Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
SUBMITED TO
AUGUST, 2009
CERTIFICATION
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT
2
ABSTRACT
This research deals with the existing problem of the impact of economic crisis
State, Nigeria.
This study deals with the research problem and reason for investigation and
hypothesis tested, and data analysed, from the data analysed a number of
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE.................................................................................................................1
CERTIFICATION..........................................................................................................2
APPROVAL PAGE.......................................................................................................2
DEDICATION................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT...............................................................................................2
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................3
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................4
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................6
1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................6
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.......................................................................13
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY.............................................................................14
1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES................................................................................15
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.........................................................................15
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS......................................................................................16
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................18
LITERATURE REVIEW / THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK..........................................18
2.0 THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC CRISIS...........................................................18
2.1 ECONOMIC CRISIS AS A DETERMINANT OF MARITAL ..............................22
2.2 CONSEQUENCES OF MARITAL INSTABILITY ON CHILDREN, SPOUSES
AND SOCIETY.................................................................................................24
2.3 ECONOMIC CRISIS; THE STATE OF FAMILIES IN NIGERIA...........................27
2.4 OTHER CAUSES OF MARITAL INSTABILITY....................................................29
2.5 THEORITICAL FRAME WORK............................................................................33
2.6 SOLUTIONS TOWARDS IMPROVING COUPLES RELATIONSHIP TO AVOID
MARITAL BREAKDOWN.................................................................................38
CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................40
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................................40
3.0 SCOPE OF THE STUDY .........................................................................40
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN ...............................................................................41
3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY ........................................................................41
3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES ...............................................................................42
4
3.4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION ..................................................................42
3.5 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................44
3.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY .............................................................................45
CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................46
DATA PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS.......................................................46
4.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................46
4.1 SHOWS THE SEX DISTRIBUTION AND THEIR PERCENTAGE.....................47
4.2 SHOWS THE AGE DISTRIBUTION....................................................................47
4.3 SHOWS THE DISTRIBUTION BY AGE OF MARRIAGE...................................47
4.4 SHOWS THE MARRIAGE TYPE AND THEIR PERCENTAGE.........................48
4.6 SHOWS THE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT BY RESPONDENTS AND THEIR
PERCENTAGE.................................................................................................49
4.7 SHOWS THE INCOME PER ANNUM AND PERCENTAGE..............................49
4.8 SHOWS THE RESPONDENTS OPINION ON WHETHER INSUFFICIENT
INCOME AFFECTS THEIR MARRIAGE.........................................................50
CHAPTER FIVE..........................................................................................................54
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND
SUMMARY.......................................................................................................54
5.0 INTRODUTION.................................................................................................54
5.1 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS..............................................................................54
5.2 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................56
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................57
5.4 SUMMARY .....................................................................................................58
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................60
BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................................62
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................64
QUESTIONNAIRE......................................................................................................65
5
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Marriage and family have been a fundamental aspect of the society and
1977:10).
The family like marriage takes device forms. The traditional patterns of
and political unit. The family is both a primary and informal system of
socialization.
6
Marriage offers security, emotional or psychological support e.t.c. to both
The structure of the family in any given society is related to the structure
marriage and family are very vital to the growth and development of any
Back then amongst the Ikwerres, married life is the normal condition for
both men and women and polygamy was a symbol of high status and it
was ideal.
(thus cars are replacing plural wives as status symbols). And to conform
7
environment than the monogamous family. That is to say that traditional
when it comes into contact with western ideas about marriage. (Forde
1977:78) had argued that the traditional family system offers the best
stability for and that the best emergence of urban life and modern
marital stability. Yet some sociologists have also argued from the
that marriage and family institution are like any other social institution
adverse economic state of Nigeria which dated back to the early 1980s
that marriage and family institution as parts of the social system would
8
The concern of this study is motivated by the severity of the economic
The astronomical rise in the price of house hold goods and services
was attributed to the fall in the Naira value. The UBA monthly digest put
percent for 1983, 39 percent for 1984, 40 percent for 1986. And for
removal of oil subsidy single handled pushed price of certain house hold
9
turning out graduates in their thousands while companies were folding
itself was in this purge exercise through its parastatals and ministries
as many house holds become victims of the SAP which include pruning
were vastating.
