Module 5

Property Modeling

Petrel Workflow Tools

Surfaces and
Data edit

Stratigraphic
Modeling

3D Grid Construction: Structural Modeling

Interface
Studio

Pillar Gridding

Fault Modeling
3D Grid
Construction
Structural
Framework

3D Grid
Construction
Structural Gridding

Property Modeling

Well Log
Upscale

Facies &
Petrophysical
Modeling

Make Horizons
Zones & Layering
Make contacts &
Volume Calculation
Workflow Editor

Intro to Petrel

Introduction

Facies Modeling
Objectives

General Property Modeling Workflow

Discuss Different Facies Modeling Techniques
Deterministic techniques
Stochastic techniques.
Learn How to use Common Settings: Set filters
Learn How to use Zone Settings: Define zones
Learn How to use different Algorithms
Sequential Indicator Simulation
Object Modeling
Fluvial channel
General object modeling
Interactive Modeling.

Property Modeling General Workflow

Less data
More uncertainty
Stochastic

Estimation

Pixel based

Interpolation

Object based

Addressed

Deterministic

More data
Less uncertainty

Stochastic vs. Deterministic Modeling Methods

Stochastic

Deterministic

Random (Seed number)

It is unlikely due to unpredictable factors.

It generates different equiprobable results for

different seed numbers.

It generates the same result for a given set of initial

conditions.

Variable states are described by probability

distributions.

Variable states are described by unique values.

It does not need upscaled cells: Unconditional

modeling.

Need upscaled cells; needs more data.

Allows more complexity and variability in the model;

can help assess uncertainty.

Faster to run.

Algorithms Covered in the Course

Stochastic methods
Pixel based technique

Object-based technique

Deterministic method
Direct addressing technique

Sequential Indicator Simulation

algorithm

Object modeling algorithm

Interactive modeling drawing

Distributes the property using the

histogram. Directional settings,
such as variogram and trends, also
are honored.

Allows you to populate a discrete

property model with different
bodies of various geometries,
facies types, rules, and fractions.

Allows you to paint facies directly

on the 3D model.

Facies Modeling Dialog Box

Two main modeling settings buttons are available: (Common
and Zone settings).

Common Settings
Defines general settings for the grid
properties to be made for all zones.

Zone Settings
Defines settings for individual zones
(captured from Models pane > Zone
filter folder).

Common Settings
Use filter: Should be chosen only if a filtered part of the
grid is to be modeled.

Ensure that all cells get a value: If there is no input

data, all cells will be populated by averaging
surrounding cells.
Local model update: Updates the model inside a
region, inside a property, or around a well
Number of realizations: When running Uncertainty
analysis, multiple realizations are made with the same
input data.

Overwrite: Will overwrite the previous realizations with

same suffix number.

Zone Settings
Zone: Click to activate zonation. Choose a
zone to model from drop-down list.

Facies: If conditioning to a previous facies

model, click the Facies button.
Lock: Leave zone unchanged; unlock to
activate zone settings.

Method: Set the appropriate method from

the drop-down list for the zone to be
modeled.

Create a Sequential Indicator Simulation

Property Model (1)
SIS is a pixel-based modeling
algorithm, using upscaled cells as the
basis for fraction of facies types to be
modeled. The variogram constrains
the distribution and connectedness of
each facies.
1. Set an upscaled property: (U) as suffix.

2. Choose the zone to model and unlock it.

3. Set SIS as the Method for one zone.
4. Choose the facies from the template. Click the
Blue arrow to insert them into the model.

Create a Sequential Indicator Simulation

Property Model (2)

5. Variogram (2 methods):
Specify Range, Nugget and Type manually.
Click Get a variogram from Data Analysis
6. Fraction (3 methods):
Use Global fraction from Upscaled cells.
Use probabilities (property/trend).
Use attribute probability curves or vertical
proportion curves
from Data analysis.

Variogram: Quantifies Spatial Continuity of the Data

There are many variogram types that can be fit into the
data. Petrel provides three options of prominent types:
exponential, spherical, and gaussian variograms.
You need three directions: Two in the horizontal
(major and minor) and one in the vertical direction.
The range points the distance from which above, the
spatial dependence is set to randomness.
The azimuth is the rotation angle of the major range.

Variogram is calculated in 3 directions

Major
Vertical

Variogram & parameters

Sill

Range

Nugget

1 2

Separation

3 4 5 distance (lag)

Create a Fluvial Channel Model (1): Facies Bodies

The Object modeling method uses upscaled cells as a basis for
the fraction of facies types to be modeled. The objects follow a
strict geometry, distribution, and trend defined by the user.
1. Set an upscaled property: (U) as suffix.
2. Set the zone to model and unlock it.
3. Set Object modeling as the Method to use.
4. Click the Fluvial channels icon to insert a channel body.

