfFbfsf]
eGbf klg l/Q} ePF. d;Fu clxn] g >LdtL 5 g t olt~h]n
sdfPsf] k};f. g]kfn kmls{Pkl5 bLksn] >LdtLn] cfkmGtsf]
;'g rf]/]sf] cleof]udf dxfgu/Lo k|x/L l;+xb/af/df y'gfdf /x]sf]
yfxf kfP.
;ljgf;Fu} /x]sL rf/ jif{sL 5f]/LnfO{ 3/ NofPkl5 bLks
km]l/ dn]l;of kmls{Psf 5g\. 5f]/LnfO{ cfdfsf] Gofgf] ;fy /
dfofaf6 cnUofpg' kbf{ b'MvL ePsf bLks eG5g\ >LdtLnfO{
cfkm"n] ljZjf; u/] klg pgn] cfkm"dfly ljZjf; gubf{ cfkm';Fu}
gfafns 5f]/Ln] dfgl;s kL8f ef]Ug'k/]sf] 5.
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] Ifl0fs ;d:of t xn x'G5 t/ 3/ ;Nnfx
gldNbf kl/jf/ ljv08g klg x'Fbf] /x]5 bLks eG5g\ To;}n] ljb]z
hfg'cl3 g} 3/;Nnfx / cfk;L ;dembf/L ug{' dxTjk"0f{ 5.
df3@)&@

14

 d]/f] gfd /fhg lu/L xf]. d]/f] 3/ e'Ns]% ef]hk'/,

xfn lj/f6gu/ $ df 8]/f u/L a:b} cfPsf] 5'. d ul/a
kl/jf/sf] ePsf sf/0f cfgf] hLljsf rnfpgsf nflu
dn]l;of uP/ sfd ug{ yfn]sf] !! jif{ eof]. ul/aLsf
sf/0f hlt;'s} ufx|f] eP klg 3/df Pshgf lzlIft x'g'k5{
eGg] nfu]/ d}n] d]/L >LdtLnfO{ k9fpg] lg0f{o u/F] / Kn; 6'
k9fPF. Kn; 6' k9fP/ klg s]xL gx'g] b]v]kl5 d}n] pgnfO{
:6fkm g;{ k9fPF.
lbg/ft d]x]gt u/]/ ljb]zL e"lddf kl;gf aufP/ sdfPsf]
k};fn] lj/f6gu/df sf]7f ef8fdf lnP/ /fv]/ pgnfO{ :6fkm g;{;Dd k9fPF
/ pgL gf]a]n xl:k6ndf sfd ug{ yflng\. t/, pgn] dnfO{ wf]sf lbOg\
/ d}n] kl;gf aufP/ sdfPsf] ;DklQ lnP/ kf]On uOg\. pgn] $ tf]nf
;'g lnP/ efu]sL l5g\.
d ;a} g]kfnL ;fyLefOnfO{ eG5' ls >LdtLsf] ;a} s'/fdf ljZjf;
ug{ gx'g] /x]5. d}n] lsg o:tf] eGb}5' eg] d Ps kfq x'F, oyfy{ / HjnGt
kL8f ef]u]sf] 5'.
d}n] aufPsf] kl;gfsf] sdfOdf k9]/ sfd ug{ yfn]sL pgn] 3/ ;fgf]
eof], dnfO{ hflu/df hfg ufx|f] eof] df]6/;fOsn rflxof] eGb} dnfO{
ljb]lzg afWo agfOg\. t/ ha k9fO k'/f u/]/ pgL sfd ug{ yflng\ clg
pgn] dnfO{ cfkm";Fu hf]8L gldNg], njfO{ vjfO{ gldNg] / ;DklQ sd
ePsf] eGg] lgx'F ub}{ emu8f ug{ yflng\. pgs} cfu|xdf yk sdfpgsf]
nflu d k'gM ljb]lzg afWo ePF. t/ d dn]l;of cfPsf] !! dlxgfkl5
pgL kf]On uOg\.
pgnfO{ k9fpg] qmddf d eg] >LdtLsf] k9fO vr{ s;/L k'ofpg]
eGb} slt lbg ef]s} a;F], ef]s} sfd u/]F. t/, d]/f] pQm d]x]gt v]/ uof].
clxn] cg]s axfgf agfP/ kf]On uOg\. d clxn] dn]l;ofdf 5'. pQm

tLg jif{ cl3 j}b]lzs /f]huf/ uPsf bLks ldhf/ rf/ dlxgfcl3 3/
kmls{P. vf8Ldf kl;gf aufP/ sdfPsf] k};f pgn] lgoldt ?kdf >LdtLnfO{
k7fpFb} cfPsf lyP. t/, tLg jif{kl5 kmls{+bf >LdtL ;Fu} a:g dflggg\. csf]{
JolQm;Fu k|]d;DaGw /x]sL >LdtLn] ;DklQ;d]t nu]sf] eGb} bLks ph'/L lnP/
k|x/Ldf k'u].
nlntk'/sf lbg]z zfxL klg >LdtLaf6 cGofo ePsf] eGb} k|x/Ldf ph'/L
lnP/ hfg afWo eP. tLg nfv %) xhf/ gub / ;f9] b'O{ tf]nf ;'g;d]t
lnP/ lxF8]kl5 pgL ph'/L lnP/ k|x/Ldf k'u]. dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;]jf
s]G sflndf6Ln] >LdtLnfO{ af]nfP/ 5nkmn u/fof] / ldnfkq eof].
x/]s ;ftfh;f] Ps >Ldfg\ >LdtLlj?4 ph'/L lnP/ k|x/Lsf]df k'Ug] u/]sf
5g\. k|x/Lsf] sf7df8f}+, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/sf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;]jf
s]Gdf klg k'?ifn] >LdtLlj?4 ph'/L ug{ yfn]sf 5g\. cl3Nnf] jif{df eGbf
k'?ifsf ph'/L o; jif{ a9]sf] k|x/Ln] hgfPsf] 5. dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf
;]jf s]G sflndf6LsL k|d'v k|x/L lg/LIfs k"l0f{df rGbsf cg';f/ ;fpgb]lv
k';;Dd @# hgf k'?ifn] >LdtLaf6 kLl8t ePsf] eGb} ph'/L u/]sf 5g\.
w]/}h;f] ljjfx]Q/ ;DaGw ;DaGwL ph'/L x'G5g\. k|x/L lgl/Ifs rGb
elG5g\ >LdtLn] oftgf lbPsf], ;DklQ lnP/ uPsf]h:tf ph'/L kg]{ u/]sf

36gfaf/] d]/L alxgL lx/fn] lj/f6gu/l:yt k|x/L rf}sLdf lgj]bg lbPsL

l5g\.
xL/f elG5g\, bfOn] ljb]zaf6 ;'ldqf efph'nfO{ k};f k7fpg' x'GYof].
d / efph" ;Fu} 8]/f u/]/ a:Yof}+. bfOn] ljb]zaf6 k};f k7fP/ efph"nfO{
k9fpg' eof]. ;'ldqfn] P;Pn;L lbPkl5 bfO;Fu ljjfx ePsf] lyof].
;'ldqfnfO{ bfOn] g} Kn; 6' / :6fkm{ g;{ k9fpg' ePsf] lyof].
gf]j]n d]l8sn sn]hdf sfd u/]sf] b'O} jif{ x'g nfu]sf] lyof].
efph" ;'ldqf ut jif{sf] d+l;/df laP:;L ug{ eGb} sf7df8f} hfg'eof].
sf7df8f} uPsf] s]xL lbgkl5 pxfFn] kmf]g u/]/ cfkm"n] cs}{ dfG5];Fu
lax] u/]sf] atfpg'eof]. To;kl5 s'g} ;Dks{ ePsf] 5}g. k9\g bfOn] g}
k7fpg' ePsf] lyof]. t/, ;Dks{df gcfPkl5 d}n] k';df lhNnf k|x/L
sfof{nodf df]/df dfG5] x/fPsf] eGb} ph'/L u/]F. o; ljifodf k|x/Ln]
s'g} hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5}g.
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no df]/n] eg] ut jif{ ;'ldqf lu/L x/fPsf] eGb}
vf]hL ul/lbg lgj]bg k/]sf] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5. ;'ldqfsf] vf]hL ubf{
km]nf gk/]sf] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no df]/n] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5.
k"j]{nL cfjfh cgnfOgaf6

5g\. >Ldfg\ ljb]z hfFbf >LdtLsf] c;Fu ;DaGw x'g] / ;DklQ;d]t lnP/
hfg] u/]sf 36gf k|x/Ldf k'U5g\. sltko 36gfdf >Ldfg\af6 kLl8t ePF eg]/
dlxnfn] ph'/L ug]{, t/ cg';Gwfg ubf{ >Ldfg\ g} kLl8t ePsf] v'Ng] u/]sf]
k|lg rGb atfpFl5g\.
k|x/Ldf cfpg] () k|ltzt 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gf ldnfkqdf 6'+lug] u/]sf
5g\. ;fpgotf ^ dlxgfdf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;]jf s]G sflndf6Ldf
dfq tLg;o @) cf]6f ph'/L k/]sf lyP. tL dWo] ! ;o ^% cf]6fdf ldnfkq
ePsf] 5 eg] !* cf]6f cbfnt k'u]sf 5g\. k|x/Ln] ;s];Dd ldnfkq u/fpF5
. d'2f btf{ ePsf] @$ lbg;Dd k|x/Ln] >Ldfg\>LdtLaLr 5nkmnaf6} ;xdlt
u/fpg ;S5.
;xdlt x'g g;s] d'2f bfo/ x'g] u/]sf] 5. cGo kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf h:tf]
k|ltjfbLnfO{ kqmfp u/L d'2f bfo/ x'Fb}g. ;hfo klg a9Ldf ^ dlxgf s}b dfq
x'G5. cfly{s jif{ )&!)&@ df b]ze/ n}+lus lx+;fsf cf7 xhf/ b'O{ ;o
^* ph'/L k/]sf lyP.
)^()&) df Ps xhf/ * ;o ph'/L k/]sfdf )&))&! df ^ xhf/
* ;o #% ph'/L k/]sf] k|x/Ln] hgfPsf] 5.

df3@)&@

15

 lhNNff cbfnt wgs'6fdf rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] sl/a 5 dlxgfsf]

cjlwdf @% cf]6f ;DaGw ljR5]bsf d'2f btf{ ePsf 5g\ .
rfn' cfly{s jif{ @)&@)&# sf] ;fpg dlxgfb]lv k'; bf];f| ] ;ftf;Dd
;DaGw ljR5]bsf @% cf]6f d'2f btf{ ePsf] lhNnf cbfnt wgs'6fn]
hgfPsf] 5 . btf{ ePsf d'2fdWo] !) cf]6f km};nf eO;s]sf 5g\ eg]
afFsL k|lqmofdf /x]sf] lhNnf cbfnt wgs'6fsf >]:t]bf/ e/ts'df/
bfxfnn] atfP .
pgsf cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&!)&@ df lhNnf cbfnt wgs'6fdf
;DaGw ljR5]bsf %& cf]6f d'2f btf{ ePsf lyP . btf{ ePsfdWo] Ps
jif{sf] cjlwdf $% j6f d'2f km};nf ePsf lyP eg] afFsL /x]sf !@ cf]6f
rfn' cfly{s jif{df km};nf ePsf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;do lhNnfdf ;DaGw
ljR5]b u/fpg] bDklQx?sf] ;+Vof a9\bf] /x]sf] 5 . >Ldfg\ >LdtLaLrsf]
em}emu8fsf sf/0f 3/df Ps cfk;df a:g g;Sg] / j}b]lzs /f]huf/
h:tf sf/0faf6 ;DaGw ljR5]bsf 36gfx? a9]sf] >]:t]bf/ bfxfnn]
hfgsf/L lbP .

kfl/jfl/s d'2f cGtu{t kg{] ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] d'2f df]/ lhNnfdf

a;{]gL a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf] b]lvG5. df]/ lhNnf cbfntsf] tYof\s
x]bf{ kfl/jfl/s d'2fcGtu{t kg{] ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] d'2f btf{sf] :yfg
bf];|f] qmddf /x]sf] 5. cbfntdf btf{ ePsf # cf]6f cfly{s
jif{sf] tYof\ssf] l:ylt x]bf{ ;a} cfly{s jif{df kfl/jfl/s d'2f
cGtu{tsf c+z d'2f, ;DaGw ljR5]b / dfgfrfdnsf d'2f qmdz
klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf 5g\.
cfly{s jif{ )^( )&) df bfo/ ePsf # xhf/ & ;o $*
d'2fdWo] ! xhf/ $ ;o &@ d'2f kfl/jfl/s k|s[ltsf /x]sf 5g\.
h;df ;DaGw ljR5]bsf d'2f $ ;o $@ / dfgfrfdnsf d'2f !
;o ^ cf]6f /x]sf 5g\. tLdWo] ;DaGw ljR5]bsf # ;o #) /
dfgfrfdnsf ^& cf]6f d'2fsf] km5\{of]6 ePsf] b]lvG5. To:t},
cfly{s jif+{ )&))&! df btf{ ePsf s'n $ xhf/ (( d'2fdWo]
;DaGw ljR5]bsf d'2f % ;o $^ btf{ ePsf]df $ ;o & cf]6f
d'2fsf] km};nf ePsf] cbfntn] hgfPsf] 5. ;f] cfly{s jif{df
btf{ ePsf ! ;o @) cf]6f dfgfrfdnsf d'2fdWo] %! cf]6fsf]
km};nf ePsf] cbfntsf] tYof\sn] b]vfpF5.
To;}u/L cfly{s jif{ )&!)&@ df hDdf % xhf/ ! ;o &$
d'2fdWo] ;DaGw ljR5]bsf & ;o ^) / dfgfrfdnsf @ ;o #
cf]6f d'2f btf{ ePsf 5g\.
kl5Nnf] ;dodf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf sf/0fn] ;DaGw ljR5]bsf]
;\Vof al9/x]sf] hfgsf/x? atfpF5g\. lhNnf cbfnt df]/sf
>]:t]bf/ w|'j 9sfnsf cg';f/ df]/df e'6fgL z/0ffyL{;Fu ljjfx

clwjQmf /fdaxfb'/ clwsf/Ln] ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] d'Vo sf/0f j}b]lzs

/f]huf/ / sd pd]/df ljjfx ug{] /x]sf] atfP . ljjfx u/]sf] @#
dlxgfdf klg ;DaGw ljR5]bsf nflu cbfnt cfpg] u/]sf] pbfx/0f /x]sf]
clwsf/Ln] pNn]v u/] . af/ P;f]l;P;g wgs'6fsL ;lrj clwjQmf
lxdfb]jL a:g]t klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;DaGw ljR5]bsf 36gfdf j[l4 x'Fb}
uPsf] atfpFl5g\ . pgn] >Ldfg\ >LdtLaLr x'g] ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] sf/0f
dWo] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ klg /x]sf] atfpFb} oL afx]s 3/]n' lx+;f / ul/aLsf
sf/0fn] klg ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] 36gfdf j[l4 x'g] u/]sf] pNn]v ul/g\ .

u/]sfx?sf] ;DaGw ljR5]b a9L dfqfdf x'g] u/]sf] 5. pgL eG5g\

kl5Nnf] ;dodf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf sf/0f klg sltkosf] kfl/
jfl/s ;DaGw 6'6]sf] 5.
clwjQmf v8\uaxfb'/ lg/f}nf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf >Ldfg\ uPkl5
>LdtLdf ePsf] of}g 56k6L sltko cj:yfdf ;DaGw ljR5]b;Dd
k'Ug] u/]sf] atfpF5g\. dlxnfnfO{ ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] k|lqmof cl3
a9fpg ;lhnf] klg ePsf]n] sltkon] >Ldfg\ ljb]zdf x'Fbf g}
k|lqmof z'? ug{] u/]sf x'G5g\. pgsf] ljZn]if0fdf cfly{s :jtGqtf
/ of}g :jtGqtfsf] vf]hLdf ;DaGw ljR5]b x'g] u/]sf] 5.
clwjQm lgd{nf cof{nsf cg';f/ ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] lgj]bg
lbg]df w]/} dlxnf g} x'G5g\. k'?ifn] ;DaGw ljR5]b ug{ rfxFbf
klg sltko cj:yfdf dlxnfn] lgj]bg lbg] u/]sf x'G5g\. pgsf
cg';f/ sltko lgj]bg tftf] l/;nfO{ yfDg g;s]/ klg cfPsf
x'G5g\. To:tf bDkltnfO{ ;DemfOa'emfO u/]/ k7fpg] u/]sf] cof{n
atfpFl5g\.
j}b]lzs /f]huf/, lkmNd jf cGo ljljw sf/0fn] klZrdf
;+:s[ltsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lnPsfx?n] To;}sf] cGwfg's/0f ug{]
qmddf ;fgf] 36gf klg ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] lgj]bgsf] sf/0f aGg
;S5. pgLx?nfO{ ;DemfOa'emfO u/]/ ldnfkq u/fPsf 36gf klg
w]/} x'g] u/]sf] pgsf] egfO 5. pgL elG5g\, yf]/} a]d]n x'Fbf klg
;xg] afgL x/fpFb} uPsf] 5. s]xL v6k6 x'gf;fy ;DaGw ljR5]bsf]
af6f] /f]Hg] u/]sfx? k|foM ;fgf] pd]/df ne Dofl/h ug{]x? b]lvPsf
5g\.
df3@)&@

16

 s'a]tsf] cfjf;Lo sfg"g pNn+3g u/L u}/ sfg"gL?kdf a;f]af; ub}{

cfPsf ljb]zL sfdbf/x?nfO{ hl/jfgf lt/]/ cfgf] b]zdf kms{g jf
b"tfaf;af6 le;f nufP/ s'j]td} a:g kfpg] ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] ;"rgf
hf/L u/]sf] 5.
s'a]t ;/sf/sf] l8kf6{d]G6 ckm /]l;8]G;L clkmo;{ n] ut !) hgj/Ldf
;"rgf hf/L u/L u}/sfg"gL ?kdf s'a]tdf a;f]af; ul//x]sf sfdbf/n]
cfgf] kf;kf]6{ jf 6fen 8s'd]G6sf cfwf/df hl/jfgf lt/L OlSh6
le;f lng kfpg] Jo:yf u/]sf] 5. o:tf] le;f lnPkl5 g]kfn kms{g
kfpg]5g\.
s'a]t ;/sf/n] o:tf] ;"rgf hf/L u/]sf] klxnf] xf]Og. o;cl3 klg
p;n] ljb]zL sfdbf/nfO{ o:tf] ljsNk;lxtsf] ;"rgf hf/L u/]sf] lyof].
t}klg lagfle;f sfd ug]{ cj}wflgs sfdbf/sf] ;d:ofaf6 s'a]t ;/sf/
cem};Dd d'Qm x'g g;s]sfn] k'gM o:tf] cj;/ lbPsf] atfOPsf] 5.
s'j]tn] ;g\ @)!^ sf] ;'?jftL lbgdf gofF ;"rgf hf/L u/]sf] xf].
s'a]t ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] o:tf] gofF ;"rgfaf6 sl/a $ xhf/
g]kfnLx?n] nfe lng ;Sg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5. s'j]tdf slt g]kfnLn]
sfd u5{g\ eGg] olsg tYof+s kfOFb}g. s'j]t ;/sf/sf] cfFsng cg';f/
sl/a ^! xhf/ g]kfnLx? ToxfF /x]sf] bfaL 5. g]kfnL b"tfjf; ;|f]tsf
cg';f/ tLdWo] sl/a @$ xhf/ g]kfnLx? s'j]tdf 3/]n' sfdbf/sf kdf
sfd ul//x]sf 5g\.
b"tfjf;sf clwsf/Lx?sf cg';f/ of] s'g} cfd dfkmL xf]Og. /,
o:tf] ;"rgfaf6 euf}8f sfdbf/ Pj+ ck/fwdf ;+nUg /x]sf afx]s cGo
ljb]zL sfdbf/nfO{ kmfObf g} k'Ug] b]lvPsf] 5. sDkgL tyf /f]huf/bftfsf]
3/af6 efu]sf] egL d'2f jf ph'/L k/]sf -/gj] s]; ePsf_ of cfk/flws
ultljlw tyf cGo s;'/df d'2f / ph'/L k/]sf afx]s o;/L sfuhft b]vfP/
g]kfnL sfdbf/n] s'j]tsf ^ :yfgsf uegf]{/]6x?df ;Dks{ ug{'kg]{ g]kfnL
b"tfjf;n] hgfPsf] 5. tL ^ :yfgx?df xjfnL, d'af/s, cnsfla/,
cl;dfx, kmf/jflgof, hx/f / cxdfbL cGtu{tsf le;f sfof{no / ljefu
jf cfjf;Lo dfldnf ljefux? 5g\.
ToxfF uP/ g]kfnLx?n] :jb]z kms{gsf nflu PlSh6 le;f lng ;Sg]
g]kfnL b"tfjf;n] hgfPsf] 5.

