Notes for 110.

311 Complex Analysis

12th Lecture
13 October 2015
Abstract
In this lecture we present more examples of the equivalent forms of the Cauchy Integral Theorem as well
as a proof of the theorem.

Example
R 1 1:
Find za
dz for the contours below in Figure 1 (the red dot represents a from the previous lecture):

B
A

Figure 1: Contours used in Example 1.

We decompose the contour into simple contours and count the number of times the point a is positively or
negatively enveloped.
R
For A, only one contour envelops the point, and as it is a negative contour, A = 2i
R
For B, two contours surround the point, both positively oriented, so B = 2 2i = 4i.
Example
2:
R
Find zz+2
2 z dz for the contours in Figure 2 (the red dot again represents a):

Figure 2: Contours for Example 2.

z+2
The function f (z) = zz+2
2 z = z(z1) has two simples poles at z = 0 and z = 1. We can then write it partial
B
fraction decomposition as A
z + z1 ; we find


z + 2 
= 2,
z 1 z=0

z + 2 
B=
= 3.
z z=1
R
R 3
The integral we should evaluate is then 2
z dz + z1 dz.
A=

Example 3:
Continuing from Example 2, we now decompose the contours into simple contours:

Figure 3: Decomposed simple contours for Example 3.

We see that
is negatively oriented and winds around z = 0 once, so

2
z

dz = 2 (2i) = 4i.
R 3
winds around z = 1 once negatively oriented and once positively oriented, so z1
dz = 3 (1 +
1) 2i = 0.
R
Thus zz+2
2 z dz = 4i + 0 = 4i.
We now analyze Cauchys Integral Theorem once more.
Theorem 1 (Cauchy Integral Theorem). If D is a simply connected domain whose boundary is a simple
closed contour equipped with positive orientation, such that D is in the domain of analyticity of a
function f , then for every a D,
Z
1
f (z)
f (a) =
dz.
2i z a
That is, the values of f inside D are completely determined by its values along the boundary.
R f (z)
R f (a)
R f (z)f (a)
1
1
1
To prove this, we can write 2i
dz as 2i
dz + 2i
dz. We show that the first term
za
za
za

is f (a) and the second term is 0.

f (z)f (a)
za

has domain of analyticity {z 6= a}. Within this domain, can be deformed




(a)
(a) 
into |z a| = r for arbitrarily small r > 0, so f (z)f
f 0 (a) as z r. Thus max|za|=r  f (z)f
 is
za
za
bounded by |f 0 (a)| + 1 for small r.
R

R





f (z)f (a)
(a)
dz
=
dz
On the other hand, the circle |z a| = r has length 2r, so  f (z)f



za
za
|za|=r
Proof. The fraction

(|f 0 (a)| + 1) 2r for arbitrarily small r and hence must be 0.