5. Choose facies properties to match Channel and Levee.

6. Fraction (2 methods):
Use fraction of Channels and Levees from upscaled cells. (Gray
field is not editable.)
Enter a fraction. (The white field is editable.)

Create a Fluvial Channel Model (2): Geometry

Layout: Specify Orientation, Amplitude and Wavelength.

Note: Drift applies randomness to each parameter.

Channel:
Specify the width and thickness of the channel.
Thickness can be in distance units or as a fraction of the width.

Levee:
Levees are the wing shaped deposits on the side of the channel.
Specify width and thickness (smaller than channel).

Create a Fluvial Channel Model (3): Trends and

Probabilities

Use volume probability:

Use a function
Use a surface
Use a 3D probability property (usually a seismic attribute).
Use Channel trends:
Flow lines are digitized polygons used as fairways for the
channels to follow
Source points are indications of paleoheighs/provenance;
where channels begin.

Create a Fluvial Channel Model (4): Background

Background facies
After the channel is defined,
choose a background facies. This
is distributed wherever channels
are not placed.
Background can be undefined, a
single facies type, or a previously
generated property.

Create a General Object Model: Facies Bodies

The General object modeling approach creates standalone
objects following a strict geometry defined by the user.
1. Set an upscaled property: (U) as suffix.
2. Set the zone to model and unlock it.

3. Set Object modeling as the Method for the zone.

4. Click the Add a new geometric body button. (Ellipse
geometry is chosen by default.)
5. Choose the facies type you want your body to have.

6. Fraction (2 methods):
Use fraction of upscaled cells.
Enter a fraction (white field = editable).

Perform Interactive Modeling: (Draw Facies)

Interactive drawing of facies types that are not easily modeled.
Tip: Use Simbox view and make a copy of the property.

Brush type

Facies type

Radius
Height

Note: Irreversible process: This overwrites all other

facies, including upscaled cell values. No undo!

Profile

EXERCISE
Facies Modeling

Extra: Object Modeling: Fluvial Channels Result

No drift applied (0)

Drift applied (>0, <1)

Facies Modeling Methods: Overview (1)

Deterministic
Estimation

Learning system

Direct Addressing

Indicator Kriging

Asign values

Interactive

Discrete distribution of
the property honoring
the predefined
histogram

Choose from
Allows you to paint
undefined, constant,
facies directly on the
other property, surface 3D model.
and vertical functions.

Artificial

Neural Net
Uses the classification
model made in the Train
Estimation model.

Facies Modeling Methods: Overview (2)

Deterministic
Estimation

Indicator Kriging

Learning system

Direct Addressing

Asign values

Interactive

Artificial

Neural Net

Facies Modeling Methods: Overview (3)

Stochastic
Pixel based

Object based

Sequential
Indicator
Simulation

Truncated
Gaussian
Simulation

Truncated
Gaussian
Simulation with
trends

Multi-point Facies
Simulation

Object Modeling

Distributes the
property using a
histogram.
Directional settings
(e.g., variogram
and extensional
trends), also are
honored.

Used mostly with

carbonates where
facies are known to
be sequential. It
deals with large
amounts of input
data, such as global
fractions and trends.

Distributes the
facies based on a
transition between
facies and trend
direction. Trends
are converted into
probabilities to
then run TGS.

The variogram is
replaced by a training
image giving both the
facies and the relative
position to each other,
describing the spatial
correlation from one-tomultiple points.

Allows to populate a
discrete facies model
with different bodies of
various geometries,
facies and fraction.

Facies Modeling Methods: Overview (4)

Stochastic
Pixel based
Sequential
Indicator
Simulation

Truncated
Gaussian
Simulation

Truncated
Gaussian
Simulation with
trends

Object based
Multi-point
Facies
Simulation

Object Modeling

Object Modeling
Adaptive Channel Modeling
Petrel 2008.1: modified to honor the channel-levee association with
substantial well control over several layers (cross-layer).
Uses sequential Gaussian simulation.
Better to use than traditional object modeling
techniques in situations with large numbers
of well constraints and honors channel
connectivity.
In Petrel 2009.1, you condition the model
to a 3D seismic probability.

C
B

Object Modeling: Adaptive Channels

1. Property and zone selection
a. Make sure to pick the correct property; must be
upscaled, i.e., have (U) as suffix.
b. Select Object Modeling as the method for one zone.
2. Facies body:
a. Click the Adaptive channels icon to insert a
channel body.
b. Choose facies properties to match.
c. Use the fraction of the upscaled cells or enter
a value

Multi-Point Facies Simulation

Developed by Schlumberger Research (Boston) and introduced to the
Facies modeling process for Petrel 2009.1.
Honors well, seismic, and probability data.

It can model complex geological features and

connectivity. It efficiently generates multi-million
cell grids.
A geological conceptual model is needed to build
a pattern that will capture the probabilities and
distribution of the facies.
This training image subtitutes the variogram.