hl/jfgf slt nfU5 <

le;fsf] Dofb ;lsP/ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf al;/x]sf ljb]zL sfdbf/nfO{

s'a]t ;/sf/n] hl/jfgf lnP/ :jb]z kms{g lbg] gLlt lnPsf] 5. o;sf
nflu ltg{'kg]{ hl/jfgfsf] b/ k|ltlbg @ s'a]tL lbgf/ /x]sf] 5. clwstd
z'Ns ^ ;o lbgf/ nfUg] atfOPsf] 5.

hl/jfgf ltg]{ a]nfdf g} s'a]t 5f8]/ kms{g] ldlt ;/sf/n] tf]lslbg] 5. /

tf]lsPsf] ldltdf ;f] JolQmn] cfgf] b]z kmls{O;Sg' kg]{5. t/, sDkgL jf
/f]huf/bftfsf] 3/af6 efu]sf] egL ph'/L k/]sf jf cfk/flws ultljlwdf
of cGo s;'/df d'2f jf ph'/L k/]sfx?n] eg] o;/L hl/jfgf lt/]/ :jb]z
kms{g] ;'ljwf kfpg] 5}gg\.
cj}wflgs ?kdf s'j]tdf a;f]af; ul//x]sf], euf}8f jf cGo s'g} s];
;d]t gnfu]sf], t/ kf;kf]6{ / l;len cfO8Lnufotsf s]xL klg sfuhft
gePsf sfdbf/nfO{ klg s'a]t ;/sf/n] ;x'lnotk"0f{ gLlt NofPsf] 5.
To:tf] sfuhft gePsf t/ d'2f dfldnf gnfu]sf sfdbf/n] cfkm"nfO{
kfos kg]{ :yfgsf] cfjf;Lo dfldnf ljefudf uO{ lkm+u/lk|G6 u/fPkl5
k|fKt x'g] sfuhsf ;fydf 6fen 8s'd]G6;d]t k]z u/L hl/jfgf lt/]kl5
:jb]z kms{g kfpg] 5g\.

km]l/ s'a]td} a:g s] ug]{ <

ljgfle;f s'a]tdf a:b} cfPsf sfdbf/n] :jb]z gkmls{O{ ToxLF a;]/

j}wflgs ?kdf /f]huf/L u5{' eg]df To;f] ug{ klg kfpg]5g\. t/, o;/L
le;f yk]/ a:g rfxg]x?sf nflu k'/fgf] :kf]G;/ -/f]huf/bftf_ n] l/lnh
k]k/ lbPkl5 dfq gofF :kf]G;/n] le;f nufpg ;Sg]5. ljgfle;f sfd
u/]/ hl/jfgf lt/L g]kfn kms]{sf sfdbf/n] km]l/ s'j]t hfg] cg'dlt kfpg]
s'j]tl:yt g]kfnL b"tfjf;sL >d ;xrf/L uf]df kf}8]nn] atfOg\. pgL
elG5g\ d'2f gnfuL kms]{sf sfdbf/x? gofF le;fdf k'gM s'j]t cfpg
kfpF5g\. t/ s'g} d'2f ePsfx? To;/L cfpg kfpFb}gg\.
9sfnsf cg';f/ hgj/L !) df s'j]t ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] of] ;"rgf
slt ;dosf nflu nfu" x'g] eGg] cjlw tf]lsPsf] 5}g.
df3@)&@

17

 ;DaGw ljR5]bsf d'2f kl5Nnf] % jif{ otf XjfQ} a9]sf 5g\. ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] tYof\s cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)^$)^% df b]ze/sf
cbfntdf ^# xhf/ & ;o @! cf]6f d'2f btf{ ePsf]df @ xhf/ & ;o
!^ cf]6f d'2f ;DaGw ljR5]bsf lyP. of] ;+Vof To;a]nfsf +s"n d'2fsf]
$ bzdnj @^ k|ltzt xf].
@)&))&! Dff eg] s"n ! nfv ( xhf/ # ;o $( d'2f btf{
x'Fbf ;DaGw ljR5]bsf d'2f ( xhf/ * ;o !% k'u]sf 5g\. s"n d'2fsf]
t'ngfdf of] * bzdnj (& k|ltzt xf]. ;DaGw ljR5]bsf d'2fsf] j[l4
b/sf] t'ngf ug]{ xf] eg] @)^$)^% b]lv @)&))&! ;Dd cfOk'Ubf
@ ;o ^! bzdnj #& k|ltzt a9]sf] b]lvG5. s"n d'2fsf] ;+Vof &!
bzdnj ^) k|ltztn] dfq j[l4 ePsf] cj:yf 5. @)^$)^% df
b]ze/sf lhNnf cbfntx?df ;a} k|sf/sf d'2f ^# xhf/ & ;o @!
Yffg btf{ ePsf]df @)&))&! df ! nfv ( xhf/ # ;o $( yfg btf{
ePsf lyP.
b]ze/sf cbfntx?df btf{ ePsf ;DaGw ljR5]b ;DaGwL d'2f
x]g]{ xf] eg] ;a}eGbf a9L sf7df8f}df btf{ x'g] u/]sf 5g\. cfly{s jif{
@)&))&! Dff sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntdf @ xhf/ ! ;o * cf]6f d'2f
btf{ ePsf lyP. ToxfF @)^$ )^% df btf{ ePsf ;DaGw ljR5]bsf]
d'2f ;+Vof ^ ;o () lyP eg] @)^!)^@ df ! ;o (* cf]6f d'2f

;fn
;DaGw ljR5]b ;+Vof

@)&!
!#%%

@)&)
!!)$

@)^(
%%%

@)^*
$)&

@)^&
##(

;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo k+lhs/0f ljefu

lyP. bz jif{df sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntdf ;djGw ljR5]bsf d'2f (

;o ^% k|ltzt a9]sf 5g\. sf7df8f}+ kl5 ;DaGw ljR5]bsf ;a}eGbf
a9L d'2f btf{ x'g] lhNnf emfkf b]lvPsf] 5. emfkfdf cfj @)&) )&!
Dff & ;o &$ yfg d'2f btf{ ePsf lyP. ;DaGw ljR5]bsf a9L d'2f btf{
x'g]dWo] sf:sL t];|f] % ;o $* yfg / df]/ rf}yf] % ;o $^ yfg 5g\.
s]Gb|Lo tYof\s ljefusf] tYof\sn] klg ;Djgw ljR5]b al9/x]sf]
b]vfPsf] 5. @)@* ;fndf s"n hg;+Vofsf] ;'Go bzdnj @* k|ltztdf
;DaGw ljR5]b ePsf]df @)%* ;fndf cfOk'Ubf of] k|ltzt ;'Go bzdnj
%& k|ltzt k'u]sf] lyof]. @)^* sf] tYof\sn] of] eg a9]sf] b]vfPsf]
5.
s]Gb|Lo k+lhs/0f ljefusf] tYof\s cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&!)&@
df b]ze/L ! xhf/ # ;o %% cf]6f ;DaGw ljR5]b ePsf 36gf btf{
ePsf 5g\. @)^()&) df eg] ! xhf/ ! ;o $ cf]6f ;DaGw ljR5]bsf
36gf btf{ ePsf lyP.

df3@)&@

18

 clxn] ;DaGwljR5]b a9\g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f j}b]lzs /f]huf/L xf].

dlxnfsf] r]tgf:t/ a9\g' g} ;DaGwljR5]bsf] sf/s dfG5g\ emfkf lhNnf
cbfntsf >]:t]bf/ cfrfo{. clxn] sf]xL s;}sf] clwgdf a:g rfxFb}g,
pgn] eg] e"6fgL z/0ffyL{;Fu ljjfx u/]sfx? afWotfn] 5'lP, t/ kl5Nnf]
;do rflxF j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ;DaGwljR5]bsf] axfgf eOlbPsf] 5.

;]S; Pl8S;g cyf{t\ of}g ;Dks{sf] nt vt/gfs dfgl;s

ljs[lt ePsf] j}1flgsx?n] atfPsf 5g\. cd]l/sfdf ePsf] Ps
cg';Gwfgn] of] :ki6 ePsf] xf].
j}1flgsx?sf cg';f/ ;]S; Pl8S;g :jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s
t 5 g}, o;af6 u|l;t JolQmsf] sl/o/ / ;fdflhs ;DaGw ;d]t
ajf{b x'g ;S5.
cg';Gwfgstf{n] ;]S;sf dfldnfdf cfkm"dfly lgoGq0f /fVg
g;Sg] JolQmx?n] cfkm\gf] / c?sf] hLjg ;d]t aaf{b kfg]{ u/]sf]
pNn]v u/]sf 5g\.
Soflnkmf]lg{of ljZjljBfnosf] Ps ;d"xn] ut jif{ u/]sf]
cg';Gwfgaf6 ;]S; Pl8S;gnfO{ dfgl;s bzfsf ?kdf kl/eflift
u/]sf] xf]. cg';Gwfgstf{n] ;]S; Pl8S;gu|:t JolQmsf] nIf0f ;d]t
atfPsf 5g\. pgLx?sf cg';f/ ;]S; Pl8S;g u|:t JolQm ;]S;
km\ofG6f;Ldf d:t eO/xG5. 5 dlxgf;Dd ;]S; km\ofG6f;Ldf d:t
x'g] qmd aGb geP/ p:t} /xG5 eg] pQm JolQm ;]S; Pl8S;gsf] /f]uL
ePsf] cg';Gwfgstf{x?sf] egfO 5.

>LdtL 3/df 5f8]/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfFbf dlxnfn] cfly{s

nfe k|fKt u/] klg zf/Ll/s ;'vaf6 6f9f x'G5g\. of}g ljt[i0ffs}
sf/0f ;DaGwlaR5]b a9]sf] xf]. To;}u/L, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf
dlxnf klg of] dfldnfdf sd 5}gg\. >Ldfg\sf] c? dlxnf;Fu a9]sf]
lxdlrdnfO{ ;DaGwljR5]b;Dd ws]Ngdf dlxnf g} cl3 5g\.
To;}u/L, dlxnf cfTdlge{/ aGb} uPsfn] klg ;DaGwlaR5]b a9]sf]
xf]. cfkmF} ul/vfg] tyf c?sf] bjfjdf ga:g] dlxnf ;dfhdf a9]sf
5g\. 3/]n' lx+;f ;xg'eGbf PSn} ul/vfg' /fd|f] ePsfn] klg klt;Fu
dlxnfn] gftf tf]8\g] u/]sf 5g\.

cg';Gwfgstf{x?sf cg';f/ ;]S; Pl8S6 JolQm cfkm"nfO{ dfgl;s

?kdf tgfju|:t / Jofs'n cg'ej u5{. tgfjd'St x'gsf nflu ;]S;
Pl8S;gu|:t JolQmn] af/Djf/ ;]S; ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5.
;]S; Pl8S;gsf] /f]uaf6 k|l;4 JolQmx?;d]t plDsg ;s]sf 5}gg\.
cd]l/sfsf ljVoft uNkm v]nf8L 6fOu/ p8\;, xlnp8 :6f/ dfOsn
8Un; / a]nfotL cleg]tf /;n a|fG8 s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\.
;]S; Pl8S;gaf6 u|l;t p8\;n] tLg jif{cl3 o;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs
?kdf Ifdfofrgf u/]sf lyP. pgn] o;af6 d'lQm kfpg 5 ;ftf;Dd
cfkm\gf] pkrf/ u/fPsf lyP. ;]S; :SofG8ns} sf/0f pgsf] kTgL;Fu
;DaGw ljR5]b ePsf] lyof].
a]nfotL cleg]tf a|fG8n] klg cfk'mnfO{ ;]S; Pl8S;g ePsf]
:jLsf/]sf 5g\. To:t} xlnp8 :6f/ 8Un; ;]S; Pl8S;gaf6 5'6sf/f
kfpgs} nflu Pl/hf]gfsf] Ps lSnlgsdf egf{ ePsf lyP.
cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg k|f]km];/ //L /L8sf cg';f/ of] cg';Gwfgn]
;]S;sf] nt nfu]sf dfgl;s /f]uLsf] pkrf/df d2t k'Ug]5. pgsf]
egfOdf ;]S; Pl8S;g u|:t JolQmsf] :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs ;DaGw /
hLjgsf dxTjk"{0f kIfdf gsf/fTds c;/ k5{.
dfgl;s pkrf/ s]Gb|df pkrf//t b'O{ ;o ;ft la/fdLsf] cWoog
u/]kl5 cg';Gwfgstf{n] o:tf] glthf lgsfn]sf x'g\. s]Gb|df pkrf//t
tL ;a} la/fdL cfkm\gf clgolGqt of}g Jojxf/ / cj;fb h:tf dfgl;s
/f]uu|:t lyP. of] cg';Gwfgsf] l/kf]6{ hg{n ckm ;]S;'cn d]l8l;gdf
k|sflzt 5.

k/k'?if;Fu zf/Ll/s ;DaGw /fv], lgsf] gx'g] u/L dfgl;s ;Gt'ng u'dfP
jf csf]{ ljjfx u/] jf afFemf]kg eP dfq k'?ifn] ;DaGwlaR5]b ug{sf
nflu lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] sfg"gL af6f] 5.
k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf ;DaGwljR5]bsf nflu dlxnfnfO{ w]/} ;xh 5.
dlxnfn] rfxFbf h'g;'s} a]nf klg ;DaGw ljR5]bsf nflu lgj]bg lbg
;Sg] sfg"gL clwsf/ 5. Tof] lgj]bg ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g cGtu{t
rfF8f] km};nf ug'{k5{. t/, k'?ifn] dlxnf;Fu ;DaGwljR5]b ug'{k/] :yfgLo
lgsfodf lgj]bg lbg'k5{. >LdtL tLg jif{ 3/ 5f8]/ cnUu} a;] jf

;Dkltdf dlxnf g} dfly

n}+lus ;dfgtf P]g @)^# n] dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;/x ;Dkltdf clwsf/

lbPsf] 5. P]gdf 5f]/f;/x 5f]/LnfO{ c+z lbg}kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5.
ljjfx u/]sL dlxnfn] kltaf6 5'6\l6P/ a:g rflxg\ eg] h'g;'s} a]nf 5'6\
l6g ;lS5g\. pgn] c+z;lxt ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ 5.
df3@)&@

19

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf sf/0f Psflt/ kl/jf/ ljv08g x'Fb}5 eg] csf]{ tk{m
;f+:s[lts ljrng klg a9\bf] 5. >Ldfg\ ljb]z uPkl5 PSnf] ag]sL
dlxnfdfly aflx/L JolQmsf] gh/ dfq k/]sf] 5}g sltko cfkmGtn] g}
lu4] gh/ nufP/ dlxnfdfly of}g zf]if0f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\.
Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no n]6fsf Ps h'lgo/ k|x/L clws[t eG5g\
>Ldfg\ ljb]z ePsf] a]nf >LdtLdfly k/fOsf] dfq x}g cfkmGts} lu4]
b[li6 kg{ yfn]sf] kfOg] u/]sf] 5. o:tf] ph'/L v'n]/ k|x/Ldf gcfP klg
cg';Gwfg ub}{ hfFbf 5f]/L a'xf/L 3/ kl/jf/s} sfsf, dfdf, legfh', b]j/,
h]7fh' nufotsf cfkmGtaf6 of}g zf]lift x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5. cfkmGtx?
3/df cfpFbf 5/l5d]sLn] z+sf gug]{ ePsfn] klg o:tf ;DaGw a9\g]
u/]sf] pgsf] cg'dfg 5. o;n] ;dfhdf g/fd|f];Fu ;f+:s[lts ljrng
al9/x]sf] 5. o;n] ubf{ dfg ;Ddfg cfb/ / dof{bf x/fP/ hfg yfn]sf]
5. o;nfO{ ;dod} /f]Sg g;s] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf g/fd|f] c;/ kg{ ;Sg]

cf\mg} a'xf/Lsf] ue{ pgs} !$ jifL{o 5f]/f;Fusf] ;DaGwaf6

a;]sf] atfpg] ;;'/f g} a'xf/Lsf klt 7xl/Psf 5g\. lhNnf cbfnt
:of\hfn] ;;'/f ltnaxfb'/ uf]bf/nfO{ lztnLsf klt k|dfl0ft ub}{
dfl;s $ xhf/ / c+z ;d]t lbg] lg0f{o ;'gfPkl5 pgn] Gofo kfPsL
x'g\. cbfntsf] ;f] lg0f{o;Fu} 8]9 jif{b]lv gftf sfod / c+z d'2f
n8\b} cfPsL $) jifL{of lztnLnfO{ Gofo ldn]sf] 5. cbfntsf]
lg0f{okl5 pgsf caf]w 5f]/fnfO{ /fxt ldn]sf] 5. /f]huf/sf nflu
klt ljb]lzPkl5 ;;'/f;Fusf] zf/Ll/s ;DaGwkl5 /x]sf] ue{ ofFSg
;;'/fn] kf]v/f;Dd lnP/ uPsf] klg v'n]sf] 5. k|x/Ln] lx/f;tdf
x'Fbf b'j}n] zf/Ll/s ;DaGw :jLsf/]sf] cj:yfdf lztnLn] PsfPs
aofg km]/]/ ue{ cfg} !$ jifL{o 5f]/f;Fusf] zf/Ll/s ;DaGwaf6
a;]sf] atfPsL lyOg\. t/, ;f] s'/f k|x/Ln] klg kTofPg. ;;'/f
a'xf/Ln] cfkm"x?sf] ;DaGw gsf/L !$ jifL{o 5f]/fnfO{ bf]ifL agfPkl5
jflnaf;L cfGbf]lnt ePsf lyP. k6s k6s aofg km]/]sL lztnLn]
ufpFn]sf] cfGbf]ng / k|x/Lsf] cg';Gwfgkl5 ;;'/f;Fusf] of}g;DaGw
:jLsfl/g\. ;'Gg / kTofpg} g;lsg] of] 36gfn] nuftf/ % lbg;Dd
jfln gu/ ttfPsf] lyof]. lvn'b]p/fnL uflj;sf ^% jifL{o
ltnaxfb'/ uf]bf/sf o;cl3 g} b'O{j6L kTgL 5g\. of] 36gfkl5 pgL
efu]/ a]kQf ePsf 5g\. Ps jif{cl3 lztnLsf] ue{af6 5f]/Lsf]
hGd ePsf] 5. t/, 5f]/Lsf] Gjf/fg cem} x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. ljb]zdf
/x]sf lztnLsf klttkm{ o;cl3 Ps 5f]/f Ps 5f]/L 5g\. 5f]/L
sIff * df kl9/x]sL 5g\ eg] 5f]/fn] of] jif{ P;Pn;L lbPsf x'g\.
cbfntdf d'2f rn]b]lv ltnaxfb'/ km/f/ ePsf x'g\. lztnL
bfl;{ bxy'dl:yt Ps 3/df sfd ub}{ gfafns 5f]/L kfNb} a;]sL
5g\ d;Fu wg ;DklQ s]xL 5}g. lbbL l;df sdfrfo{ / clwjQmf
xl/ /]UdLn] dnfO{ ;a} h'6fOlbg'eof], cbfntsf] lg0f{o ;'g]kl5
uf]bf/n] elgg\ ;fFRr} cfh Gofonoleq eujfg /x]sf] dx;'; u/]sL
5', dnfO{ Gofo ldn]sf] 5. lztnLnfO{ ;+/If0f lbFb} cfPsL dlxnf
g]t[ l;df sdf{rfo{ a'xf/Ldfly of}g zf]if0f ug]{dfly s8f sf/afxLsf]
dfu ul5{g\. ;f]emf;femf 5f]/L a'xf/LnfO{ k|nf]eg / wDsL lbP/ 3/
g 3f6sf] agfpg]nfO{ s8f sf/afxL x'g'k5{, pgn] elgg\ lztnL
uf]bf/n] em}F cGo dlxnfn] o:tf] lx+;f ef]Ug' gk/f];\.

pgL atfpF5g\.
af/ P;f]l;ozg ;'g;/Lsf cWoIf clwjQmf /fh' 9sfn j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Lsf sf/0fn] ;dfh / kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwdf 7"nf] gsf/fTds c;/
kg'{sf ;fy} ljv08g NofO/x]sf] atfpF5g\.
csf{ clwjQmf ;'dgrGb| sfsL{ o:tf gfhfoh ;DaGw e]b v'n]kl5
x'g] cj:yf kl/jf/, ;dfh / ;DalGwt JolQms} nflu vt/f x'g] u/]sf]
atfpF5g\. pgL eG5g\ klxnf] >Ldfg\;Fu ;DaGw ljR5]b u/]/ bf];|f] ljjfx
u/]sf dlxnfsf] bf];|f] ljjfx bL3{sfnLg gePsf w]/} pbfx/0f kfOG5g\.
pgLx?nfO{ ;dfh / kl/jf/n] ;w}+ z+sfsf] b[li6n] x]g]{ ub{5. o;sf] ce}m
ljs/fn c;/ t jRrfx?df kb{5. ;+oQ' m kl/jf/sf] cjwf/0fnfO{ 6'6fpF5
clg cem} ul/jL / cl:y/tf lgDTofpF5.