The present Emohua Local Government was carved out of the old
Emohua.
10
The people of Emohua are endowed with rich cultural festival like Orji,
Eri Uvo Oregbu, Egelege, Minikoro, Otuna Uknu, Ogba Ohia Wonunu
Farming was the main stay of the economy prior to the colonial era
crops like yam, cassava, and palm trees are cultivated. This reflects
some of the names which parent give to their new born babies such
economic life. Animals like goats, sheep’s, dogs, and birds are also
11
Also a lot of prestige was attached to it. Upon the coming of the colonial
polygamy.
Emohua. There are different Christian groups; they include the Roman
personal god (chi) whom they believe guides each individual from evil.
12
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
very severe on the social and economic lives of Nigerians. The high rate
hardship has put every Nigerian and the family under severe stress.
marital cases in our various courts of law. Economic crisis might have
caused problems in the family system and this could have risen from
possible for most of the families to provide their basic social and
13
positively contribute to the upkeep of the home leading to loss of power
extent or degree this economy adversity has affected the spouses with
Emohua.
instability.
e. To demonstrate the vital role played by the economy in marital life vis-à-
f. To also investigate whether there are other factors that affected marital
instability.
14
g. To investigate finally if poverty could lead to marital instability.
Emohua.
policies that will go a long way to checkmate the economic, social and
marriage.
ACADEMIC SIGNIFICANCE
15
It would act as a reference in the library for students of various
disciplines.
It will serve as a guild for the younger ones in helping them avoid
This would also help couples understand the environment and present
16
MARRIAGE: This is a socially sanctioned union between one man
and one or more women with the expectation that they will play the role
husband and wife, mother and father, son and daughter, brother and
extended.
NUCLEAR FAMILY: This refers to the husband and wife with or without
children.
such as grand parents, brothers and sisters of the husband and wife
17
CULTURAL CONFLICTS: This is the difference in culture and
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW / THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
2.0 THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC CRISIS
process.
18
An economy could be said to be in crisis if some or all of the following is
found wanting:
himself from his wife. It could be in the form of divorce, separation e.t.c.
19
Marital instability has a direct negative effect on both spouses, their
emotional e.t.c.
The twentieth century has been marked by more research efforts and
major factors at play in the stability of the family as been rooted in the
through the lineage groups but where genetrical rights are acquired by
out openly to trace out and place in their own view what causes this
20
sex, age difference, religion, mother-in-law, low level of income,
RELIGION AS A VARIABLE
Couples are affected by their religion, its values and beliefs, Arderner
(1962: 62) observed in his simple survey report that Roman Catholics
had the lowest incidence of divorce. Okedeji, and Okedeji (1966: 19) in
were Muslims and a cross check records showed that out of 708
Fletcher (1966 : 58) in his research study among the Busoja observed
Adekun (1995: 95) asserted in her research study carried out in Lagos
separated cases are higher among women who married before the age
more affected than that of the woman because of the wider scale of
his family. He pointed out that in America, the man of first marriage was
21
result of this drop in marriage, most under aged are incapable of
providing for their family hence, there were lots of divorce cases.
INSTABILITY:
For more than a decade and half, Nigerians and many African states
out that there is dearth of researchers that have directly on the impact of
pp: 152) Rabbs and Selznic (1961:45) argued that there is an adverse
family who can no longer meet up their expected family roles. The
retrenched workers are the liabilities of their families where they will not
22
As a result of the economic crisis, the government introduced the
economy. The basic thrust of the package impacted on the family, first
instability.
oil, had a direct adverse effect on the part of common people because
reduced the ability of the family in satisfying its basic needs and this has
effect on the family, because it resulted to the decline in the value of the
the rate at which the naira was losing its value under SAP, the masses
could not adequately afford the essentials of life. Their livelihood was
threatened and the family became the worst hit, (Onyeiwu 1995: 61 –
68).