>Ldfg\ jf >LdtL j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPkl5 Psn] csf{nfO{

cgfjZos z+sf ug]{, 5/l5d]s jf cfkmGtn] l/;/fun] ;'gfPsf]
kf]nsf] kl5 nfu]/ oyfy{ ga'emL e}meu8f ug]{ k|j[lQn] klg sltkosf]
;DaGw ljR5]bsf] l:ylt ag]sf] 5. h;af6 hLjge/Lsf] nflu
kfl/jfl/s ljv08gsf] ;d:of cfpg] u/]sf] 5. 5f]/f 5f]/Ldf
cfdf a'jfsf] emu8fn] dfgl;s / z}lIfs ljsf;df g/fd|f] c;/
kg]{ u/]sf] 5.
dlxnf clwsf/jfbLx?sf cg';f/ w]/} dlxnfx? pgLx?sf]
uNtL gx'Fbf klg >Ldfg\sf] cgfjZos ufnL unf}h, s'6lk6
/ dfgl;s oftgfsf sf/0f 5'l6\6P/ a:g afWo ePsf 5g\.
cbfntx?df btf{ ePsf sltko ;DaGw ljR5]bsf d'2fx? Kfl5
ldnfkqdf 6'+lug'df >Ldfg\sf] cgfjZos cfz+sf / cfj]usf]
sf/0fn] x'g] u/]sf 5g\. d'2f dfldnfdf k6sk6s wfP/ wg vr{
ePkl5 dfq pgLx?sf] xf]; kmls{g] / ldnfkq u/]/ hfg] u/]sf w]/}
pbfx/0f d]nldnfk s]Gb|x?df 5g\. >Ldfg\n] dfq x}g >LdtLn] klg
>Ldfg\k|lt cgfjZos z+sf u/]/ e}memu8f ug]{ sf/0fn] ;DaGw
ljR5]b;Ddsf] l:ylt aGg] u/]sfn] cfj]udf cfP/ cg';Gwfg
/ ljZn]if0f gu/L eu8f / j}dg:otf a9fpg gx'g] ;fd'bflos
dWo:ystf{x?n] ;'emfj lbg] u/]sf 5g\.

;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf klg x/]s jif{ cGo d'2fsf] rfk;Fu}

;DaGw ljR5]bsf d'2f a9\g] u/]sf 5g\ . cbfntsf] tYof\s
cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)^()&) df $ ;o $% cf]6f ;DaGw
ljR5]bsf d'2f btf{ ePsf]df )&!)&@ df % ;o &# cf]6f d'2f
btf{ ePsf lyP . o; jif{ ce}m a9\g ;Sg] cg'dfg cbfntsf]
tYof\saf6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf btf{ ePsf ;DaGw ljR5]bsf d'2f
dWo] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] d+l;/ d;fGt;Dd & cf]6f d'2fsf] nflu
af/ P;f]l;o;g cGtu{tsf] sfg"gL ;xfotf ;ldltn] lgMz'Ns
sfg"gL ;xfotf lbPsf] 5 . eg] ut cfly{s jif{df !^ cf]6f
d'2fdf sfg"gL ;xfotf lbPsf] 5 . lhNnf sfg"gL ;xfotf ;ldlt
;'g;/Lsf clwjQmf s[i0f yfkf sfg"gL ;xfotf dfUg cfpg] k|foM
dlxnf g} x'g] u/]sf] atfpF5g\ .
df3@)&@

20

b]zsf] cy{tGqdf lgs} k|}efj kfg]{ ljk]|if0f cfk|jfxnfO{ k|ToIf

k|efj kfg]{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] g]kfnLx?sf]
dlxgfaif{
@)&!@)&@ @)&@@)&#
;+Vof o; jif{ ljut eGbf 36]sf] 5.
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf cg';f/ ut jif{sf] ;fpg
42309
37756
bzdnj ^# k|ltztn] sdL cfPsf] xf].
t'ngfdf o; jif{ d+l;/ d;fGt;Dd j}b]lzs
@)&! d+l;/df %# xhf/ # ;o %$ hgf
51551
40275
/f]huf/Lsf nflu clGtd >d :jLs[lt lnP/ t];f| ] ebf}
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf]df @)&@ d+l;/df
d'n's hfg] g]kfnLsf] ;+Vofdf $^ k|ltzt;Dd
c;f]
h
35550
35484
@* bzdnj !@ k|ltztn] sd #* xhf/
sld cfPsf] 5.
# ;o %) hgf dfq j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf
ljefusf] tYof\ s cg' ; f/ cfly{ s jif{ sflQs
43213
23061
uPsf] ljefun] hgfPsf] 5.
@)&!)&@ sf] ;fpgdf $@ xhf/ # ;o (
/f]huf/Ldf hfg] g]kfnLsf] ;+Vof
hgfn] clGtd >d :jLs[lt lnPsf]df cfj d+l;/
53354
38350
cfly{s jif{ @)&@&# sf] kfFr dlxgfdf
@)&@)&# df #& xhf/ & ;o %^ hgfn] dfq
ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf cf};t
clGtd >d :jLs[lt lnP/ ljb]z uPsf 5g\. hDdf
225977
174926
@@ bzdnj ^ k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5.
t'ngf ubf{ of] cl3Nnf] jif{eGbf !) bzdnj
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] ;+Vof
&^ k|ltztn] sd xf]. To:t} @)&! ebf}df %!
@* bzdnj ^ k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof].
xhf/ % ;o %! hgf ljb]z uPsf]df @)&@ ebf}df $) xhf/ @ ;o
;dLIff cjlwdf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx !(=$ k|ltztsf] pNn]Vo b/n]
&% hgfdfq uPsf 5g\.
@)&! eGbf )&@ sf] ;+Vof @! bzdnj *& k|ltztn] sd xf]. j[l4 x'g' afx\o If]qsf] kfFrf} ljz]iftf /x]sf] 5. cl3Nnf] jif{sf] klxnf]
c;f]h dlxgfdf cl3Nnf] jif{ / o; jif{ vf;} km/s gk/]klg sflt{s kfFr dlxgfdf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx @=& k|ltztn] dfq j[l4 ePsf] lyof].
dlxgfsf] ;+Vof $^ bzdnj ^# k|ltztn] sd 5. @)&! sflt{sdf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf ePsf] pRr j[l4sf sf/0f v'b 6fG;km/ cfo @@
$# xhf/ @ ;o !# hgf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf]df @)&@ df @# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?= #!% ca{ %) s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5. cl3Nnf] jif{sf]
xhf/ ^! hgfdfq} uPsf lyP. @)&! ;Fu t'ngf ubf{ )&@ df $^ kfFr dlxgfdf o:tf] cfo !=# k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof].

df3@)&@

21

 Hf}ljs cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf] ;jfnn] kl5Nnf ;do ;DaGw

ljR5]bsf ;d:of j9L /x]sf] 5 . h}ljs cfjZostf k"lt{sf nflu
ljsNk vf]Hg] qmd a9\g' / Tof] j}slNks ;DaGw kl/jf/ / >Ldfg
>LdtLn] yfxf kfpg] cj:yf ePkl5 Tof] clGtddf ;DaGw ljR5]
b eP/ 6+'lug] ub{5g\ . csf{lt/ ;dfh :jR5Gbtfjfb tkm{ pGd'v
x'g yfn]sf] 5 . Psn] csf{sf] cg';fzgdf a:g grfxg] / :jtGq
x'g vf]Hg] dfgl;stfn] klg ;DaGw ljR5]bnfO{ a9fPsf] 5 .
clxn] /f]huf/Lsf nflu w]/} dflg; ljb]z uO{ /x]sf 5g\ . oxLF
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/ k|fKt x'g] xf] eg] of] ;d:of w]/} xb;Dd 36\g
;S5 gq h}ljs cfjZostf k"lt{sf nflu klg ljjfx]Q/ ;DaGw
a9\g] / To;n] clGtddf k'/fgf] of}g ;fyL;Fu 6f9f u/fpg] ;d:of
Go"gLs/0f x'g ufx|f] 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ k|a4{g ubf{ To;af6 x'g] ;fdflhs / kfl/

jfl/s c;/af/] cWoog gul/Fbf ;d:of a9\bf] 5 .

cfw'lgstf;Fu} lxGb' ;+:sf/ leqsf] ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw
w/f;foL x'Fb}5 . ;]Nkm nfOkmsf] k/Dk/fn] ;Eotf, lzi6tf,
;d[l4 / ljj]s ;a}nfO{ 6'6fO /x]sf] 5 . sfg"gsf] k|a4{g /
To;af6 x'g] lgsf; ;xh 5}g . JolQmut :jtGqtf / ;DaGw
ljR5]bkl5 x'g] ;dfhsf] ljifodf cg';Gwfg x'g h?/L 5 .

df3@)&@

22

:yfgLo
ljsf;

ut sflt{s @# ut]b]lv a]naf/L gu/kflnsfsf] sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] sfo{ef/ ;Dxfn]sf gu/

kflnsfsf t];|f] sfo{sf/L clws[t xf]dk|;fb kf}8]n;Fu a]naf/L gu/kflnsfsf] ljljw kIfsf]
af/]df v]drGb| clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] jftf{sf] ;Dkflbt c+z M
hgk|ltlglw gx'Fbf sfd ug{ ufx|f] jf
;lhnf] s:tf] 5 <
hgk|ltlglw gx'Fbf sfd ug{ ufx|f] 5. hgtfsf
ck]Iff w]/} x'g] clg ;fwg ;|f]t ;Lldt x'g] x'gfn]
;d:of 5. Toltdfq} xf]Og ljsf;nfO{ 7f]; ultdf
cl3 lnP/ hfg'kg{] cj:yfdf hgk|ltlglw gx'Fbf
ljsf;sf of]hgf k|fyldstfsf] qmddf cfpg
;s]sf 5}gg\.
gu/nfO{ cfly{s ?kn] ;DkGg agfpg s]
ug'{ h?/L b]Vg'x'G5 <
oxfF ko{6gsf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf 5. o;nfO{
ko{6sLo gu/Lsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5.
a]naf/LnfO{ ko{6sLo gu/Lsf] ?kdf ljsf;
ug{] eg]/ xfdLn] kl/ifbaf6 g} lg0f{o u/]sf 5fF}.
a]tgf l;d;f/, wgkfn u9L, /ldt] 8fF8f oxfFsf
ko{6sLo :yn x'g\. hftLo ;\u|xfno agfpg
klg ah]6 5'6\ofPsf 5fF}. xl/ofnL ko{6sLo
gu/sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{] ;lsg] ;Defjgf k|z:t
/x]sf] 5.

p7\g]df ljZj:t 5'.

gofF gu/kflnsfsf ;d:of s] /x]sf 5g\ <
gu/kflnsfdf w]/} ;d:of 5g\. gu/kflnsf ePkl5 ljsf; eOxfN5
eGg] gu/jf;Ln] 7fg]sf x'G5g\ t/ To:tf] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. /fhgLlts
wgkfn u9Lsf] ljz]iftf atfOlbg'xf];\ g.
wgkfn /fhfsf] kfnfb]lvsf k'/ftflTjs j:t' wgkfn u9Ldf bn, gful/s ;dfh, ;+3;+:yf / nlIft ju{sf] ;xeflutfdf
kfOG5. To;a]nfsf kf]v/L, 3/ cflb ;+/rgfsf] eUgfjz]if ToxfF k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df ljsf;sf of]hgfx 5gf]6 eO/x]sf 5g\.
/x]sf] 5. pTvgg ubf{ P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf e]l6g] ;Defjgf w]/}
eGg'kg{] s]xL s'/f 5'6] ls <
ePsf]n] To;sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ h?/L 5.
ahf/sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ljleGg ;ldltsf] lgdf{0f ug{]
sfd ePsf] 5. gu/kflnsf xfd|f] xf] eGg] wf/0ff ;a}df cfcf];\ /
a]naf/Lsf] w]/} If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] 5. jgsf sf/0f
gu/sf] ljsf; ug{ ;Defjgf jf r'gf}lt s'g a9L /x]sf] 5 < ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf ;a} ;xefuL xf]pmg\ eGg] ck]Iff ub{5'.
jgsf sf/0f ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf cem a9L 5. jgleq} kfs{
lgdf{0f ug{] xfd|f] of]hgf 5. ;x/sf] ;f}Gbo{nfO{ yKg xl/ofnL jgsf]
pkof]u ug{] gLlt /x]sf] 5.
o;} cfly{s jif{b]lv klxnf] k6s PsLs[t ;Dklt s/ nfu"
ug'{ePsf] 5, xfn;Ddsf] kl/0ffd s:tf] kfpg'ePsf] 5 <
PsLs[t ;Dklt s/nfO{ ;a}n] /fd|f] kdf lng'ePsf] 5. s/
ltg'{ ;a}sf] bfloTj xf] / s/ lt/]df dfq ljsf; x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff
gu/jf;Ldf /x]sf] 5. PsLs[t ;Dklt s/ $% nfv ?k}ofF p7\g]
cg'dfg ul/Psf]df ^ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf !) nfv ?k}ofF p7]sf] 5.
cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf dfq} s/ ltg{] afgL /x]sfn] ck]lIft /sd

a]naf/L gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L clws[t xf]dk|;fb kf}8]nn]

cfly{s jif{ )&#)&$ sf] nflu ^ s/f]8 *) nfv (@ xhf/
?k}ofFsf] jflif{s cfo Joo k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
sfo{qmddf pTs[i6 sd{rf/L ;xfos OlGhlgo/ ;'zLn ;'j]
bL, sDKo'6/ ck/]6/ b]j/fh /fO{ / sfof{no ;xfos cd/axfb'/
lwdfnnfO{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
df3@)&@

23

jif{sf nflu ^ s/f]8 (& nfv ?k}ofFsf] cg'dflgt ah]6

;fj{hlgs u/]sf lyP.
sfo{qmddf df]/ If]q gDa/ * sf ;ef;b rGb|axfb'/
u'?n] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf Odfgbfl/tfsf] vfFrf]
x'g] atfP.
b'nf/L uflj;sf k"j{ cWoIf ch'{g/fh clwsf/Ln]
bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;s] ;d[4 gu/sf]
?kdf ;'Gb/b'nf/L :yflkt x'g] atfP. hgd'lQm kf6L{sf
k"0f{ vf]k ;'lglZrt ePsf] df]/sf] klxnf] gu/kflnsf ;'Gb/
pkfWoIf k'/gs'df/ /fO{n] ;o jif{kl5 klg sfd nfUg] u/L
b'nf/Ln] cfly{s jif{ @)&#&$ sf] nflu jflif{s gu/ ljsf; k"jf{wf/ agfpg]tkm{ ;a} nfUg'kg{] wf/0ff /fv]sf lyP.
of]hgf ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5.
gu/kflnsfsf] pQ/L laGb' / blIf0fL laGb'sf afl;GbfnfO{ klg
gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L clws[t ;'j0f{ l3ld/]n] cfufdL cfly{s ;dfg ?kdf ;d]6] dfq} ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff ;kmn x'g]df jQmfxsf]
hf]8 lyof].
sfo{qmddf ljleGg ;+:yf tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof]. pTs[i6 sd{rf/Lsf] ;Ddfg
gu/kflnsfsf gfoa ;'Aaf /jLGb|s[i0f >]i7 / sfof{no ;xof]uL
aG7f rf}w/Ln] kfPsf lyP. pTs[i6 s/bftfsf] ;Ddfg h'lk6/
df]/ ;'grfFbL Joj;foL ;+3 OGb|k'/ zfvfsf] cWoIfdf clgn
O\ln; af]l8{ :s'n ;'Gb/b'nf/L * nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof].
sfkm\n] 5flgPsf 5g\ . ;+3sf] bf];f| ] clwj]zgn] b'O{ jif{] sfo{sfnsf]
nflu sfkm\n]nfO{ rog u/]sf] xf] .
clwj]zgn] rt/fgGb uhd]/nfO{ pkfWoIf, eLd /;fOnLnfO{
;lrj, u0f]z lg/f}nfnfO{ ;x;lrj / z+s/ a/fOnLnfO{ sf]iffWoIfdf
rog u/]sf] 5 . !! ;b:oLo sfo{;ldltdf afa'/fd a'9fyf]sL, ;'dg
uhd]/, vu]Gb| kf]v/]n, uf]ljGb clwsf/L, lbks e08f/L / /fh]Gb|
bfxfn ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ .

emfkfsf] bdsdf d'Vo sfof{no /x]sf] sGsfO ljsf; a}+sn]

df]/sf] sf];L x/}Frf ! vf];f{g]df gjf}+ zfvf vf]n]sf] 5.
zfvfsf] pb\3f6g a}+s ;~rfng ;ldltsf tTsfnLg cWoIf
dfwjk|;fb k/fh'nLn] u/]sf lyP. sfo{qmddf ;+:yfsf ;~rfns,
z]o/wgL tyf :yfgLo ;+3;+:yfsf k|ltlglwsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf]
lyof].
a}+ssf] cGo zfvfaf6 k|bfg x'g] ;a} ;'ljwfx vf];f{g] zfvfaf6
klg lbOg] zfvf k|aGws pd]z l3ld/]n] atfP. a}+ssf] emfkf, df]/
/ Onfd sfo{If]q /x]sf] 5.

Og?jf gu/kflnsfn] @@ cf}+ gu/ kl/ifb\ dfkm{t cfly{s jif{

)&#.)&$sf nflu ah]6 gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5.
gu/kflnsfn] cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf nflu !! s/f]8 && nfv ^%
xhf/ ?k}ofFsf] cg'dflgt ah]6 ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] xf].
kl/ifb\n] cf=j )&#.)&$df uf}/jzfnL of]hgf cGt{ut
lgdf{0ffwLg gofF a;kfs{ ;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkg / k'/fgf] h]n
lkmN8df v]n d}bfg lgdf{0fsf] of]hgfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] hgfPsf] 5.
gu/kflnsfn] gu/sf ;du| ljsf;d'vL of]hgfx? k|fyldstfsf
cfwf/df ;+rfngdf Nofpg] hgfPsf] 5. l;6L xn, ;8s rf}8f,
vfg]kfgL, xl/ofnL gu/ h:tf of]hgfnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ of]hgf cGt{ut
cl3 a9fpg] gu/kflnsfn] hgfPsf] 5.

sf];Lx/}rf gu/kflnsfsf] cg'/f]w

gu/If]qdf x'g] 3/, 6x/f, sDkf0p8 jfn, clkm; tyf pBf]u sn sf/vfgf ejgsf] gS;f kf; u/]/ dfq lgdf{0f u/f}+.
gu/kflnsfnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ ;a} k|sf/sf s/ ;dod} a'emfcf}+ / hl/jfgfaf6 arf}+.
:jR5, ;kmf / xl/t gu/L cleofg ;kmn kfg{ x/]s 3/sf] cuf8L j[If/f]k0f u/f}+.
;8sdf lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L g/fvf}+.
;8s cltqmd0f u/L 3/ 6x/f gagfcf}+. ;8sdf rf}kfo 5f8f g5f8f}+.
hGd, d[To", ljjfx, a;fOF ;/fOF, ;DaGw ljR5]b nufotsf JolQmut 36gf #% lbg leq} btf{ u/fcf}+.
Ps 3/ Ps rkL{ cleofgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ;a} 3/df rkL{ lgdf{0f u/f}+.
3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ s'lxg] / gs'lxg] 5'6\ofO{ gu/kflnsfsf] kmf]xf]/ jfxfgdf lbg] u/f}+.
df3@)&@

24

df3@)&@

25

df3@)&@

26

 @)^^ df @% hgfn] ^) xhf/ ?k}ofF z]o/ k"FhL hDdf u/L

:yflkt pHofnf] art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf O6x/L @ df xfn
*^ hgf dlxnf;lxt @ ;o $ hgf z]o/ ;b:o /x]sf 5g\. xfn
;+:yfsf] z]o/ k"FhL !^ nfv &! xhf/ ! ;o /x]sf] ;+:yfn]
cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf #( nfv *( xhf/ ?k}ofF
C0f nufgL u/]sf] hgfPsf] 5.
ljleGg ^ k|sf/sf art ;'ljwf /x]sf] ;+:yfdf art stf{n]
* b]lv ( k||ltzt;Dd Aofh kfpg] u/]sf 5g\.
;+:yfdf ut cfly{s jif{df @$ nfv #% xhf/ ?k}ofF lgIf]k
;\sng ePsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf t]hk|;fb ;'j]bLn]
atfP.

;fsf];sf] pTs[i6 ;]jf tyf ;'/Iffsf nflu ;jf{]Qd 5gf]6

cyf{t\ PS;]; a|f08 k|fKt u/]sf] ls;fg sNof0f art tyf C0f
;xsf/L ;+:yf O6x/L !& n] ljleGg #! zLif{sdf art ;\sng
ug{] u/]sf] 5.
ljleGg !# zLif{sdf C0f nufgL ug{] u/]sf] ;+:yfn] ut c;f/
d;fGt ;Dddf @% s/f]8 & nfv %# xhf/ % ;o &% ?k}ofF C0f
nufgL u/]sf] lyof]. ;+:yf ;~rfng ;ldltsf ;lrj g/]Gb|s'df/
>]i7sf cg';f/ @) s/f]8 ^) nfv &*xhf/ ?k}ofF C0f c;'nL
u/]sf] ;+:yfdf efvf gf3]sf] C0f $^ nfv *$ xhf/ ?k}ofF /x]sf]
5.
ut cfly{s jif{df tLh ljz]if, Ob ljz]if, lqm;d; ljz]if /
lhltof ljz]if, >lds dlxnf lbj; ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd u/]sf] o;
;+:yfsf] cjnf]sgsf] nflu pkTosfsf] eQmk'/ tyf klZrdtkm{
?kGb]xL ;Ddsf u/L !* j6f ljleGg ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwn]
;+:yfsf] cGt/;xsf/L cjnf]sg e|d0f u/]sf] ;+:yfn] hgfPsf]
5.
# xhf/ $ ;o *@ hgf dlxnf / @ xhf/ !% hgf k'?if u/L
s'n % xhf/ $ ;o (& hgf z]o/ ;b:o /x]sf] o; ;+:yfdf
!% s/f]8 @! nfv * xhf/ ?k}ofF lgIf]k ;\sng ePsf] / z]o/
;b:ox?df !( s/f]8 $ nfv *) xhf/ ?k}ofF C0f nufgL ePsf]
;+:yfsf] !$ cfF} jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf hgfOPsf] 5. ;+:yfaf6
;a}eGbf sd z}lIfs Joj;flos C0f zLif{sdf % hgfn] / ;a}eGbf
a9L Joj;flos C0f zLif{sdf $ ;o ^^ ;b:on] shf{ lnPsf]
;+:yfn] hgfPsf] 5.
cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df # s/f]8 & nfv *@ xhf/ & ;o
*% ?k}ofF cfDbfgL u/]s]f / vr{ s6fP/ %) nfv !$ xhf/ ?k}ofF
art u/]sf] ;+:yfn] hgfPsf] 5.

)^* b]lv PS;]; a|f08 -;fsf];sf] pTs[i6 ;]jf tyf ;'/Iffsf

nflu ;jf{]Qd 5gf]6_ k|fKt u/]sf] /dfOnf] art tyf C0f ;xsf/L
;+:yf ao/jg * df]/df ! xhf/ * ;o ^& hgf dlxnf / !
xhf/ %( hgf k'?if u/L @ xhf/ ( ;o @^ hgf z]o/ ;b:o
/x]sf 5g\.
@ s/f]8 !( nfv %! xhf/ ?k}ofF z]o/ k"FhL /x]sf] ;+:yfdf
ljleGg !! zLif{sdf art ug{ ;lsg] ;+:yfn] hgfPsf] 5.
ut cfly{s jif{df ( s/f]8 @) nfv %@ xhf/ ?k}ofF
lgIf]k ;\sng u/]sf] ;+:yfsf] @@ cfF} ;fwf/0f ;efdf k|:t't
k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ut cfly{s jif{df ;+:yfn] ^! nfv @) xhf/
%( ?k}ofF v'b gfkmf sdfPsf] 5.
@)^^ b]lv PDa'n]G; ;]jf ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] ;+:yfn] ut
cfly{s jif{df hDdf ^ ;o !* hgf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;]jf lbPsf]
hgfPsf] 5. &% jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf z]o/ ;b:onfO{ dfl;s
! ;o ?k}ofF eQf pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] ;+:yfaf6 xfn !%
hgfn] To:tf] ;'ljwf kfO/x]sf 5g\. ljleGg * cf]6f ;+:yfsf]
;xsfo{df ljleGg zLif{sdf sfd ul//x]sf] ;+:yfn] lzIff, tflnd
uf]i7L / ;xsf/L k':tsfnosf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsPsf]
hgfPsf] 5.
clwstd @) nfv ?k}ofF;Dd C0f nufgL ug{] gLlt lnPsf]
;+:yfn] cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] eGbf !& bzdnj *& k|ltztn]
j[l4 u/L cfly{s jif{ @)&!)&@ df !! s/f]8 $( nfv !)
xhf/ ?k}ofF C0f nufgL u/]sf] lyof].
!$ k|sf/sf artsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;+:yfn] artdf ^ b]lv
!# k|ltzt;Dd Aofh lbg] u/]sf] 5. ut cfly{s jif{df ^!
nfv @) xhf/ %( ?k}ofF art u/]sf] ;+:yfn] lqjifL{o of]hgf
agfO{ jf;nft #@ s/f]8, z]o/ # s/f]8, art @@ s/f]8 *)
nfv, C0f nufgL @% s/f]8, / art ! s/f]8 $* nfv !%
xhf/ k'ofpg] nIo /fv]sf] hgfPsf] 5.

@)%^ ;fndf :yflkt ;'s'gf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf

sf];Lx/}Frfn] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{oaf6 z]o/ k"FhLsf] /sdaf6
cfwfeGbf a9L /sd z]o/ ;b:osf] artdf ;f/]sfn] z]o/ k"FhL 36\g
k'u]sf] 5. o;cl3 @ s/f]8 ^$ nfv $ xhf/ ?k}ofF z]o/ k"FhL /x]sf]
;f] ;+:yfsf] ! s/f]8 ^! nfv ?k}ofF arttkm{ ;fl/Psfn] ca ;f]
;+:yfsf] z]o/ k"FhL ! s/f]8 # nfv $ xhf/ dfq /x]sf] 5. To:t}
cfly{s jif{ )&) )&! sf] eGbf % nfv &! xhf/ ?k}ofF sd cyf{t\
^& xhf/ #( ?k}ofF dfq z'4 art ePsf] ;+:yfn] hgfPsf] 5.
jf;nftsf] cfwf/df df]/sf ;xsf/L ;+:yfdWo] bf];f| ] 7"nf] /x]sf] ;f]
;+:yfsf cWoIf 6Lsfk|;fb s6\6]nsf cg';f/ ;+:yfn] ut cfly{s
jif{df !$ s/f]8 !@ nfv *^ xhf/ ?k}ofF lgIf]k k'ofPsf] 5. To:t}
;+:yfn] ut cfly{s jif{df !@ s/f]8 $* nfv $# xhf/ ?k}ofF
C0f nufgL u/]sf] 5.
df3@)&@

27

 uf]7ufpF art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ;'Gb/b'nf/Lsf] b;f}F jflif{s

;fwf/0f ;efn] ;dfg k|s[ltsf cGo ;xsf/L ;+:yf;Fu PsLs/0f ug{]
clwsf/ ;~rfng ;ldltnfO{ lbPsf] 5. cfkm\gf] klxrfg gu'Dg] u/L
sfo{If]qleq kg{] ;dfg k|s[ltsf ;xsf/L ;+:yf;Fu PsLs/0f ug{] ;+:yfsf
cWoIf k'ik cfrfo{n] atfP.
^( hgf z]o/ ;b:o /x]sf] ;+:yfsf] z]o/ k"FhL % nfv &( xhf/ ?k}ofF
/ lgIf]k !* nfv ** xhf/ ?k}ofF /x]sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5.

z'enfe art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf O6x/Ln] ut cfly{s

jif{df nIoeGbf %$ nfv ** xhf/ ?k}ofF a9L z]o/ k"FhL yk
u/]sf] 5. pQm k"FhL ylkPkl5 @ s/f]8 %$ nfv ?k}ofF z]o/
k"FhL agfPsf]] ;+:yfsf] clws[t k"FhL ^ s/f]8 @% nfv ?k}ofF
/x]sf]5.
;+:yfsf] ;ftf}F jflif{s jflif{s k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ;xsf/L
ljefuaf6 cg'dlt lnO{ clws[t z]o/ k"FhL a9fOPsf] xf].
^ s/f]8 !) nfv ?k}ofF lgIf]k / ! s/f]8 %^ nfv hu]8f
sf]if /x]sf] ;+:yfn] ljleGg !) zLif{sdf C0f nufgL ug{] u/]s]f
5. Jofkfl/s shf{df ;a}eGbf a9L -$) k|ltzt_ nufgL
u/]sf] ;+:yfn] !@ b]]lv !* k|ltzt Aofhdf C0f lbg] u/]s]f
hgfOPsf] 5. ;fy} ;+:yfn] dlg 6fG;km/sf] ;]jf klg lbO/x]sf]
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 .

;'Gb/b'nf/L ! df /x]sf] sfblDagL s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf]] t];|f] jflif{s

;fwf/0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5.
;xsf/LnfO{ ;/sf/n] w]/} s/ nufPsfn] lhNnf s[lif ;xsf/L ;+3dfkm{t\
d'2f xfn]sf] lhNnf s[lif ;xsf/L ;+3 df]/sf ;lrj /jLGb| cfrfo{n]
sfo{qmddf atfP. ;xsf/Lsf] @) k|ltzteGbf a9L gfkmf /fHon] vf];]sf]
pgsf] egfO lyof].
;+:yfsf cWoIf s'df/ bfxfnn] ;+:yfsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg / clDasf
;fksf]6fn] n]vf k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/]sf lyP. ;+:yfdf &$ z]o/ ;b:osf]
# nfv ^! xhf/ z]o/ k"FhL /x]sf] 5.

;'g;/Lsf] b'xjLl:yt Cl4l;l4 art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfn]] cfk\mgf]

5}7f}+ jflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/df /Qmbfg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf uof]{. ;+:yfsf]
lgodlt jflif{s sfo{qmd cGt/ut ;+:Yffsf cWoIf /fds'df/ kf7ssf]
cWoIftfdf ePsf] /Qmbfg sfo{qmddf %% lk06 /ut ;+sng ePsf] lyof].
g]kfn /]8qm; zfvf lj/f6gu/af6 cfPsf] /Qm ;+sng 6f]nLn] /ut ;+sng
u/]sf] sfo{qmdsf] ;+of]hg pkfWoIf ;/f]hs'df/ l;+xn] u/]sf lyP.
v'nf /Qmbfg sfo{qmddf ;xsf/Lsf ;b:o, kbflwsf/Lx?sf ;fy}
ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] ;+:Yffsf Joj:yfks
lzjgf/fo0f p/fFjn] hfgsf/L lbP.

/fli6o ;xsf/L ;+3sf cWoIf s]zj a8fnn] ;xsf/L P]gsf] ljifodf

dGqfno / ;xsf/L ;+:yfaLr ;femf laGb' aGg g;s]sfn] gofF P]g cfpg
l9nf] ePsf] atfPsf 5g\.
lhNnf ;xsf/L ;+3 df]/sf] @# cf}F jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efnfO{
;Daf]wg ub{} cWoIf a8fnn] ;xsf/Ln] dfgj hLjgsf ofjt If]qdf
sfd ug{ ;Sg] hfgsf/L lbP. pgn] ;xsf/Ldfkm{t\ o'/f]kdf ;dfhjfb
:yfkgf ePsf], bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 hlGdPsf] Oh/fonn] ;xsf/Ldfkm{t\
g} k|ult u/]sf] pbfx/0f lbb} Oh/fondf % k|ltzt hgtfn] v]tL u/] klg
^% k|ltzt pTkfbg lgof{t ug{] u/]sf] atfP.
To:t} /fli6o ;xsf/L a}+ssf cWoIf /d]z kf]v/]nn] kF"hL ;\sngsf
lx;fan] ;xsf/Ln] Pp6f prfO kfPsf] atfP. ;xsf/Ld}qL s/sf] nflu
sfd ul//x]sf] atfpFb} pgn] pTkfbgd'vL sfo{qmd Nofpg / dlxnf
;zlQms/0fdf ;xsf/Lsf] of]ubfg 7'nf] /x]sf] pNn]v u/].
/fli6o ;xsf/L ;+3sf ;~rfns lzjs'df/ 8fFuLn] ;xsf/L eg]sf]
art tyf C0fsf] sf/f]af/ ug{] h:tf] dfq} b]lvP klg ;dfhjfbtkm{
hfg ;xsf/Ln] g} d2t ug{] atfP. lhNnf ;xsf/L ;+3 emfkfsf cWoIf
xl/r/0f aflgofFn] tLg vDa] cy{gLltdf ;xsf/LnfO+{ ;d]6] klg g]kfnsf]
;xsf/L If]q k5fl8 k/]sf] u'gf;f] u/] .
l8lehg ;xsf/L sfof{no df]/sf k|d'v lbnz]/ /fO{n] cfoft
k|lt:yfkgdf s[lif ;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsf pNn]vgLo x'g] atfP eg] lhNnf
;xsf/L ;+3 ;'g;/Lsf ;lrj g/]z Ojf/dn] ;xsf/L If]qnfO+{ a'em]sf]
dfG5] ;xsf/L dGqfnodf ePdfq ;xsf/L If]qn] ljsf; ug{ ;sg] bfjL
u/]. s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL lj/f6gu/sf k|d'v chos'df/ >Ljf:tjn]
;xsf/Ldfkm{t\ s[lif ;fdu|L vl/b ul/g' ;x|fgLo ePsf] atfpFb} ! ;o $(
cf]6f ;xsf/L sDkgL;Fu cfa4 ePsf] hfgsf/L lbP.
g]km\:s'gsf ;~rfns tf/faxfb'/ sfkm\n]n] s/sf] af/]df k'gd"{Nof\sg
x'g'kg{] atfpFb} gofF ;+ljwfgcg';f/ ;xsf/Lsf] txut ;+/rgf s:tf] x'g]
eGg] af/]df klg k|i6 gePsf] atfP. lhNnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+3
df]/sf cWoIf xl/ ;'j]bLn] cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu ;xsf/L If]qn] sfd
ul//x]sf] atfpFb} ;xsf/L d}qL P]g cfhsf] cfjZostf ePsf] pNn]v
u/].
lhNnf ;xsf/L ;+3sf ;Nnfxsf/ /fdrGb| uf}tdn] ef/t tyf rLgdf
ljkt Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;xsf/Lsf] :yfkgf ePsf] atfP. g]kfn
cl86;{ P;f]l;o;g -c8fg_sf k|yd pkfWoIf df]xgs'df/ ;'j]bLn]
;xsf/L P]g, cfos/ P]g cflb ;+zf]wgsf] tof/Ldf /x]sf / tL P]g
;+zf]wgkl5 ;xsf/Ln] km8\sf] dfg{] atfP. sfo{qmddf k'/fgf ;xsf/LsdL{
k/z'/fd bfxfnnfO{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof].
df3@)&@

28

 s'g} lglZrt e"uf]ndf a:g] dflg;n] cfkm"n] ub{} cfPsf] sfddf

cfkm"h:t} cGo l5d]sL jf z'elrGtsaf6 ;xof]u k|fKt u/L ;f] sfdnfO{
;xh} ;DkGg ubf{ Psflt/ sfd k'/f eO{ nfe k|fKt ug'{ csf{lt/ kf/:kl/s
;xof]u cfbfg k|bfg x'g' h:tf lxtsf/L kIfnfO{ ;xsf/L -;xsfo{_ ;Fu
hf]8]/ cleofgsf] ?kdf cufl8 a9fOof]. kd{, wd{ esf/L, ;femf x'Fb}
cfh ;f] cleofg ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf ?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] 5. vf;u/L
/fli6o ;xsf/L P]g @)$( hf/L ePkl5 ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? b|t' ultsf ;fy
:yfkgf ePsf 5g\.
;xsf/L l;4fGt tyf Jojxf/tM /fd|f] cleofg xf]. cem *)
k|ltzteGbf a9L u|fdL0f If]q ePsf] xfd|f] b]z hxfF ;/sf/L tyf lghL
ljQLo ;+:yf gx'Fbf To; If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] / Joj;fo ug{ rfxg] OndL
dflg;nfO{ 6]jf lbg] sfd ;xsf/L dfkm{t x'Fb} cfPsf] 5. cfh ;xsf/L
cleofg dfkm{t\ g]kfnsf] 7"nf] hg;\Vof uf]na4 eP/ art ug{] ;f]rsf]
ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} ljljw shf{sf dfWodaf6 /f]huf/Lsf] ljsf; ePsf]
5. pTkfbgdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] 5 / ;du| /fli6o cy{tGqd} k|efj
k/]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ /fHo klg ;xsf/L, ;/sf/L / lghL u/L tLg vDa]
/fli6o cy{tGq eGg ljjz ag]sf] 5. lg/If/ a'9L cfdf x'g\ jf lxhf]
s'g} klg ;d"x, ;+:yfdf cfa4 geO{ k5fl8 kfl/Psf hfltsf dflg; x'g\
;xsf/L ;+:yfdf ;\ul7t eO{ ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ;xsfo{df ;dfj]z
ePsf 5g\ h'g\ ;dfh ljsf;sf nflu rfgr'g] s'/f xf]Og. o; cy{df
xfd|f] h:tf] cNkljsl;t b]zdf t ;xsf/L cleofgnfO{ ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts cleofgsf] sf]z]9'\uf g} dfGg'k5{.
;xsf/L cleofg /fd|f] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;}4flGts, gLltut, Jojxfl/s jf
cg'udgsf sf/0fn] ljljw ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g\. of] n]v tL ;d:ofdWo]
Hofb} ;fgf] tyf lgtfGt hl6n ag]sf] kIf ;/sf/f/f ;xsf/L lqmofsnfkdf
ha/h:tL nfu" u/]sf] s/ gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt 5.
s/ /fHosf] lgoldt cfDbfgL xf] / vr{ ug{ ;Sg] cfwf/ xf]. cfkm\gf]
;|f]t j[l4 u/L hgtfnfO{ ljsf; / Gofo lbg s/ lng' :jefljs xf] t/
s/ ljifo / k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df slt hfoh jf gfhfoh xf] eGg] kIfdf
;/sf/n] Wofg k'ofpg} k5{. 7"nf7"nf cfly{s sf/f]af/ ug{] JolQm, Joj;fo
s/d'Qm x'g] / ufpFdf ufF; sf6]/ dfl;s ?kdf cfgf;'sL u/L hDdf u/]sf]
art /sddf s/ lng' slt Goflos / dfgjLo kIf xf] Wofg k'Ug h?/L
5. csf{] kf6f] s/ cg'lrt eP ;f]sf] af/]df ;fj{hlgs ax; ug'{, ;/sf/
jf lgsfo ;dIf sfg'gL ?kdf lj/f]w hgfpg', cfd ;xsf/LaLr ;femf
wf/0ff agfO{ ;/sf/nfO{ ljjz kfg'{h:tf ;xh / sfg'gL pkfo klg 5g\.
cfh ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf a:g] dflg;x? olt ug{ ;Ifd
5g\. tyflk Tof] kf6f] ;fdfGo jQmJo jf efif0fdf dfq JoQm ePsf] 5 /
clwsf+zn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] kIf xf] s/ 5Ng'. 5Ng', 9fF6\g,' 7Ug', rf]g{' To:tf]
sd{ xf] h'g ;DalGwt lgsfon] cg'udg u/]/ kQf nfUbf t ug{]n] ;hfo
kfpnf cGoyf Tof] sd{ b]lv/xg]n] ck|ToIf ?kdf ;hfo ef]Ug'kbf{]/x]5.
cfh ufpF3/df v'n]sf ;xsf/LdWo] s'g} ;xsf/L 5Ng], 7Ug] / df]6fpg]
clg s'g} ;xsf/L To;sf] dfgl;s ;hfo ef]Ug] cj:yfdf 5g\. cyf{t\
l;wf eGg] xf] eg] cfh w]/}h;f] dflg; PseGbf a9L ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf
z]o/ ;b:o 5g\. p;sf] s gfdsf] ;xsf/Ln] p;nfO{ ;fwf/0f ;efsf]
eQf -vfhf, oftfoft h] eg] klg ;f/df eQf g} xf]_, Aofhdf, nfef+zdf
s/ sf6]/ lbG5. gfkmfdf klg lgodfg';f/ nfUg] cfos/ s66f u/]sf] x'G5.
clg v gfdsf] ;+:yfn] ljljw zLif{sdf vr{ b]vfP/ gfkmf b]vfpFb}g.