23
As a result of inflation, homes and heads are broken daily over
1988: 11.
prominent role in marring the future of an individual. The worst hit of this
type are children. This is due largely to the fact that the socialization
24
Studies in Africa shows that children whose parents have had a divorce
or are separated are more likely to be fostered out than children whose
to the fact that their parents who are role models make their lives hell,
thus, they shy away from making any stable affairs. It must be noted
that many such children tend to become deviants by virtue of the fact
suffers a lot. She is usually blamed for the failure of the marriage.
It must be noted that in the traditional African society, the man gets the
children, the woman becomes the loser all round. She thus faces a lot
of stigma and isolation even from her natural family (Ellis 2002: 252).
In the case of the man, he may be forced to play alimony to the divorce
25
most cases, the man gives a false account of his earnings therefore
SOCIETY: Although many divorced people later remarry, men are more
likely than women to remarry and enter into the second marriage. In
financial burden on the society. The society in most cases is faced with
the problem of catering for the divorced and their offspring. The amount
hours due to the stress involved in conflict and the instability of the
time and money, which would have been used to develop a particular
society.
26
2.3 ECONOMIC CRISIS; THE STATE OF FAMILIES IN
NIGERIA
Due to the poor economy which resulted in low per capital income, both
parents now work so as to be able to cater for the needs of their family.
Almost all fathers work outside the home and about 75 – 90% of
married women who have no children work outside the home during
their years of fecundity. Younger wives (21 – 29) years are twice likely
to be working as older wives (30 – 44) years. Presently more than 55%
of all married women with little children are in the labour force. Bureau
The dual career syndrome of women is one of the challenges which has
taken place in our families due to the low wages and salary of their
husbands. At the turn of the century, only about 15% labour consisted
of women and 85% of these women who did not work outside the home
were single.
Sociologist and economist have termed the upsurge of women into the
the pre-colonial era, women helped their husbands to work in the farms.
homes for a living. The single ones among them contributed to the
27
upkeep of their parental home which they used to maintain their
the women’s right movement on traditional roles and values had poured
into the labour market of the nearly 28 million employed wives in the
United States, well over half have children under the age of eighteen at
home and almost a quarter of (23%) have at least one child under the
Lots of women are now postponing child bearing due to the fact that
they want to keep their jobs since they need the income to sustain their
family.
Studies on the level of marital satisfaction when both husband and wife
are employed outside their home, it shows that a little thing could result
One of the earliest studies carried out by Cark Don shows that wife’s
school children. Once the children are of school age, those couples in
28
which the woman was working by choice and liked her work reported
better marriages than those couples in which the wife disliked going to
marriage. One study revealed that men whose wives are employed
experience marital discord and is under more stress than the men
In the traditional African society, the in-laws play a vital role in seeing to
it that a family stands or falls. The mother in-law in usually the most
potent of all in the family as in most cases she would like to dictate how
source of trouble due to the fact that they are emotional and direct with
each other than men. They are usually charged with the responsibility of
The kin and in-law influence is felt in several ways. They may come in
29
CARING FOR ELDERLY RELATIVES:
An increasing source of in-law and kin stress involves caring for the
intentional effort to stir up trouble for instance, this is often the case with
women bear the burden of this situation than men due to the fact that
they have more direct dealings with them than men do.