ofdk|;fb l;Ub]n

kmn:j?k gfkmf afktsf] s/ klg ltb{}g, gfkmf g} gePkl5 c? s/ klg

ltb{}g. ca Tof] JolQmn] s / v ;xsf/Laf6 kfpg] eQf, nfef+z,
Aofhdf slt km/s k5{ ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5. kmn:j?k ;b:osf]
gh/df a9L nfe lbg] ;+:yf sd nfe lbg] ;+:yf eGbf kSs} /fd|f] xf].
;Eo ;b:on] t s/ ltg{] ;+:yf 5f]8]/ dfq hfG5 To;sf kbflwsf/LnfO{
3f]rk]r / ufnL unf}h ub{}g t/ To;eGbf km/s ;b:on] ;s]sf] ;a} u5{.
clg Tof] ;~rfns cfkm\gf ;b:oaf6 ufnL kfpFbf, ;b:otf 5f]8]/ hfFbf
cfkm"n] ;xsf/L sfg'gdfkb08 kfngf u/]sf] eGbf afx]s s]xL eGg
;Sb}g. h'g egfO ;b:osf] gh/df jf csf{] ;+:yfsf] gh/df lg/y{s
x'G5.
dfly plNnlvt ;d:ofn] sltko ;+:yf ck|ToIf df/df k/]sf 5g\.
To;sf ;~rfnsx? kLl8t ag]sf 5g\. cem sltko :jfledfg ;b:o
g} cndlnPsf 5g\. ;xsf/Lsf] l;4fGt t Pp6} xf] t/ km/s lsg <
o;sf] lgbfg x'g h?/L 5 / lgbfg ug{] Pp6} pkfo xf] cg'udg. lgodgsf/L
lgsfo lhNnf ;+3, ;xsf/L l8lehg, g]km\:s'g, ;xsf/L ljefu cflbsf]
s] sfd < gjLs/0f z'Ns c;'Ng], hflu/ vfg] 7fpF dfGg], 7fn' aGg] dfq
xf] eg] o; n]vsf] t s] ;xsf/L cleofgs} cy{ 5}g. xf]Og bfloTj
klg k"/f ug'{k5{ eg] ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] agfPsf k|ltj]bg cWoog ug'{kof],
;xsf/Lx?sf] cg'udg ug'{kof], ;lsG5 gd'gf ;b:o;Fu ;fIffTsf/ ug'{kof]
clg s;}n] cgfjZos s/ lt/]sf eP ltdLn] oxfFlg/ o;f] u/ eGg'kof],
;'wf/fTds uNtL eP ;'emfO lbg'kof], sfg'gL uNtL eP sfg'gL bfo/fdf
Nofpg'kof]. cem uNtL lgoGq0f aflx/ eP To;sf] klg cf]vtL xf]nf
ug'{kof].
@)$( ;fnb]lv tLj| ag]sf] ;xsf/L cleofgn] hlt /fd|f] uof],
ub{}5 Tolt g} g/fd|f] klg a9\b}5. yf]/}df ;'wf/ ug'{ kSs} klg a'l4dfgL
xf]. h;n] /fd|fnfO{ klg k|]/0ff lbG5 g/fd|fnfO{ klg a]n}df ;Tdfu{ ldN5.
;xsf/L cleofgnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{] bfloTj ePsfsf] ;xsf/LnfO{ z'4 agfpg]
z'e sfo{sf] >Lu0f]z xf];\.
-n]vs ;'Gb/k'/ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf df]/sf sf]iffWoIf x'g\ _
df3@)&@

25

 !) nfv && xhf/ ?k}ofF z]o/ k"FhL /x]sf] ;kmn art tyf
C0f ;xsf/L ;'Gb/b'nf/Lsf] lgIf]k !@ nfv %& xhf/ ?k}ofF /x]sf]
5.
;+:yfsf] t];|f] ;fwf/0f ;efdf k|:t't k|ltj]bgcg';f/ z]o/
artsf] () k|ltzt C0f lagflwtf] / lwtf]sf] cfwf/df % nfv
;Dd C0f nufgL ug{] ;+:yfn] C0fsf] Aofhb/ !^ k|ltzt;Dd
sfod u/]sf] hgfOPsf] 5.
** hgf z]o/ ;b:o /x]sf] ;+:yfn] ls:tfdf C0f ltg{]nfO{
;x'lnot lbg] hgfPsf] 5.
O6x/Ll:yt b'uf{ ar tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] b[li6 ljxLg
eP/ klg ;dfhsf] lxtdf lg/Gt/ of]ubfg lbO/x]sf O6x/Lsf
b'O{ hgf b[li6 ljxLgnfO{ ;Ddfg u/]/ pbfx/0fLo sfd u/]sf] 5.
;+:yfn] cfk\mgf] !# cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efdf b[li6 ljxLg
cDd/axfb'/ u'? / /fdfgGb vTj]nfO{ gub, ANof\s]6
pkxf/;lxt bf];Nnf cf]9fP/ ;Ddfg u/]sf] 5.
O6x/Lsf] /fwfs[i0f dlGb/sf] k]6Ldf bzsf}+b]vL v'nf
cfsfzd'gL a;]/ hLjg rnfO/x]sf cDd/axfb'/n] ljleGg
7fpFdf leIff dfu]/ /fwfs[i0f dlGb/nfO{ %) xhf/ ?k}ofF a/fa/sf]
;xof]u u/]sf 5g\. /fdfgGb vTj] b'j} cfFvf gb]Vg] b[l6ljxLg
eP klg pgn] sd{ u/]/ vfg' k5{ eGg] ;fx;sf ;fy pRr lzIff
xfl;n ul/ O6x/L @^ cfFkuf5Lsf] /fli6o pRr dfljdf lzIf0f
k]zf ub}{ cfPsf 5g\.
b'O{ 5f]/L / >LdtL /x]sf pgn] cfk\mg} sdfOaf6 O6x/L ^
df 3/ lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\. 3/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu b'uf{ artaf6
@ nfv ?k}ofF shf{ lnPsf pgn] tf]lsPeGbf cufl8 g} shf{
r'Qmf ug{ b]vfPsf] tTk/tf pbfx/0fLo /x]sf] eGb} ;+:yfn]
pgnfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf] xf]. wg geP klg dgsf wgL b[li6 ljxLg
cDd/axfb'/ / sd{sf] pbfx/0f lbg] /fdfgGb b'j}af6 ;dfhn]
lzIff lng'k5{ eGg] ;Gb]zsf nflu pgLx?nfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf]df
b'uf{ artsf] klg cfbz{ sfd dfGg' kb{5.
@)%& df3 !@ ut] :yfkgf ePsf] b'uf{ artsf] ut c;f/
d;fGt;Ddsf] r'Qmf kF"hL # s/f]8 *# nfv @@ xhf/ / hu]8f
sf]if @ s/f]8 $^ nfv &( xhf/ ?k}ofF 5. @^ s/f]8 *)
nfv ?k}ofF shf{ nufgL u/]sf] ;+:yfn] @$ s/f]8 %# nfv
Jofkfl/s If]q / afFsL cGo If]qdf shf{ lbPsf] hgfPsf] 5.
w/fgdf ;d]t ;]jf s]Gb| /x]sf] pQm ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] !# cf}+
;fwf/0f;efn] cfufdL tLg jif{sf nflu l6sfk|;fb bfxfnsf]
cWoIftfdf !! ;b;Lo gofF sfo{;ldlt / lszf]/ e08f/Lsf]
;+of]hsTjdf # ;b;Lo n]vf ;ldlt k'gu{7g u/]sf] 5.

kfFr s/f]8 @ nfv ?k}ofF lgIf]k ;+sng u/]sf] ul5of art

tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf ^ ;o !% z]o/ ;b:osf] Ps s/f]8
!! nfv ?k}ofF z]o/ k"FhL /x]sf] 5.
;\slnt lgIf]keGbf ! nfv sd ?k}ofF nufgL u/]sf] ;+:yfn]
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] eGbf @& k|ltzt a9L nufgL u/]sf] hgfPsf] 5.
rfn' cfly{s jif{b]lv ;+:yfn] lghL kl/of]hgfsf] nflu ( nfv /
;fd'lxs kl/of]hgfsf nflu !% nfv;Dd C0f lbg] gLlt lnPsf]
;+:yfsf] b;f}F jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5.
artdf * b]lv !@ k|ltzt Aofh lbg] ;+:yfn] !) b]lv @!
k|ltzt Aofh b/ C0f /sddf sfod u/]sf] hgfPsf] 5.

^ ;o *$ hgf z]o/ ;b:o / ! s/f]8 () nfv (% xhf/ z]o/

k"FhL /x]sf] lj/f6gu/sf] lj/f6]Zj/ art tyf C0f ;xsf/Ln] rfn'
cfly{s jif{df z]o/ k"FhL @ s/f]8 !% nfv (^ xhf/ k'ofpg] nIo
/x]sf] ;+:yfsf cWoIf /fdafa' e66/fO{n] atfP.
$ s/f]8 * nfv ^% xhf/ lgIf]k ;+sng u/]sf] ;+:yfn] ljleGg
lsl;dsf artdf * b]lv !# k|ltzt;Dd Aofh lbg] u/]]sf] 5.

df3@)&@

26

lzIff

df3@)&@

27

 df]/sf] sf]zL x/}+rfl:yt ;'s'gf ax'd'vL SofDk;n] /fli6o :t/af6

ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u pRr lzIff ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf k|fKt ug]{
ePsf] 5. df]/sf] pQ/L u|fdL0f If]qsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ :yfgLo :t/df
pRr lzIffsf] cj;/ lbg ;fd'bflos k|of;af6 @)$* ;fndf :yfkgf
ePsf] ;'s'gf SofDk; sf];L c~rnaf6 /fli6o:t/df ;f] ;'ljwf k|fKt
ug]{ tLgcf]6f SofDk; leq k/]sf] 5.
@)$* ;fn df3 !$ ut] dfgljsL ;+sfo cGtu{tsf] k|df0fkq txaf6
k7kf7g z'? u/]sf] ;'sg' fdf @)$( ;fnb]lv lzIff ;+sfosf] ;f]xL txsf]
sfo{qmd yk ePsf] lyof] eg] @)%@ ;fnb]lv lzIff zf:qsf] Ps jif]{
:gfts, @)%$ df lzIffs} # jif]{ :gfts @)^) b]lv Joj:yfkgdf
:gftssf] k9fO z'? u/]sf] lyof]. @)^! ;fnb]lv lzIff zf:qdf

:gfQsf]Q/ ;~rfng ug{ yfn]sf] of] sn]hdf o; If]qd} klxnf] :gfts

txdf lj1fg, $ jif]{ cfO;L6L, Joj:yfkgdf :gfQsf]Q/sf] sfo{qmd
;Grfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5.
kl5Nnf] k6s ljZj ljBfno cg'bfg cfof]uaf6 So"PP k|fKt
u/]sf] sn]hdf cfufdL jif{b]vL AofRn/ ckm OGkm/d]zg Dofg]hd]G6
-lacfOPd _ ;Grfngsf] tof/L eO/x]sf] 5.
k|df0fkq txb]vL :gfQsf]Q/;Dd lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DjGwg
k|fKt u/]sf] sn]hn] k|df0fkq tx vf/]h ePkl5 !! / !@ sIffdf
jfl0fHo,lj1fg,lzIff, dfgljsL / !@ sIffdf lzIff zf:qsf] ljz]if
sIff pRr dfWoflds lzIff kl/ifbaf6 ;DaGwg lnP/ rnfpFb} cfPsf]
5.

;'s'gf ax'd'vL SofDk;sf] xfn} ;DkGg kl/ifb ;efaf6 SofDk; ;~rfng

;ldltsf] g]t[Tj kl/jt{g ePsf] 5.
;ef;b rGb|axfb'/ u'? g]t[Tjsf] ;ldlt k'gu{7g eO b]j]Gb| df:s] g]t[Tjsf]
;ldlt cfPsf] xf]. nfdf] ;dob]lv SofDk; ;~rfng ;ldltsf] cWoIf ;Dxfn]sf
u'? b'O jif{cl3 ;ef;b lgjf{lrt ePkl5 SofDk;nfO{ ;do lbg sl7g ePsf]
dx;'; u/L g]t[Tj kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ kIfdf lyP. ;f]xL cg';f/ kl/ifb;efn] ;j{;Ddt
?kdf df:s]nfO{ cWoIf agfPsf] xf].
gj lgjf{lrt cWoIf df:s] sf]zL x/}+rf If]qsf ;lqmo ;dfh ;]jL tyf lzIff
;]jL x'g\. gjlgjf{lrt !& ;b:oLo SofDk; ;~rfng ;ldltsf] pkfWoIfdf
uf]kfnaxfb'/ yfkf tyf n]vf ;ldlt ;+of]hsdf k"0f{k|;fb 9sfn 5flgPsf 5g\.
df3@)&@

28

 pRr lzIff ;' w f/ kl/of] h gfdf sf] z L

c~rnaf6 ;'s'gf ax'd'vL SofDk; sf];Lx/}rf,
pn{faf/L SofDk; pnf{af/L, hgtf SofDk; O6x/L,
If]qLo :t/af6 j?0f ax'd'vL SofDk; ;+v'jf;ef,
Dof\n' SofDk; t]x|y'd / ky/L ax'd'vL SofDk;
5gf]6 ePsf 5g\. To;}u/L d]rL c~rnaf6 sGsfO{
ax'd'vL SofDk; ;'?\uf / bds ax'd'vL SofDk;
5gf]6 ePsf x'g\.
;f] kl/of]hgfsf nflu ljZj j}+saf6 g]kfnnfO{
^% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ -nueu 5 ca{ %)
s/f]8 g]kfnL ?k}ofF_ a/fa/sf] ljQLo ;xof]u
;x'lnot b/sf] C0f:j?k pknAw x'g] a'lemPsf]
5 . pRr lzIffdf k|0ffnLut, ;+:yfut ;'wf/, pRr
lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ;fGble{stfdf clej[l4,
ul/a tyf lk5l8Psf ljBfyL{sf] pRr lzIffdf

;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf nflu ljQLo ;xfotfsf] Joj:yf PjDf cg';Gwfg,

k|j4{g tyf pTs[i6tfsf] ljsf; ug{' o; kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf]
;'s'gf ax'd'vL SofDk;sf k|d'v kLts'df/ >]i7n] atfP.
sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf lgoddf cfwfl/t cg'bfgsf nflu uPsf] >fj0f
!( ut] b]lv efb| @@ ut] ;Dd b]z e/sf ;fd'bflos SofDk;af6
cfj]bg lbg cfx\jfg ul/Psf] lyof].
h;df ! ;o @) eGbf a9L SofDk;x?n] cfj]bg lbPsf lyP.
;f]xL cg';f/ d]rL c~rnsf @ j6f SofDk; ;lxt b]ze/sf $% j6f
SofDk; /fli6o :t/sf] k|lt:kwf{af6 / !% j6f SofDk; If]qLo:t/sf]
k|lt:kwf{af6 5flgPsf 5g\.
;'s'gf ax'd'vL SofDk; pRr lzIff ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf cGtu{t
/fli6o :t/df 5}6f}F :yfgdf kg{ ;kmn ePsf] cj;/;+u} SofDk;n]
ef}lts ;+/rgf ljsf; / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstdf
/fv]/ u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf k|Tofogsf] yk dfGotf ;+u} cl3 al9/x]sf]
;'s'gf ax'd'vL SofDk;sf ;xfos k|d'v k|]dk|;fb e/fO{n] atfP.

df3@)&@

29

ljZn]if0f

nLnfdl0f kf}8]n
kfndf ;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL k'FhL
v'nf u/]kl5 tbg's"nsf pbf/ sfg'g agfOP / To;}sf]
k|ltkmn:j?k s]xL dfqfdf ljb]zL nufgL klg lelqP.
lghL sDkgLx?n] gfkmfsf nflu ug]{ c:j:ys/ pkfodWo]
Psflwsf/jfbL k|j[lQ, k|fs[lts ;DklQsf] cltpkef]u,
gfkmf hlt j}olQs / nfutnfO{ ;fdflhs agfpg] k|j[lQ

x'g\.
xfj{8{ ljZjljBfnosf k|f]km];/ pbf/jfbL cy{zf:qL 8fgL /f]l8ssf]
ljrf/df pbf/jfbL cy{Joj:yf cfkm}+ Gofod'vL x'Fb}g / cfkm}+ lgolGqt
klg x'Fb}g. /fHon] g} pbf/jfbL cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ Gofod'vL agfpg alnof]
lgodgsf/L ;+oGq / ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu k|ltkmnsf] plrt Joj:yfkg
ug{' cltcfjZos x'G5. pbf/jfbL cy{Joj:yfsf] of] g} Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
kf6f] xf].
/fHo;+oGq sdhf]/ Pj+ zf;sLo ;+oGqdf a:g]x cg'Q/bfoL / nf]eL
eP Jofj;flos ;'zf;g -skf]{/]6 ueg]{G;_ sdhf]/ x'G5. kmn:jk
alnof / v/fa pBdLn] c;n / sfg'g kfngf ug]{ pBdLnfO{ lj:yfkg
u/L ahf/df Psnf}6L k|eT' j hdfpg cg]s xysG8f jf sfg'g / gLltsf]
;xf/f lnG5g\. To:tf sDkgLn] sdfPsf] 7"nf] /sdsf]
;fgf] lx:;f gLltlgdf{tf, lgofds, tyfslyt
lj1, sfg'gsf 1ftf / ldl8ofdfly nufgL
u/]/ pgLxsf :jR5 Joj;foljk/Ltsf
gfhfoh lq m ofsnfknfO{ n' s fpg]
-s] d f] nfh_ jf ljifofGt/ ug] { ,
s';"rgfsf] af9L aufP/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
e|ddf kfg]{ u5{g\. To:tf Joj;foLn]
sdhf]/ ;/sf/nfO{ cy{tGq 8'Ag]
jf ljb]zL nufgL g} cfpg glbg] jf
;/sf/ cljZj;gLo ePsf] k|rf/ ug]{
atfP/ cTofpg] / unfpg] u5{g\.
of] ;a} sfd :jfefljs gfkmf
cfh{gsf nflu xf]Og, ;dfhaf6
cltbf]xg u/L 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} sdfpg
u5{g\. o;/L ;dfhnfO{ s+ufn agfP/
Psfw JolQmx? c;fWo} wgL x'G5g\.
kmn:j?k cy{tGq / d'ns
' sf] zf;g tL
;Lldt ;+:yfsf dflnssf] lgoGq0fdf
k'U5. To:tf ;Lldt JolQm jf ;+:yfdfly
e/ kg{k' g]{ cy{tGq eP ;dfhsf w]/} ;+oGq
pgLx?sf] cufl8 e'Q] x'G5g\. alnof] lgodg
gePsf pbf/jfbL cy{ Joj:yf x'g] d'n'sx?
ul/aL / c;dfgtfaf6 l;lh{t Gdf km:5g\.
cy{ Joj:yfsf] To:tf] k|j[lQn] cl:y/tf / lx+;fnfO{
phf{ lbG5.
g]kfndf !$ jif{b]lv sfo{/t 6]lnsd ;]jfk|bfos
;+:yf Pg;]nsf] nfO;]G; xft kfg]{b]lv clxn];Ddsf
ultljlw x]bf{ xfdL st} Jofj;flos s'zf;g / cltbf]xgsf/L

k'FhLaf6 zf;sLo k|0ffnLd} ck|ToIf lgoGq0f / k|efj kfg]{ b':rqmtkm{ t

hfFb} t 5}gf}+ eGg] uDeL/ cfz+sf p7]sf] 5.

;'b]lv g} vf]6f] lgot

Pg;]n sDkgLn] skf]{/]6 b'lgofFdf cgf}7f] nfUg] nfO;]G; b:t'/ @!

s/f]8 / gjLs/0f z'Ns eg] b; jif{kl5 @) ca{ ?k}ofF k|:tfj u/]/
cg'dltkq lnPsf] lyof]. o;df ;+nUg k|zf;s of t b"/;~rf/sf]
ahf/af/] Psbd} cgle1 lyP jf k|efj jf bafan] jf b'j}n] lg0f{o ug{
afWo lyP. cGoyf, h;n] nfO;]G; kfPsf] xf] p;}n] eGbf klxn] csf]{
k|lt:kwL{ ;+:yfn] p;n] sa'n u/]sf] /sd a'emfpg'kg]{ cgf}7f] cj:yf
l;h{gf x'g]u/L k|:tfj :jLsfo{ x'g] lyPg.
Psbd} gu0o df]ndf nfO;]G; kfPsf] 5}7f}+ jif{df o; sDkgLn] !)
jif{kl5 sa'n u/]sf] gjLs/0f z'Ns @) ca{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLn]
a'emfP/ nfO;]G; gjLs/0f ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfof]. gjLs/0f z'Ns
k|lt:kwf{df 5gf]6 ePsf] sDkgLn] sa'n u/]adf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] ;t{df
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLn] nfO;]G; lnPsf] lyof]. pko{Q' m tYosf cfwf/df
/fd|};Fu ljZn]if0f u/]/ of] sk6k"0f{ k|:tfj ;/sf/L clwsf/Ln] hfgfhfg
:jLs[t u/]sf lyP eGg s'g} ;+sf]r dfGg'kb}{g.
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLn] 5}7f}+ jif{df @) ca{ lt/]/ nfO;]G;
gjLs/0f u/] p;sf] gub k|jfx -Sof;nf]_ df 7"n} c;/ kg]{ /
To;af6 sDkgL cfkm}+ wf/fzfoL x'g ;Sg] cj:yf lyof]. To;
cj:yfdf Pg;]n PSnf] ;]jfk|bfos x'g] -Psflwsf/jfbL
k|j[lQ_ lyof]. g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLnfO{ s'g} 5'6
lbg] u/L ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/] To;sf] k|ltkmndf
Pg;]nn] nfO;]G; emG8} l;Q}Fdf k|of]u ug{
kfpg] -cltbf]xgsf/L k|j[lQ_ dg;fo afx]s
nfO;]G; b:t'/sf] (% u'gf a9L gjLs/0f
b:t'/ /fv]/ 6]G8/ xfNg' / To:t} k|:tfj
h:tfsf] t:t} :jLsfg{'sf] csf]{ s'g} sf/0f
x'g ;Sb}g. of] ;f]emf] / :jR5 k|lt:kwf{
eGg ;lsb}g. o:tf] ljifo Jofj;flos
s'zf;gsf] gd"gf xf].

C0fsf] axfgfdf k'FhL knfog /

s/df c;/

xfn;Dd of] sDkgLsf] ;]o/ !) s/f]8

dfq 5. C0f eg] caf}{+ 5, Tof] klg
ljb]zL C0f / rsf]{ Aofh b/df. o;
sDkgLn] !! b]lv !# k|ltzt Aofhdf
o'/f]kaf6 % ca{ ?k}ofF C0f lnPsf]
lyof]. uPsf] @) jif{df o'/f]kdf
Jofkfl/s C0fsf] Aofhb/ @ b]lv
# k|ltzt xf/fxf/L dfq} 5. o;/L
% ca{sf] ( b]lv !! k|ltzt /sd
Jofhafkt k'FhL kfnfog ePsf] /
To;sf] @% k|ltzt cfos/ tyf
df3@)&@

30

% k|ltzt nfef+z s/ u'Dbf klg g]kfnL clwsf/L slxNo} af]n]gg\.

of] C0fsf] ;fFjf / Aofh /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ ljb]zLd'fsf]
;6xL b/sf] gf]S;fgLsf] vr{ eg]/ sDkgLn] vr{ s6fPsf
sf/0f g]kfnn] 7"nf] kl/df0fdf cfos/;d]t u'dfPsf]
5. o;sf cltl/Qm g]kfnL ljQLo ahf/n] C0f
nufgL ug{ gkfpFbf /fli6o k'FhL aflxl/g uPsf]
klg 5.
pbf/jfbL cy{ Joj:yfsf lxdfotL
Jofj;flos ;'zf;g ePsf klZrdL d'ns
' df
b"/;+rf/h:tf] hgtfsf] cTofjZos ;]jfdf
k'FhLeGbf %% u'0ff a9L C0f lng / k'FhLeGbf
* ;o u'gf a9L sf/f]af/ ug{ 5'6 lbOFb}g.
o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ skf]{/]6 b'lgofFdf :jfefljs
klg 7flgFb}g.
o:tf] of] h gf ug] { / o;sf] k| a Gw ug{
l;sfpg]nfO{ pko'Qm lgodgsf/L Joj:yf ug]{ /
cGt/f{li6o k|rngsf cfwf/df Joj;fo ;+rfng u/fpg]
lhDdf lnPsf sltko kbflwsf/L olt csd{0o, lgsDdf
/ v/fa b]lvP ls ef/tdf ckm;f]/ sf/f]af/ u/]/ ef]8fkmf]gn]
k'FhLut nfes/ 5Ng vf]Hbf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt e"tk|efjL
sfg'g agfP/ s/ c;'Ng] Joj:yf cf7 jif{ klxn]b]lv u/]sf]af6 kf7 l;s]/
k|efjsf/L lgodg ug{'kg]{df pN6f] xfdL;Fu ePs} sfg'g k|of]u gu/L s/sf]
bfloTjaf6 pDsfpg ;3fpg] cleJolQm lbFb}5g\.
lognfO{ yfxf x'gk' g]{, /fHosf] :jfy{ /Iff ug{ lgo'Qm ePsfnfO{ hgtfn]
lgu/fgL ul//x]sf x'G5g\ / logsf] :jfy{ jf unt lqmofsnfkaf6 /fHo
7luof] eg] To;sf] d"No r'sfpg'k5{. ef/tdf ef]8fkmf]gsf] s/sf] p7fg
s]jn Pp6f s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] lyof]. g]kfndf ef/tsf] eGbf k'FhLut
nfes/sf] Joj:yf :ki6 x'Fbfx'Fb} ;Da4 kbflwsf/L s] hf]vfgf x]/]sf
5g\ eGg] k|Zg p7]sf] 5.
;Da4 /fh:jsf clwsf/Ln] 8/ jf ws dfGg'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g.
g]kfnsf] s/ sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog u/L s/fwf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ bfloTj
lg;\sf]r lgjf{x ug{'xf];\. s'g} bafa k/] To;sf] k|ltjfb ug{ gful/s
;dfh tof/ 5. of] s'g} u}/sfg'gL sfd xf]Og, a sfg'gadf]lhd ug}{kg]{
sfd xf].

;]o/ sf/f]af/ / gfkmf

xfn} Ps /fli6o b}lgs klqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/cg';f/ Pg;]nn]

cfgf] nufgL !) s/f]8 ?k}ofFsf] *) k|ltztn] x'g] * s/f]8 ;]o/nfO{ !
va{ $) ca{ cyf{t !&@% u'gf a9L d"Nodf laqmL ub}{5. pQm ;Demf}tf
eO;s]sf] Joxf]/f ;fj{hlgs klg ePsf] 5.
xfn} Ps cgnfOgg va/ klqsfdf 5flkPcg';f/ g]kfnaflx/} b'O{
sDkgLaLr of] k'FhL v/Lb laqmLsf] sf/f]af/ x'g] ePsfn] g]kfndf s/
nfUb}g egL Pg;]n pDsg vf]Hb}5. p;nfO{ ;3fpg] axfnjfnf / e"tk"j{
pRrkb:y ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f ug]{ JolQmx? b[Zo tyf cb[Zo zlQms]G
/ k|efj kfg]{ 7fpFdf bf}l8/x]sf 5g\.
cg]s glh/ / sfg'gsf bkmf tyf ;Demf}tfsf wf/f Pj+ sfNklgs
pbfx/0f b]vfP/ olt 7"nf] sf/f]af/df g]kfnsf] sfg'gadf]lhd a'emfpg'kg]{
s/ ga'emfO{ pDsfpg] k|of; x'Fb}5 eGg] plNnlvt ;dfrf/ cToGt 3[0ff
ug{nfos 5g\. cfkm"nfO{ k|ltli7t / :jR5 Joj;fodf ljZjf; ug]{ egL
bfaL ug]{ s'g} ax'/fli6o sDkgLn] pko{'Qm sf/f]af/df k'FhLut nfes/
nfUb}g eGg] bfaL u5{ eg] tnsf @ j6f k|Zgsf] ;f]emf] pQ/ cfd g]kfnL
gful/snfO{ lbg}k5{.
!_ g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ sDkgL h;n] g]kfnL ;fj{hlgs ;Lldt ;DklQ
:k]S6d sf] Jofkf/df !) s/f]8 nufgL u/]/ g]kfnLnfO{ ;]jf a]r]/ sdfPsf]
gfkmfsf] sf/0f To;sf] ;]o/sf] d"No & ;o @% u'0ff a9] a9fPsf] x'Fbf

pQm /sd k'FhLut nfedf u0fgf ul/G5

ls ul/Fb}g < u0fgf ul/Fb}g eg] To;/L
a9]sf] /sdnfO{ ;j{dfGo n]vfsf]
efiffdf s] elgG5 < of] Pg;]nsf]
;DklQ vl/b laqmL xf]Og jf
g]kfndf a9]a9fPsf] cfwf/e"t
Joj;fosf] k'FhLut nfe xfl;n
x'g] u/L sf/f]af/ ul/Psf] xf]Og eg]
;DklQ laqmLsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf $
/ % df lsg g]kfn 6]lnsd ahf/,
Pg;]nsf] g]kfndf sf/f]af/, g]kfnsf]
;'/Iff, ;Defjgf pNn]v ul/Psf] xf]
< hlt;'s} w]/} sDkgLaLr ax'kIfLo
;Demf}tf u/] klg sf/f]af/sf] l:yltdf
g]kfndfq lsg pNn]v u/]sf] xf] <

@_ Tof] a9]sf] d"No k"FhLut nfe xf]
eg] g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;Lldt ;DklQ :k]S6d
g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ a]r]/ kfPsf] nfe, hxfF cfwf/
e"t Joj;fo / ;DklQ 5, ToxLFsf] Joj;foaf6 cflh{t
k'FhLut nfedf g]kfnsf] cfos/ sfg'gadf]lhd g]kfnsf]
s/cfwf/leqsf] s/ g]kfndf gltg]{ xf] eg] ;+;f/sf] cGo s'g d'n'sdf
ltg]{ xf] jf s'g} d"n'sdf klg s/ g} gltg{] xf] <
k'FhLut nfes/ v'?Ss ljb]zL sDkgLn] ltg{'kg]{ ;/x glt/]/ cg]s
lts8d u/] To; sDkgLsf] lgotdf z+sf lsg gug]{ < g]kfnL k|fs[lts
JolQmnfO{ s/ nfu];/x !) k|ltzt dfq k'FhLut nfes/sf] b/ b]vfP/
emG8} @$ ca{ s/ glt/fpg g]kfnL g} nfu]sf 5g\ eGg] klg xNnf cfPsf]
5. To:tf lqmofsnfkdf gful/s lgu/fgL / va/bf/Lsf] vfFrf] 5.
ljb]zL sDkgLn] k'FhLut nfes/ ltg{k' g]{ b/ @% k|ltzt g} xf], @$=((
k|ltzt xf]Og. To;df ;Demf}tf ug{', lgb]{zg lbg vf]Hg' jf cfla{6]zgdf
hfg e"ldsf agfpg' ;f]em} e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfk 7x5{.

gfkmf slt hfoh slt gfhfoh <

pbf/jfbL cy{Joj:yfsf] k'FhL g} a]/f]s6f]s gfkmf sdfpg] 5'6 xf]. t/

pbf/jfbL cy{ Joj:yfsf lxdfotL cy{zf:qL 8fgL /f]l8usf ljrf/df
cltbf]xgsf/L /fHo jf ;+:yf b'j} ;d[l4sf afws x'g\. /fHosf] lgodsf/L
e"ldsf alnof] ePdfq pbf/jfbL cy{Joj:yfaf6 ;fdflhs Gofo sfod
ug{ ;lsG5.
Pg;]ndf hDdf !) s/f]8 nufgL 5 / o;sf] hu]8f gfkmf %& ca{

df3@)&@

31

** s/f]8 5. pko{Q' m /fli6o b}lgss} ;dfrf/cg';f/ clxn] nfef+zafkt

n}hfg l7Ss kfl/Psf] /sd !! ca{ 5. of] nfef+z -gfkmf_ p;sf] k'FhLsf]
emG8} ! ;o $) u'0ff xf]. o; sDkgLsf] s/kl5sf] hDdf gfkmf o;n] u/]sf]
nufgLsf] % ;o &( u'0ff cyf{t %&()) k|ltzt xf]. of] gfkmf u'un /
km];a'sh:tf] ljZje/L :jtGq Joj;fo u/]/ sdfPsf] h:tf] xf]Og g t
dfOqmf]:6 / PKknh:tf] cg';Gwfgd'ns k|f]8S6 a]r]/ sdfPsf] xf]. of]
gfkmf t s]jn g]kfnLsf] ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ :k]S6d yf]sdf ;/sf/;Fu

lsg]/ v'fdf g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ a]r]/ sdfPsf] /sd xf].

gfkmf %&()) k|ltzt x]bf{ of t :k]S6daf6 g]kfnnfO{ Hofb} guGo
nfe ldn]sf] 5 of pkef]QmfnfO{ cTolws d"Nosf] ef/ af]sfOPsf] 5.
h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg o;nfO{ hfoh dfGg ;lsFb}g. lgodgsf/L lgsfo
g} o:t} x]g{sf nflu xf]. xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g tL lgodgsf/L lgsfo s]
x]b}{5g\ jf s]xL x]b}{gg\. sfg'g 5}g eG5g\ eg] sfg'g agfP/ k]; gug{'sf]
sf/0f s] xf] eg]/ hgtfn] k|Zg lsg gug]{ <
sdhf]/ lgodgsf] gfhfoh nfe lnP/ gfkmf xf]Og gfkmfvf]/L ul/Psf]
tYo cfkm}+ af]N5. ;/sf/L g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] csd{0otf / ;Dejt o;sf]
3';k}7n] klg of] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] x'g ;S5.
ca nfO;]G;sf] Dofr'o{8 lkl/o8 klg ;lsof]. (% u'gf gjLs/0f
z'Nssf] ljifo klg k6fIf]k eof]. nufgLsf] % ;o &( u'gf sf/f]af/ gfkmf,
nufgLsf] !^ ;o u'gfeGbf a9L k'FhLut nfe lnPkl5 eljiodf s'g} alnof]

lgodgsf/L ;/sf/ cfP kmGbfdf kl/g] eon] sdhf]/ /fHo;+oGq ePsf

a]nf k'FhL a]r]/ plDsg vf]Hb} t 5}g eGg] uDeL/ cfz+sf pAh]sf] 5.
Pg;]nsf] ;]o/ olt w]/} d"Nodf laSg'sf] sf/0f g} %& ca{ ** s/f]8sf]
;l~rt gfkmf xf]. cltbf]xg u/]/ sdfOPsf] gfkmfdf s'g sfg'gn] aGb]h
nfU5 eg]/ k|Zg ug{ ;S5 sDkgLn]. To;}n] oxfF gfkmf u/]kl5 ca ToxL
g]kfnsf] sf/f]af/sf] gfkmfsf] k|ltkmnaf6 l;lh{t k'FhLut gfkmfdf g]kfns}
k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd s/ ltg{;Dd elgPsf] xf]. pko{'Qm tYo / ts{sf
cfwf/df g]kfndf s/ nfUb}g eGg] s;}n] xf:of:kb s'ts{ u5{ eg] To;sf]
s'g} v08g cfjZos} 5}g.
6]lnsd Pp6f hl6n / tLj|td ultdf ljsf; ePsf] k|fljlws ljifo
xf]. d o; If]qsf] lj1 xf]Og / of] cfn]v tof/ ug{ klg dnfO w]/}k6s
hfgsf/;Fu ;Nnfx;'emfj lng'k/]sf] lyof]. o; sDkgLn] nfO;]G; lnFbf
/ Joj;fo lj:tf/sf qmddf :k]S6d, ly|hL, kmf]/hL, qm; xf]lN8+u, ckm;f]/
a}+ls+u, u]6j], jfODofS; h:tf cg]sg hl6n k|fljlws ljifodf /fhgLlt1
/ k|zf;sx Psbd cgle1 lyP. Psbd} ;Lldt ;+Vofsf k|fljlws;Fu
klg ;Lldt 1fg lyof]. ToxL cj:yfsf] nfe p7fP/ sDkgLn] s/af6
pDsg] clek|fon] lgotjz Psfw zAbdf s;}nfO{ r'sfPs} /x]5 eg]
klg ToxL afxfgfdf g]kfnh:tf] ul/a d'n'ssf hgtfdfly Joj;fo u/]/
sdfPsf] cs't ;DklQsf] gfkmfdf s/ glt/L n}hfg] k|k+r /lrP g]kfnL
pkef]Qmfn] ;]jf alxisf/ ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfpFb}g / <
kof{Kt 1fg gePsf sltko ljifodf xfd|f ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf
sdhf]/L, lkmtnf sfg'g, nf]eL /fhgLlt1 / k|zf;s, cl:y/ /fhgLlt /
Jofj;flos kdf sdhf]/ k|zf;sx?af6 cfh;Dd p7fPsf] kmfObfdf
klg s/ ltg{ / lng ul/g] cfgfsfgL dfGo 5}g. ca sDkgLnfO{ k"/}
k'FhLut nfedf cfos/ nufpg' / sDkgLn] v'Ss} ltg{s
' f] ljsNk s;}n]
gvf]h"g\ o;}df xfdL ;a}sf] sNof0f 5.

@) k|ltzt ;]o/ vl/b k|s/0f

g]kfnsf] sfg'gn] @) k|ltzt nufgL clgjfo{ ?kdf g]kfnL gful/sdf

x'gk' g]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg Ps cgnfOg ;dfrf/df pNn]v ePcg';f/
3'dfp/f] kf/fn] l;+ufk'/s} :yfoL cfjf; cg'dlt ePsf] u}/cfjf;Lo
g]kfnLsf gfddf l;+ufk'/df btf{ ePsf], l;+ufk'/ 8n/ k'FhL ePsf], xtf/df
ev{/} vf]n]sf], ;]o/ vl/bsf] /sddf s/ lt/]sf] cfo b]vfpg c;dy{ /
sfg'gljk/Lt qm;xf]lN8+u ePsf] sDkgLnfO{ a]Rg vf]h]sf tYo ;fj{hlgs
e};s]sf 5g\.
st} s/ 5Ng] k|kGrn] t g]kfnL kIfsf] ;]o/ sf/f]af/ ckf/bzL{ / Go"g
d"Nof+sg ul/Psf] t x}g < tYo cfkm} af]ln/x]sf 5g\ ls @) k|ltzt ;]o/
;a}n] a'g] efiffdf g]kfnL gful/sn] lnPsf] x'g'k5{. *) k|ltzt ;]o/
sf/f]af/ ;fj{hlgs x'gf;fy / g]kfnL kIfsf] ;]o/;d]t sf/f]af/ ePsf]
df3@)&@

32

;dfrf/nfO{ gf]l6;df lnP/ b'j} laqm]tfnfO{ s/ ltg{

af]nfpg s/ clwsf/LnfO{ s'g} sfg'gn] /f]Sb}g.
;fj{hlgs ePsf oltw]/} / olt uDeL/ ljifodf
;f]wk'5 u/L g]kfnsf] lxt, cGt/f{li6o k|rng tyf
g]kfnsf] sfg'gadf]lhd ug{ pko'Qm cfb]z lbg'
lgofds lgsfosf] st{Jo xf]. olt dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf
lgj]bg s'/]/ a:g'nfO{ st} hfoh dfGg ;lsGg.

s'ts{ cfpg ;Sg]

;/sf/n] alnof] lgodgsf/L / ;dfg Jojxf/

ug]{ xf] eg] sfg'gadf]lhd s/ lt/, otfptf xf]Og
eGg] xf]. o;n] ;/sf/sf] cGt{/fli6o 5lj sbflk
lalu|Fb}g.
ca 6]lnsd ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ s'g} lts8d,
5n5fd jf bafa k|efjaf6 xf]Og Pp6f Jofj;flos dof{bfleq a;]/
sfd ug]{ u/L alnof] lgodgsf/L Joj:yf ug}{k5{. o:tf sDkgLnfO{ k'FhL
/ sf/f]af/sf] /sdsf] lglZrt cg'kft ga9\g]u/L nufgL ug{ nufpg'k5{.
;]o/ k'FhL / C0fsf] clwstd cg'kft tf]lslbg'k5{. :jb]zaf6 cfk"lt{
gePsf] cj:yfdf dfq ljb]zL ;+:yfaf6 C0f lnFbf lglZrt k|ltztn]
yk Aofhb/df dfq s/ 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf ug{'k5{. gfkmf / gfkmfvf]/Lsf]

AofVof b"/;+rf/ sfg'gd} ul/g'k5{.