The men are the primary source of financial support, whether of their
own parents or of their in-laws. When the situation calls for the care of
in-laws, conflicts might arise between the spouse due to the care or lack
daughter in-law who resents running errands for her in-laws or having to
take them out, or a critical example of a mother in-law who is not fond of
her daughter in-law. This type of situation has caused marital instability
amount spent on them. In most cases they are selfish and do not want
money to be spent on their in-laws but only for themselves, their parents
OTHER DEMANDS:
30
One of the stresses that couples report involved those outsiders who
make demands on the couple that interfere with their marriage and
family life. This particular importance of dual worker families who often
communication is all but non existence except for routine matters and
sign of trouble in the marriage if the partners desire to spend more time
as possible with each other. However, most couples even those with
conflicts between them; seem serious in their desire to find more time to
POVERTY
love. Spouses especially the women who get married because of the
man’s wealth find it difficult to cope when the money becomes absent
31
This kind of case are found mostly on our young ladies who believe
money rules the world and money buys and build love and cannot cope
with any man who cant meet up with their needs and expectations.
INFERTILITY
homes. When a couple after one or two years of marriage are unable to
bear a child, they begin to question the woman and call her all sorts of
names forgetting that in most cases infertility are seen amongst the men
because they have a very low sperm count and that makes them
impotent or for the woman because her womb is not strong enough to
the mother of her husband will always ask for her grandchildren and will
always blame the woman and due to the pressure of the mother to the
son he may decide to send her out of the house or get married to a
second wife.
Marital instability has many factors and lies on the man, woman and the
state of their economy. Taking a critical view of a man who receives his
salary, forgets he has a wife and children at home and starts spending
the money on little girls or a man who consistently cheats on his wife.
32
material things they possess at that given time forgetting that not
everything that glitters are gold and that change is the only permanent
and constant thing in life. Now when these changes occur and they are
unable to cope with the changes, they begin to bring out characters that
tend to shake the marriage and before you know it marital instability
sets in.
ARRANGED MARRIAGE
The couples into this are married not because of love but because their
parents want them to get marriage because of their own interest or for
Any marriage that is not based on love, trust, understanding, respect for
each other can never work because the most important ingredient to a
couples.
33
cultural sectors of a society. Modernity may presumably be
A Inkeles and D.H Smith (1974: 16) noted that many modernity may be
was not present in the world in the 11th to the 15th century, so modernity
is not found every where on the globe. And just as modernity, feudalism
given culture and period when it was introduced. Within these limits
Moute Palmer (1973: 34) states that modernization refers to the process
modern. At the same time, he also indicates that the term “modern” will
34
arrangements that is yet to be achieved a lot is approximated by the
substituted, such has the same meaning. Diamante assets that it should
has brought about disintegration of the status quo of the family. Women
now seek for salaried job outside their homes and thereby making them
breadwinners of their spouses. The men in the other hand are being
faced with coping with these changes. Most couples now work outside
their homes and apart from each other and their families, while their
children are now left in the hands of maids who have little or nothing to
Over the years the marriage instability has affected the growth and
could be responsible for this ugly situation. This study therefore focused
35
thus interviewed in Emohua Municipality of the Rivers State, Nigeria.
main both its growth and the viability of its balance of payments in the
nation out of the present economic addrums and pull her hopeful on the
bride price and libation rituals. The exchange that takes place ties the
36
two kin groups together so that many people are interested in the
RELIGIOUS MARRIAGE
other hand permits a man to marry more than one wife at any given
time with the koranic injunctions of equal treatment of them all by their
husbands.
This kind of marriage takes place in a registry. This allows for only one
wife at any time. Either of them may remarry provided legal divorce has
ECONOMIC CRISIS
features:
37
3. Unequal distribution growth and development
associated with the above stated indices which make the satisfaction of
against stability.
SUPPORTIVE FRIENDSHIP
The support that friendship offers and the positive role that friends play
important for couples to have friends who are experiencing with them
the same stage of the family life cycle and the same demands and job
38
for example, newly wedded couple whose friendship may have been
primarily with those who are single seem especially in need of making
new couples friends who are also undergoing the change to life. (Titus
RELIGIOUS COMMITMENT
people work to keep their marriages together. It has been suggested for
example that those who are religious are more conventional and as
for life.
controlled for in one study, and it was reported that there was still
39
As a support for marriages and families, religion serves as a set of
for the good of those who are loved. Religion also stress duty and
any form of instability, there should be the key ingredient which are
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
ODEGU
UBIMINI
EGBEDA
OMUDIOGA
AKPABU
ELELE ALIMINI
RUMUEKPE
40
RUNDELE
IBAA
OBELLE
EMOHUA
OGBAKIRI
ITU
were returned.