xfdLn] s'/f gu/]sf] cjlwdf oL @ 6]lnsd sDkgLn] p7fpg] /fh:j
dfq} ^ ca{eGbf clns a9L 5. o:tf] /f]lsg'k5{. nfef+; s/ / k'FhLut
nfes/ s'g} l6slag} tTsfn ltg{ nufpg'k5{. ;]o/sf] lglZrt k|ltzt
clgjfo{ ?kdf ;j{;fw/0fnfO{ hf/L ug{k' g]{ Joj:yf ul/g'k5{. pko'Qm ;a}

s'/f pbf/jfbL cy{Joj:yf ckgfPsf d'n'sdf jiff}{+b]lv k|rngdf /x]sf

k|fjwfg x'g\. s'g} gofF / lgoGq0fd'vL k|fjwfg xf]Ogg\.
Jofj;flos :jR5tf / Jofj;flos ;'zf;g clxn] xfdLnfO{ emg}
cfjZos 5. Joj;foLn] g} xf] /fhgLlt1 / k|zf;snfO{ e|i6frf/sf]
nfe afF8kmfF8 ug]{. ha;Dd cy{tGqsf] &) k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6\g] lghL
If]qdf ;'zf;gsf] cEof; x'Fb}g ta;Dd zf;sLo ;'zf;g c;Dej k|foM
x'G5.
Jofj;flos ;'zf;gaf6 :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL k'FhL nufgL k|j4{g x'g],
/fhZj a9\g], Jofj;flos :jR5tf / kf/blz{tfn] k|zf;snfO{ cg'lrt
nfe p7fpgaf6 /f]Sg], ;fdflhs Gofo k|j4{g x'g] tyf ;dfhdf lbuf]
zflGt x'g] x'Fbf bL3{sfnLg lxtsf nflu Ifl0fs nfe Tofu]/ ;/sf/df
a:g]n] :jR5 k|zf;g lbg' clxn]sf] ;dosf] dfu / cfjZostf b'j} xf].
skf]{/]6 ;'zf;gsf] dfWodaf6 :jb]zL, ljb]zL k'FhL k|j4{g u/f}+.
pgLxnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd :jR5 Joj;fo u/L gfkmf sdfpg lbpF. ;a}nfO{
;dfg cj;/ lbpF jf ;dfg Aojxf/ u/f} +. t/, pgLx?nfO{ nfe j}olQms /
nfut ;fdflhs agfpg] 5'6 jf clws bf]xgsf 5'6 glbpF. To;df xfdL
;a}sf] lxt 5.- k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj kf}8ofnsf] of] n]v ;fGble{s nfu]/
Ps cgnfOgaf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] xf]. _

df3@)&@

33

ko{6g

g]kfnsf] ko{6g uf]N8]g 6fndf s]Gb|Lt 5 . g]kfndf sf7df8f},

kf]v/f / lrtjgdf dfq ko{6gsf ;Dk"0f{ cfsif{0f / k"jf{wf/ 5g\ eGg]
JofVof ul/b} cfPsf] 5. ko{6gsf 7"nf Joj;foL, gLlt lgdf{tfx? nufot
cfd ;~rf/ dfWodn] klg uf]N8]g 6fnnfO{ g} dxTj lbg] u/]sf 5g\.
cGt/f{li6o xjfO{ c8\8f ko{6s cfpg] d'Vo gfsf sf7df8f}df ePsf]n]
klg uf]N8]g 6fn d'n'ssf] ko{6gdf xfjL ePsf] xf].
uf]N8]g 6fn afx]s d'n'ssf cGo efudf klg ko{6gsf] ;Defjgf
af]s]sf If]qx? 5g\. ltlgx?sf] Plss[t k|jw{g x'g g;Sbf lt If]qn]
ko{6gdf VoftL / k|ltkmn kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\. o;sf nfuL u|Lg Oi6sf]
PsLs[t k|:tfj cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5. u|LgOi6 k'j{sf tLg If]q w/fg, Onfd
/ tfKn]h'nfO{ ;d]6]/ tof/ ul/Psf] PsLs[t k|:tfj xf].
uf]N8]g 6fnsf] cjwf/0ff ljZjJofkL g} 5. pbfx/0fsf] nflu
yfOn}08df a}ss, km's]6, k6fof. ef/tdf lbNnL, cfu/f, hok'/ cflb.
t/ uf]N8]g 6fn afx]ssf If]qsf] klg blx|nf] k|jw{g ug]{ xf] eg] ko{6gaf6
oy]i6 k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g ;S5. ef/t s} s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] sl:d/ b]vL cd[t;/
;Dd, xl/f/ b]vL agf/;;Dd g}lgtfn b]lv s]/nf ;Dd, bflh{ln b]lv
uf]jf;Dd. oL :yfgn] w]/} vfnsf] ko{6gaf6 cfk\mgf] klxrfg / ljsf;
u/]sf pbfx/0f 5g\. xfdL k"j]{nLn] klg o;} k|sf/ oL If]qsf] cfsif{0f,
k"jf{wf/ / kxF'rnfO{ ;d]6]/ g]kfnL ko{6gdf blx|nf] pkl:ylt hgfpg] u/L
u|LgOi6sf] cjwf/0ff lnP/ cl3 a9]sf 5f}]. u|LgOi6df ;f+:s[lts d7 dlGb/,
ljljw hftLo ultljwL, P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/, jGohGt' cf/If, s[lif ko{6g
Pj+ ;fxl;s ko{6g cflb cfsif{0f 5g\. zx/L kl/j]z / cfw'lgs ;'ljwf,
sfnf]kq ;8s, oftfoft / a;fO{sf] ;xhtfn] o; If]qdf ko{6gsf] Jofks

;Defjgf b]lvG5..
u| L gOi6sf] s] G b| l jGb'
w/fgnfO{ k| : tfj
ul/Psf] 5. glhs}
lj/f6gu/ ljdfg:yn /
laxf/;+u hf]l8Psf] 7"nf]
k|j]z:yn hf]ujgLn]
o;nfO{ ;Defljt If]qsf
?kdf lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg]
;Defjgf b]lvG5. tLg
If]q dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L
cfsif{0f Pj\ ultljlw
zx/L ;'ljwf / ;fxl;s
ultljlw w/fgdf cln
w]/} 5g\. oL ;a} sf/0f klg w/fg o;sf] s]Gb| ag]/ u|Lg Oi6sf] k|jw{gfTds
Pj+ ljsfzdf g]t[Tj ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5.
w/fgdf ljleGg kf}/fl0fs / P]ltxfl;s d7dlGb/ 5b} 5g\. e]8]6f/,
tdf]/, sf]zL6Kk' cflb klg /fhg}lts ?kn] cnu eP klg w/fgs} cfsif{0f
x'g\=. oxL glhssf cfsif{0fx? w/fgsf uxgf klg x'g\. oL If]q ;fxl;s
ko{6gsf nflu pj{/ If]q x'g\. w/fgsf] ko{6ssf] csf]{ cfwf/ ;fxl;s
ko{6g klg aGg ;S5 eGg] b]lvb} uPsf] 5. ;fxl;s / v]n ko{6g oxfFsf
cfsif{0f aGg ;Sg] 5g\. aGb} uPsf klg 5g\. oL If]qdf cem} nufgL /
k|jw{g x'g ;Sof] eg] u|LgOi6n] k"j{d} /fd|f] k|ltkmn lng / klxrfg agfpg
;Sg] 5.
w/fgsf ;fxl;s / v]n ko{6gsf cfofdx?df oflkm, Kof/fUnfOl8,
Sofgf]lg, uNkm, km'6anx? x'g\. ljut * jif{ b]vL w/fgdf tdf]/ l/e/
ol6n] oflkm\6Lsf] ;]jf ;+~rfng ul//x]sf] 5. /fhgLltsdL{ dbg
9sfnsf] Psn k|ofzdf w/fgdf ofl6 ;'? ePsf] xf]. d'n3f6af6
tdf]/ gbLdf a/fxIf]q rt/f ;Ddsf] lgoldt ?6df ofl6 ;+rfng x'b}
df3@)&@

34

cfPsf] 5. of] Kofs]h Ps lbg] / b'O{ lbg] x'g] u/]sf] 5. To; afx]s
tdf]/ l/e/ ofl6n] Onfdsf] dfOvf]nf, tfKn]h'sf] tdf]/ vf]nf /
;+v'jf;efsf] c?0f vf]nfaf6 klg ofl6sf] ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf]
5.
tdf]/ l/e/sf] ofl6 ;]jfdf w/fg, O6x/L b]vL latf{df]8;Ddsf
:yfgLon] ;]jf lnO;s]sf 5g\. lxpbofddf dfq ;+rfng x'g] / cuf8L
g} a'ls ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] ko{6ssf nflu w/fgsf] ofl6 Tolt ;xh
aGg ;s]sf] 5}g. w/fg aflx/ k|ltlglw -Ph]G6_ /fv]/ cgnfOg a'ls
ug]{ xf] eg] tdf]/ l/e/n] ck]Iff u/] eGbf a9L Joj;fo ug]{df cfzf ug{
;lsG5. t/ k/Dk/fut Jokf/nfO{ cfw'lgs/0f ug{ g;Sbf s'g} klg ko{6g
Joj;fon] ck]Iffs[t nfe lng ;s]sf 5}gg\.
o:t} o;} jif{ b]vL w/fgdf w/fg :sfO{ kf/fUnfOl8 P08 P8e]Gr/
k|f=ln=n] Joj;flos Kof/fUnfOl8sf] p8fg z'? u/]sf] 5. sl/a #)
ldg]6sf] of] p8fg d'ns
' sf] xjfO{ p8\8og dfkb08 cg'sn
' /x]sf] atfOG5.
w/fg :sfO{n] e]8]6f/ blIf0f 5f]6L df]/af6 w/fgdf p8fg ug]{ u/]sf] 5.
kfr hgf Kof/fUnfO8af6 6]08d p8fpg] o;sf kfOn6x? Joj;flos
nfO;]G; k|fKt / cg'ejL /x]sf 5g\. :yfgLo o'jf /f]zg clwsf/Lsf] of]
k|ofz ;x|f/gLo 5. o:t} a'9f;'Aaf Kof/fUnFOl8 k|f=ln= klg w/fgdf

w/fgd} /x]sf] csf]{ cfs{if0f eg]sf]

Sofgf]lg xf]. Sofgf]lg klg
tdf]/ l/e/n] g} ;+rfng ug]{ u/]sf]
5. e]8]6f/ pQ/sf] gd:t] em/gf
Sofgf]lgsf] uGtJo xf]. o:t}
w/fgdf ;fOlslnsf] ;ljwf klg
pknAw 5. w/fgsf ojfx?n]
o;nfO{ ;fOsn ;6Lsf] ?kdf
k|aw{g ul//x]sf 5g\.

Kof/fUnfOl8 ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ csf]{ ;+:yf xf]. a'9f;'Aafn] lr08]

8f8faf6 w/fg;Dd p8fg ug]{ u/]sf] 5. a'9f;'Aaf clGtd cg'dltsf]
qmddf /x]sf] atfOG5. o;df w/fgs} o'jfx? kfOn6 /x]sf 5g\.
oL ;]jfx? klg clu|d a'ls ug'{ kg]{ / t'ngfTds ?kdf dx+uf]
b]lvPsf]n] o;df ko{6sx?nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ s]lx d]x]gt nfUg ;Sg]
b]lvG5. tyfkL of] ;]jf z'? x'bf gxb' } gfsfaGbLsf] k|efj k/]sfn] w/fgdf
Kof/fUnfOl8df klxnf] uf;d} 9'f nfu]sf] cg'ej ePsf] 5. o;n] klg
cfw'lgss/0f u/]/ Oa'ls ug]{ xf] eg] l5} prfO{ lng ;Sg] b]lvG5.
o;}u/L w/fgsf] uNkm u|fp08 cGt/fli6o :t/sf] u|fp08 xf]. !* xf]nsf]
of] u|fp08df a]nfotL lk|G; rfN;{ / n]8L 8fogfn] v]n]sf lyP. a]nfotL
/fhs'df/sf nflu agfOPsf] eGg] k|rf/ ug]{ xf] eg] k"j{ pQ/ ef/tsf
/fd|f ko{6snfO{ o;n] cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg]5. /fhwfgL k"j{sf] of] Ps
dfq uNkm u||fp08 xf].
w/fgd} /x]sf] csf]{ cfs{if0f eg]sf] Sofgf]lg xf]. Sofgf]lg klg tdf]/
l/e/n] g} ;+rfng ug]{ u/]sf] 5. e]8]6f/ pQ/sf] gd:t] em/gf Sofgf]lgsf]
uGtJo xf]. o:t} w/fgdf ;fOlslnsf] ;ljwf klg pknAw 5. w/fgsf
ojfx?n] o;nfO{ ;fOsn ;6Lsf] ?kdf k|aw{g ul//x]sf 5g\. ;+u;+u}
w/fgsf] :kf]6{; 6'l/Hddf olt a]nf b'O{ k"jf{wf/ ylkPsf 5g\. a'9f;'Aaf
km'6;n / lau k'm6;n. cTofw'lgs oL km'6;nn] w/fgsf] /f}gs yKg] sfd
u/]sf] dfGg ;lsG5. o:t} w/fgsf] a'9f;'Aaf uf]N8sk :kf]6{;\ 6'l/Hdsf]
/fd|f] dfgs xf]. o;n] jif]{gL v]n ko{6sx?nfO{ leq\ofpg] sfd ul//x]sf]
5. t/ Joj;flos ult lng g;Sbf a'9f;'Aaf uf]N8sk k|To]s k6s
lg/Gt/tfsf] bf]wf/df /xg] u/]sf] 5. of] afx]s kbofqf -xfOls_ sf
nflu klg w/fg cToGt pTs[i6 uGtJo aGg ;Sg] b]lvG5.
oL / o:tf cfsif{0f clg k"jf{wf/n] u|Lg Oi6nfO{ ;jlns/0f ug{ ;Sg]
5g\. u|Lg Oi6df o:tf ;fxl;s ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/n] of] If]qnfO{ cGo
If]q eGbf cJan / ko{6ssf] /f]hfO{sf] If]q agfpg;Sg] 5. o;sf ;fy}
cltYotf k"jf{wf/df klg pTs[i6tf yKg h?/L 5. ;+u;+u}] tf/] xf]6nx?
w/fgdf cfjZos 5g\. ko{6sx? oxf cfpg ?rfp5g\ t/ eg] h:tf]
k"jf{wf/sf] cefjn] pgLx?sf] cfudg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. u|Lg Oi6df yKg}
kg]{ csf]{ kIf eg]sf] dgf]/Ghgsf] If]q xf]. afnaflnsf / ljBfyL{x?sf
nflu v]n If]q, kfs{, pBfg, ;+u|xfnosf] eg] vfrf] 5. 5f]6f] ;dosf
nfuL ul/g] dgf]/Ghgn] pgLx?nfO{ cem cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg] 5.
o:t} ;+f:s[lts ultljwLsf] k|bz{gL / k|:t'lts/0f klg cfjZos .
oL / o:tf ultljwL ;+u;+u} cfd :yfgLosf] ko{6g k|ltsf] ;sf/fTds
;f]r / ko{6gdf ;+nUgtfsf] a[l4 ePsf] v08df of] If]qn] l56\6} ko{6sLo
klxrfg agfpg ;Sg] 5. k|b]z g+= ! cfly{s ljsfzsf] d'Vo cfwf/ klg
ko{6g aGg]df s'g} cfz+sf 5}g.
-a/fn k'j{If]qsf ;lqmo ko{6gsdL{ x'g\. (*$@)@$(%)_

df3@)&@

35

OZj/ yfkf
wgs'6f. wgs'6fsf] ko{6lso :yn lxn] ahf/ glhs cTofw'lgs
;'ljwfo'Qm l/;f]6{ ;Grfngdf cfPsf] 5.
sl/j !) s/f]8 ?k}ofFsf] nfutdf wgs'6f gu/kflnsf j8f g+=!
lqz'n]df ;Grfngdf cfPsf] xf]/fOhg dfpG6]g l/;f]6{ lj/f6gu/l:yt
/Tgf xf]6nsf ;Grfnsn] lgdf{0f ul/ ;Grfngdf NofPsf x'g\.
l/;f]6{sf k|aGw lgb]{zs /]jtaxfb'/ yfkfsf cg';f/ !@ dlxgfg} lr;f] x'g]
;f] :yfgsf] %@ /f]kgL If]qkmndf vf]lnPsf] pQm l/;f]6{ rf/tf/] :t/sf]
xf]. l/;f]6{df ;a} ;'ljwfo'Qm $@ cf]6f sf]7f 5g\.
b'Ocf]6f ;]ldgf/ xn ;d]t /x]sf] l/;f]6{df Ps ;o $) b]lv b'O{ %) JolQm
c6fpg] Ifdtf /x]sf] 5.
To;}ul/ @% hgf Ifdtfsf] Pp6f a}7s sf]7fsf] ;d]t Joj:yf /x]sf]
5. Pp6f :jL6 ?d ;d]t /x]sf] l/;f]6{df skf]{/]6 ldl6sf] nflu pko'Qm
af]8{ ?d klg /flvPsf] 5. x]nL Kof8sf] ;d]t ;'ljwf /x]sf] l/;f]6{df
tLg ;d"xnfO{ vfg x'g] ul/ lkslgs :kf]6{sf] ;d]t Joa:yf ldnfOPsf]
l/;f]6{sf k|jGw lgb]{zs yfkfn] hfgsf/L lbP. lkslgs :kf]6{df tLg
;d"x ul/ Ps ;o %) hgf cF6fpg ;S5g\. yfkf g]kfn ko{6g af]8{sf
k"j{ ;b:o ;d]t x'g.
tLg jif{ cl3b]lv lgdf{0f z'? ePsf] l/;f]6{df b'Ocf]6f xgLd'g s6]hsf]
;d]t Joj:yf 5. ;fy} cGo 5'} rf/j6f s6]h klg lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\.
k"j{df ko{6gsf] k"jf{wf/ tof/ kfg]{ pb]Zo cg';f/ l/;f]6{sf] cjwf/0ff
ljsf; ePsf] xf]. :t/Lo 6'l/hdsf] ljsf; xf];\ eGg] xfd|f] Wo]o xf]
pgL eG5g\.
;d'G ;txaf6 & xhf/ ^ ;o lkm6 prfOdf /x]sf] k|fs[lts ?kdf ;w}+
lr;f] eO/xg] lxn]df cjl:yt of] l/;f]6{n] k"jL{ g]kfns} k|ltlglwTj ug]{
yfkfsf] bfjL 5. ljz]if ul/ ef/tLo ko{6snfO{ nlIft u/]/ vf]lnPsf]
l/;f]6{ t];|f] b]zsf ko{6ssf] nflu ;d]t pko'Qm x'g] ul/ cfjZos
Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] yfkfn] atfP. clxn]sf] xsdf ef/tLo ko{6sx
xfd|f cltly x'g. eljiodf cGo ko{6sx klg leq\ofpg ;lsg] cfzf
5. pgL eG5g\.
x]nLsK6/af6 ;fO8 l;g;Dd hfg ;Sg] ;'ljwf l/;f]6{n] lbPsf] 5.
ko{6s k|j4{g gu/];Dd :t/Lo ko{6sx leq\ofpg ;lsFb}g eGg] d"n
dGq af]s]sf ko{6g Joj;foL yfkfn] To;sf] ljsf;df h'6\g l/;f]6{sf]
cjwf/0ff NofPsf] atfP. xfn !* hgfn] /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\. ;j}
b]zsf] vfgf pknAw u/fpg] nIo /flvPsf] l/;f]6{df xfn rfOlgh,

l/;f]6{ ag] nuQ} of] l/;f]6{ cjnf]sg

ug{ cfpg]sf] eL8 yfldg;Sg' 5.
ljz]if u/]/ ljbfsf] lbg ef/tLo
ko{6sx l/;f]6{ x]g{sf] nflu dfq}
cfOk'Ug] / cjnf]sg u/]/ hfg]
u/]sf] l/;f]6{sf k|aGw lgb]{zs
;d]t /x]sf yfkf atfpF5g\.

slG6g]G6n, Ol08og nufotsf vfgf pknAw 5. h'g b]zsf gful/s

cfpF5g, pgLxnfO{ Tof] vfnsf] vfgf v'jfpg ;Sg] xfd|f] Ifdtf 5.
pgL eG5g\.
l/;f]6{nfO{ yk Jojl:yt agfpgsf] nflu cfufdL of]hgf hfs'hL,
;fjgf, l8kk'n, lkmhLsn lkm6g];sf sfo{qmdx? rfF8} g} Nofpg nfluPsf]
yfkfn] atfP. ;fdfgx? h8fg ug{ dfq} afFsL 5, pgn]] eg].
of] l/;f]6{df a:g]sf] nflu Ps /ft a/fa/ % xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv !! xhf/
?k}ofF;Dd k5{. xgLd'g s6]hdf eg] !^ xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv @) xhf/
?k}ofF;Dd k5{. xgLd'g s6]hdf eg] cfkm}+n] ksfP/ vfg ;Sg] ;'ljwf
l/;f]6{n] lbPsf] 5.
l/;f]6{ ag] nuQ} of] l/;f]6{ cjnf]sg ug{ cfpg]sf] eL8 yfldg;Sg'
5. ljz]if u/]/ ljbfsf] lbg ef/tLo ko{6sx l/;f]6{ x]g{sf] nflu dfq}
cfOk'Ug] / cjnf]sg u/]/ hfg] u/]sf] l/;f]6{sf k|aGw lgb]{zs ;d]t /x]sf
yfkf atfpF5g\. lj/f6gu/, w/fg / k"jL t/fO{ lhNnfjf;L udL{ ofddf udL{
5Ng cfpg] qmddf w]/}sf] /f]hfOdf of] gd"gf l/;f]6{ kg]{ cg'dfg ul/G5.
o;sf] yk cfsif{0f eg]sf] PSHo'l6e af/ a]s/L ;d]t xf]. l/;f]6{sf]
dflyNnf] ;fO6df kg]{ of] af/ uf]nfsf/ ?kdf km}lnPsf] 5. hxfF @$ ;}
306f cfuf] afn]/ a:g ldN5. aflx/L lr;f] jftfj/0faf6 yfs]sfx?sf]
nflu of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf].
o:t}, l/;f]6{sf] cl3lNt/sf] efu 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] l8hfOg ul/Psf]
5. hxfFleq k|j]z ug]{ ko{6sxn] cfgGbsf] dx;'; u5{g. aflx/ lr;f]
ePklg leq Gofgf] eO/xg] vfnsf] Tof] l8hfOg cfg} ;f]rdf ljsf;
u/]sf] yfkf atfpF5g\. ;'/Iffsf] nflu kfFrhgf ;'/IffsdL{ t}gfy ul/Psf]
5. l/;f]6{n] sf7df8f}+df tLg :yfgdf a'lssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg]
lj/f6gu/df /Tgf xf]6nn] Tof] ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] 5. o:t} kf]v/fdf
;d]t a'lssf] Joj:yf ul/g] yfkfn] hfgsf/L lbP.
df3@)&@

36

;dfh

O6x/Ldf Ps} lbg & xhf/ ( ;o @( hgfsf] /Qm ;d"x - An8 u|'k_
5'6\ofOPsf] 5.
;fd'bflos c:ktfn O6x/Lsf] ;xof]udf /fli6o :jf:YosdL{ ;+3
;'g;/L tyf g]kfn :jf:Yo k|flalws ;+3,;'g;/Ln] /Qm ;d"x 5'6\ofpg]
sfd u/]sf x'g\. lgMz'Ns ?kdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] a[xt /Qm ;d"x kl/If0f
sfo{qmddf sl/a @%))n] cfk\mgf] /Qm ;d"x 5'6\ofpg ;xeflutf hgfpg]
cfzf ul/Psf] ePklg em08} rf/ u'gf jl9 dflg; pQm sfo{df ;xeflu
ePsf] ;fd'bflos c:ktfn O6x/Lsf cWoIf uf]kfn u'?\n] hfgsf/L
lbP.
pQm sfo{qmddf #% hgf Nofa 6]lSg;Log / #& hgf cGo :jf:Yo

k|flalwsx? - x]c,l;cx]a,cx]a, :6fkm g;{ / l;cgdL tyf cgdL_

nufotsf :jf:Yo sdL{x? k|ToIf ?kdf laxfg * ah] b]lv ;fFem %
ah];Dd ?kdf ;lqmo ePsf lyP.

OGb|k'/ h];Lhsf] @)!^sf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] kb:yfkg tyf

k'/:sf/ ljt/0f sfo{s|d ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5. ;g\ @))@ df
:yfkgf ePsf] OGb|k'/ h];Lhsf] !# cf}+ sfo{;ldltsf] sfo{sfn
k'/f ul/ jif{ @)!% sf cWoIf l8NnLk|;fb 9sfnn] @)!^ sf
gjlgjf{lrt cWoIf h];L nIdLk|;fb cfrfo{nfO{ cWoIfsf] kb
x:tfGt/0f u/]sf 5g\.
To;}ul/ ul5of h]l;hsf] gofF g]t[Tj nIdL Gof}kfg]n] kfPsf
5g\. ut jif{dfq :yfkgf ePsf] ul5of h]l;hdf ;+:yfks cWoIf
b'uf{ l3dL/]n] Gof}kfg]nfO{ kb x:tfGt/0f u/]sf x'g\. ;g\ @)!$ df
k|:tfljt ul5of h]l;hsf] @)!% sf] klxnf] sfo{sfn ;kmntf
k"j{s ;DkGg u/]sf l3dL/]n] ;g\ @)!^ sf nflu ;j{;Ddt
cWoIf 5flgPsf ;g\ @)!% sf sfo{sf/L pkfWoIf Gof}kfg]nfO{
Ps ;df/f]xaLr kb x:tfGt0f u/]sf lyP.

E'fmDsf h]l;haf6 sl/j !) jif{ cl3b]vL h]l;h cleofgdf

k|j]z u/]sL dGh/L l3dL/] o; jif{ 6+sLl;gjf/L h]l;hsf] g]t[Tjdf
k'u]sL 5g\. cfk\mgf] 3/fo;L sfdn] lj/f6gu/ a:g yfn]sL pgn]
h]l;hsf] ;b:otf klg 6+sLl;gjf/L h]l;hdf ;f/]sL lyOg.
e' m ' D sf h] l ;hdf hg;Dks{ clwsf/Lsf] lhDd] j f/L
s'zntfk"j{sf ;+xfn]sL pgn] 6+lsl;gjf/L h]l;hdf klg ljleGg
e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ ;g\ @)!^ df ;j{;Ddt cWoIf 5gf}6 ePsL
x'g\.

O6x/L h]l;hdf ;g\ @)!^ sf] g]t[Tj lbks 9sfn / O6x/L

n]l8 h]l;hdf ;'lznf 9sfnn] kfPsf 5g\. pgLx? >Ldfg
>LdtL x'g\. s]xL jif{cl3 ls/0f Gof}kfg] / ;'idf Gof}kfg]sf]
hf]8LnfO{ klg o:t} ;+of]u k/]sf] lyof]. To;j]nf ls/0f
O6x/L h]l;h / ;'Zdf O6x/L n]8L h]l;hsf] Ps};fy cWoIf
ePsf lyP.
O6x/L h]l;hsf ;g\ @)!% sf cWoIf lzj/fh bfxfnn]
;g\ @)!^ sf gj lgjf{lrt cWoIf lbks 9sfnnfO{ kb
x:tfGt/0f u/]sf 5g\ eg] O6x/L n]8L h]l;hsL ;g\ @)!%
sL cWoIf clDasf >]i7n] ;g @)!^sL gj lgjf{lrt
cWoIf ;'lznf 9sfnnfO{ kb x:tfGt/0f u/]sL 5g\.
df3@)&@

37

pBf]u
Aofkf/

g]kfn jfof] UofF; k|j4{g ;+3 / j}slNks

phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] ;xof]udf pBf]u ;+u7g
df]/+un] jfof] UofF;sf nflu ckgfpg' kg]{
k|ljlw, k|0ffnL, ;/sf/n] pQm k|ljlw h8fgsf
nflu lbb}+ cfPsf] cg'bfgsf ljifodf uf]i7L
cfof]hgf uof].
sfo{ q mddf ;xeflunfO{ :jfut
ub}{ ;+u7gsf cWoIf lzjz+s/ cu|jfnn]
ljB'tsf] dfu cg';f/ ;KnfO{ gePsfn]
cTolws nf]8;]l8\ ef]Ug' k/]sf] cj:yfdf
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] o; sfo{qmdn] s]xL dfqfdf
eP klg phf{ pTkfbg ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg]
ljZjf; JoQm u/]. pgn]] vfgf ksfpg] UofF;sf]
cefjdf ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;f:tL ef]Ug' kl//x]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ ul/ ca j}slNks phf{
h8fgsf nflu ;/sf/n] ljz]if Kofs]hsf
sfo{qmd Nofpg' kg]{df hf]8lbP.
sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo dfly k|sfz kfb}{
lh=cfO{=h]8sf cGt{/f{li6o ljsf; ;Nnfxsf/
cn]Sh]08/ ;]/]gn] jt{dfg kl/k|]Ifdf j}slNks
phf{ ljZjs} nflu cToGt nfebflo x'Fb} uPsf]
/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df emg} pkof]uL x'g] atfP.
pgn] jfof] UofF; KnfG6n] s;/L sfd u5{
jfof] UofF;af6 pBf]uJoj;fo ;+rfng ug{
;lsg] g;lsg] cj:yf, jfof] UofF;sf] kmfO{bf /
jfof]UofF; k|lalwsf] nfut vr{, jfof] UofF;sf
k|ljlwsf nflu ;/sf/n] lbb}+ cfPsf] cg'bfg
/ jfof] UofF; k|ljlw h8fgsf nflu ;Defjgf
/ ;Dks{ :yfgsf af/]df dflg;df b]lvPsf]
cGof}ntf x6fpg] p2]Zon] sfo{qmd cof]hgf
ul/Psf] hfgsf/L lbP.

;+u7gsf phf{ ;ldlt ;+of]hs /fs]z

;'/fgfn] jfof] UofF;nfO{ phf{sf] ljsNksf
?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] s'/f w]/}nfO{ yfxf
gePsfn] cfkm\gf 3/ cfFugaf6 lgl:sg]
kmf]x/ To;} v]/ uO{/x]sf] atfpb} 3/af6 lgl:sg]
kmf]x/nfO{ ;b'kof]u ul/ jfof] UofF; pTkfbg ubf{
;/sf/n] cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf]n]
To;af6 ;a}n] nfelng' kg]{ ;'emfj lbP.
;+u7gsf k|yd pkfWoIf d's]zs'df/
e/fOn] a9\bf] nf]8;]l8\ / vfgf ksfpg]
UofF;sf] cefjn] ;j{;fwf/0fdf r/d lg/fzf
5fPsf] cj:yfdf j}slNks phf{ pTkfbgn]
dfq ;d:ofsf] lbuf] ;dfwfg ug]{ atfpFb}
a}slNks phf{sf] al9 eGbf al9 k|of]udf
Nofpg' kg]{df hf]8 lbP.
j}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf /fli6o
;Nnfxsf/ pQd s'df/ emfn] j}slNks phf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|/fli6o u|fld0f tyf gljs/0f phf{
sfo{qmd, jfof] UofF;sf kmfObfx?, g]kfndf
jfof] UofF; k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, xfn k|jl4{t
jfof] UofF; KnfG6sf k|sf/, 3/fo;L KnfG6df
cg'bfg /sdsf] ljt/0f, 7"nf jfof] UofF;
KnfG6df lbOg] cg'bfg /sdsf nufotsf
ljifodf k|sfz kf/]sf lyP. sfo{qmddf g]kfn
jfof] UofF; k|j4{g ;+3sf k|d'v sfo{sf/L
clws[t dbg yklnof, sfo{qmd clws[t
;'lzndfg cdfTo, /fli6o ;Nnfxsf/ zf;f
km\n];n] jfof] UofF;sf k|s[of, k|ljlw ljB'lto
sf/0f / ;/sf/f/f k|4Q cg'bfgsf ;DaGwdf
sfo{kq k|:t't u/]sf lyP.
df3@)&@

38

df3@)&@

39

 sf/ sDkgL x'G8fOn] O6x/Ldf cfgf] ;f] ?d ;~rfngdf NofPsf]

5. g]kfnsf nflu cflwsfl/s ljqm]tf nIdL OG6/ sG6Lg]G6n k|flnn]
b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ qmddf O6x/Ldf cflwsf/Ls
ljqm]tf /f]on c6f] j8{ k|flnnfO{ tf]s]sf] xf].
c6f] j8{ k|flnsf cWoIf led kf}8]nn] sf/ ;DkGgtfsf] k|lts
dfq geP/ b}lgs hLjgdf clt cfjZos eO;s]sf] x'gfn] ;f]lx
cfjZostf k'tL{ ug{ zf] ?d vf]lnPsf] hfgsf/L lbP. zf]?d pf6g
sfo{qmddf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf s]lGo ;b:o /f]lxt k|;fO{, g]kfn
h]l;;sf k'j{ cWoIf ef]n]Zj/ b'nfn, Joj;foL ;Ghf]s k/fh'nL,
sDkgLsf tkm{af6 ;]N; d]g]h]/ clgz nfld5fg] nufotn] af]n]sf
lyP.

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] g]kfnaf6 cd]l/sf cfot x'g] g]kfnL tof/L

kf]zfsdf eG;f/ s/ 5'6 u/]sf] 5.
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] l;g]6n] g]kfnaf6 cfot x'g] tof/L
kf]zfsdf hgj/L !, @)!^ b]vL nfu' x'g] ul/ ;'Go eG;f/ b/ tf]s]sf]
xf]. of] Joj:yf #! l8;]Dj/ @)@% ;Dd nfu' x'g] hgfOPsf] 5.
g]kfnL tof/L kf]zfssf] lgof{t k|j4{gdf ;xof]u ug{ cd]l/sfn] eG;f/
5'6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] xf]. of] Joj:yf o; cl3 klg lyof] t/ !
hgj/L @))% b]vL nfu' x'g] ul/ cd]l/sfn] dlN6 kmfOj/ P/]Ghd]G6
vf/]h u/]kl5 o:tf] ;'ljwf aGb ePsf] lyof]. ;g @))%df ;'Go
eG;f/ ;'ljwf s6f}tL ePkl5 g]kfnL tof/L kf]zfssf] lgof{t 36\b}
uPsf] lyof].
@)^))^! Dff ( ca{ %% s/f]8sf] tof/L kf]zfs cd]l/sf lgof{t
ePsf] g]kfnaf6 @)&!)&@ df # ca{ (^ s/f]8df l;ldt ePsf]
lyof]. cd]l/sfn] lbPsf] ;'Go eG;f/ ;'ljwfn] g]kfnaf6 x'g] tof/L
kf]zfssf] lgof{t Joj;fo j9\g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5.

df3@)&@

40

df3@)&@

41

;'rgf
k|ljlw

;'Gb} em;\u x'g], k|j[lQn] km8\sf] dfg]{ qmd;+u} o;sf] pkof]u / b'?k|of]u
a9\b} uPsf] 5. OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 ul/g] ck/fwnfO{ ;fOj/ ck/fw
jf c+u|]hLdf ;fOa/ qmfOd elgG5.
;fOa/ qmfOdsf 36gf g]kfndf klg w]/} dfqfdf
ePsf] kfOG5, g]kfndf %& jif{df k|ljlwn] df/]sf]
o; km8\sf]df pNn]vlgo k|ult, kmfObf;Fu dflg;x?n]
o;nfO{ unt} unt tl/sfn] xltof/sf] ?kdf k|of]u
ub}{ cfPsf] ;dfrf/df ;'Gg] ul/Psf] 5.
OG6/g]6, km];a's, Xjf6\:ofk, efOa/, ;f];n
g]6jls{, Od]n, j]a;fO6 cflbh:tf s'/faf6 8/ qf;
b]vfOlbg], wDsL lbg], c?sf] OGkmd]{;g rf]g]{, em'Sofpg],
sDKo'6/ ;e{/sf kmfOn rf]/L ug]{, Pp6fsf] kmf]6f]df
c? kmf]6f] hf]l8 To;sf] ufnL a]OHhtL ug]{, lsnUu/
dfkm{t s'g}klg o'h/n] u/]sf] s[ofsnfksf] nU; /fVg],
xf8{j]o/ tyf ;6j]o/ lsn u/]/ /flv ljj/0f rf]g]{,
qm]l86 sf8{sf] ljj/0f, s;}sf] JolQmut OGkmd]{;g
lng], kmf]xf]/ zAb, 5f8f s'/fx?sf] kmf]6f] tyf lel8of]
k7fpg], JolQmut tyf s;}sf] abgfdL ug]{ p2]Zon]
o'6\o'a, ledf] h:tf j]a;fO6x?df lel8of] cknf]8
ug]{, s;}sf] n'lsrf]/L lel8of] lvlr abgfdL ug]{ cflb h:t} g]kfndf
b]lvFb} cfPsf] ;fOa/ qmfOdleq k/]sf ck/fw x'g\.
w]/} jif{ cufl8 g]kfnLnfO{ o:tf] lr7\7f kof]{, olt ldlnog 8n/ 5,
o:tf] 5 elg slGeG; ul/ k|f];]l; x'Fb}5 elg la:tf/} k|f];]l; lkm eg]/
s]lx k;]{G6 /sd dflu Tof] JolQm km/f/ ePsf] jf ;Dks{df gcfPsf]
36gfx? 36]sf pbfx/0fx? klg 5g, gfOh]l/of / o:t} clk|msg b]zaf6
lr7\7f kof]{, of] dfG5] dof]{ o;sf] olt k};f 5 Sof; kmfOn ug'{k5{ eGb}
em'Sofpg] lqmofsnfk w]/} cl3b]lv ;'lgFb} cfPsf] kfOG5. ;DejtM olx
g} g]kfndf ePsf] klxnf] ;fOj/ ck/fw xf], h'ga]nf g]kfndf sd ;+Vofdf
dfq Od]nsf] k|of]u x'GYof]. Tof] a]nfdf ljleGg dflg;x?n] Od]n k7fO{
em'SofO{ ljleGg dfG5]x?nfO{ 7uL ul/Psf] kfOG5. cfhsn klg To:t}
lgSs} Od]nx? cfpg] qmd al9/x]sf] 5.
ck/fw Tolx g} ePklg To;nfO{ ug]{ / u/fpg] tl/sfx? km/s km/s

tl/sfn] pkof]u ul/Psf] kfOG5. ;fOj/ ck/fwsf tl/sf xhf/ ePklg

To;nfO{ ;lhn};+u klqmg ;lsG5. cfOkL P8];, nf]s]zg, l8efO{;
6]l; cflb ub}{ hfFbf jf ck/flwsf] Nofk6k, sDKo'6/ hkmt ul/ To;sf]
nU;, OGkmd]{zg x]l/ cfO{=P;=kL= x?sf] ;xsfo{df ck/flwnfO{ ;hLn}
klqmg ;lsG5. x/]s dfG5]sf] PlS6lel6x?sf] cfO=P;=kL=, 6]lnsd
k|f]efO8/x?;Fu ePsf] nU;n] g} o:tf ck/fwLx? kqmfp vfG5g.
g]kfns} ;Gbe{df x]bf{ of] k|s[of Od]n, ofx' d];]Gh/, ;f];{ sf]8 rf]l/
x'g], ug]{ u/fpg] eGbfklg km];a'sdf cfP/ cln Hofbf g} km}ln/x]sf] 5.
c?sf] gfddf km];a's agfpg], l/; p7]sf] JolQmsf] kmf]6f]x? skL ul/ csf]{
k|f]kmfOn agfO abgfdL km}nfpg], 8'lKns]6 k|f]kmfOnx? agfO s'g} c;n
JolQmx?nfO{ lgzfgf agfO a]OHhtL ug]{ rng a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5.
lkl8tn] o:tf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;DaGwLt lgsfodf k'of{pg g;Sg'
g} clxn]sf] k|d'v ;d:of xf]. d'Votof l/; /fu k|]d cyjf s;}nfO{
ufln a]OHhtL ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfndf ;fOa/ qmfOd a9\b} uPsf] 5. 5fkfdf
cfpg] ;fOa/ qmfOdsf] ;dfrf/df klg km];a'ssf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?
x'g] u/]sf 5g\.
s;}sf] klg JolQmut ;'rgf, hfgsf/L rf]g]{, To;nfO{ tf]8df]8 u/]/
OG6/g]6 dfkm{t ufln a]OHht ug]{ jf s;}sf] ;f];{ sf]8 rf]/]/ b'?kof]u ug'{
;fOa/ qmfOd cGtu{t kg]{ s'/fx? x'g. g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f];{ sf]8 rf]/L
ug]{, Xofs ug]{, c?sf] s'g}klg slk/fO6 ePsf] s'/fnfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ sfo{
u/]sf] v08df %) xhf/ ?k}ofF b]lv # nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf, ^ dlxgf
;Ddsf] s}b x'g] jf b'j} x'g] klg k|fjwfg u/]sf] 5.
sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 jf OG6/g]6 hl8t sDKo'6/sf] dfWodaf6 kf;j8{
rf]g]{, lsnUu/x? xfn]/ s;}sf] k;{gn OGkmd]{zg rf]g]{, s;}nfO{ 8/ wDsL
lbg], kmf]6f] Doflgk'n]6 ug]{ cflb sfdnfO{ ;fOj/ qmfO{d elgG5.
g]kfndf klg of] cfhsn ;fwf/0f s'/f e};s]sf] 5. t/ s;'/sf]
cfwf/df ;hfo klg kfpg] ePsf]n] s;'/ pk/ ;hfo x'G5. hl/jfgf
;fy} h]n ;hfo x'G5 eg]/ hfgsfl/ ;a}df x'g'kb{5.
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