41
TABLE 1: DISTRIBUTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
VILLAGES QUSETIONNAIRES QUESTIONNAIRES
ADMINISTERED RETURNED
EMOHUA 70 35
NDELE 65 32
OBAKIRI 50 28
ELELE AZIMINI 45 25
TOTAL 230 120
used.
PRIMARY SOURCES
observation.
THE QUESTIONNAIRE
42
These are structured questions organized by the researcher with
help the researcher to obtain specific answers, it will also allow the
PERSONAL INTERVIEW
OBSERVATION
Since the researcher has spent half of her life in Emohua and has
43
SECONDARY SOURCES
and symposia.
were distributed and 120 questionnaires were duly filled and retuned.
44
3.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
following. Also most of the respondents were illiterate and they also
difficulties (Limitations).
study. Thus, time factor have been one major plight faced by this
research work, hence the time used in carrying out this project research
was limited and thus has contributed into not getting much information
45
While the case of inadequate libraries materials for historical data
collection and related materials were taking care of through the global
These and many more the researcher used to overcome the limitation
of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS
4.0 INTRODUCTION
The data presentation and data analysis of this study is based on the
A total of two hundred questionnaires were sent out and only 120 of the
46
4.1 SHOWS THE SEX DISTRIBUTION AND THEIR PERCENTAGE
This data shows that 66.7% of the respondents are male, while 33.3%
are female. This is primarily because male respondents were more co-
operative.
From the above table, the researcher found out that 16.7 percent of those
interviewed were in the age bracket of 20-24, 30-34, 50-54 and 55 years and
above, 8.3% were in the age bracket of 25-29 and 40-44 years, the age
47
TABLE 4.3 AGE OF MARRIAGE
NO. OF
YEARS OF MARRIAGE PERCENTAGE%
RESPONDENTS
1-5 60 50
6-10 10 8.3
11-15 20 16.7
16-20 10 8.3
21- ABOVE 20 26.7
TOTAL 120 100
The Table above indicates that 50% of the respondents have been married
between one and five years, 8.3 percent revealed that they have been married
between 6-10 years, 16.7% indicates that they have been married for 16-20
years. Finally, 26.7 percent have been married for the period of 21 years and
above.
48
TOTAL 120 100
The above table indicates that 12.45 percent of the respondents are unskilled,
50 percent are semi-skilled, and 33.4 percent are skilled while 4.15 percent
are professional.
40, 000 per annum, 33 percent earn N 40, 000 – 60, 000, 12 percent earn N
61, 000 – 80, 000, 9 percent earn N 81, 000 – 100, 000, 7 percent earn N 101,
49
000 – 120, 000, 3 percent earn N 121, 000 - 140, 000 and only 1 percent earn
TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
RESEARCH QUESTION 1
There is a relationship between insufficient income and marital instability.
Since the percentage of the respondents that agreed to the fact the insufficient
50
OPINION RESPONSES PERCENTAGE %
Agreed 26 22
Strongly Agreed 65 54
Disagreed 15 13
Strongly Disagreed 14 11
TOTAL 120 100
From the above data, 26 respondents agreed that unemployment has affected
strongly disagrees.
HYPOTHESIS III
TABLE 4.8.3 Do you think that the increasing participation of women in wage
women in wage labour accounts for the increased rate in marital instability and
RESEARCH QUESTION 1
TABLE 4.9.1
51
Has the present increase in unemployment affected the stability of your
marriage?
The table above shows that 50% of the respondent supports the fact that the
present unemployment in the state affects the stability of their marriage and
RESEARCH QUESTION II
marriage negatively?
TABLE 4.9.3 Do you think that the insufficiency of your income is affecting the
instability of your marriage?
RESPONCES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE %
Agreed 15 12.45
Strongly Agreed 60 50
Disagreed 40 3.4
Strongly Disagreed 5 4.15
52
TOTAL 120 100
The table above shows that 50% of the respondents understand that there is a
marriage.
RESEARCH QUESTION IV
SAP has led to the breakdown of many homes with 54% taking the lead and
RESEARCH QUESTION V
The table above shows that 42% of the responders suggest that solution
53
number of 8% that strongly disagrees is insignificant compare to those that
supported for solution. Which means that to proffer solution to the shortcoming
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION,
5.0 INTRODUTION
chapter four [4] from the responses of the respondent to (15) of the
statement.
54
In another development, unemployment was also observed as a cause
affects the stability of marriage with 50% responses against 4.15 of the
total respondent.
RESEARCH QUESTION 1:
marriage?
RESEARCH QUESTION 2:
How has the Economic depression affected the instability of your
marriage negatively?
RESEARCH QUESTION 3:
55
The answer was strongly agreed 60 of the responses from the total
respondent was in support that the low income they get from their salary
RESEARCH QUESTION 4:
From the table 4.9.4, 54% of the responses strongly agreed while 11%
strongly disagrees. This means that SAP has also being a major cause
of marital instability
marriage?
In table 4.9.5 shows that 42% against the lowest by 8% that strongly
support for the solution because they know that there is no problem
without solution.
5.2 CONCLUSION
56
Family happiness has paid dearly for this. Families are no longer what
they use to be in the past, the extended family system could not help
the matter rather it now becomes a catalyst. The society is not left alone
anything that affects the entire society affects the family. But above all
the children are the worst hit. We now have abandoned babies here and
there.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
recommendations:
a) The government should make polices that will create job opportunities
to her citizenry
b) There should be government support for couple[s] who lost their job.
frivolous expenses.
57
h) To avoid any form of marital instability there should be the key things
which are love, trust, understanding and communication. This will stand
5.4 SUMMARY
State in particular and the large Nigeria society in general. This is due
From the above, the disintegration of the family nay marriage brings
remedy any problem we have to first find out its causes then move to
proffer a solution.
58
RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
marriage?
2. How has the economic depression affected the instability of your marriage
negatively?
3. Do you think that the insufficiency of your income is affecting the stability of
your marriage?
Again the literature review of this study is very much educative and
economic crisis; it also talks about other causes of marital instability and
marital instability.
Finally, the objectives of the study are achieved such as: to attempt an
59
REFERENCES
World Publishing.
60
Goode, W.J. (1963) World Revolution and Family Patterns.
Houston, P.B. and Hunct C.L. (1984) Sociology, McGrawHill Book Company,
London
61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Penguin.
62
Uchendu V.C. (1965): Case Studies in Cultural Sociology. Hill Richart and
63
APPENDIX
GOVERNMENT”.
instructed therein.
Please be assured that any information you supply in the questionnaire will be
treated in absolute confidence and would only be used for the purpose of this
work.
Yours Faithfully,
Omodu Nyekachi K.
64
QUESTIONNAIRE
Please tick Yes or No to fill the gaps appropriately to correspond to the
SECTION A
1. Sex: Male
Female
2. Age: 23 – 29 30-39
50-59 60 and above
Only 1 2 or more
8. For how long have you been married: 4 years 5-9 years
65
10. Are you still working? Yes No
SECTION B
13. Do you think that your monthly income is still adequate for your basic family
14. Do you think that insufficiency of your income is affecting the instability of your
15. Has the present increase in unemployment affected the stability of your
18. Do you think that SAP led to the breakdown of many homes ?
66
19. Has SAP caused an increase in the level of inflation in Nigeria?
20. The increase in participation of women in wage labour, does it account for the
21. How has the economic depression affected the instability of your
23. Finding out about your spouse ugly side, does it lead to the instability of your
marriage?
24. Does marriage become unstable when love, trust, understanding, patience
67