:

* [ , , ( , ,])...
* [ , , ,]...
* [ , ]...
* [ , , , ]...
* [ ,]..
* [ , ,
]
* [ , , ,].....
* [ , ,]....
* [ , ,]....
* [ , , ]....
* [ ,]....,
* [ ,].......
*
* [ , , ,
]

:
( , , ) *
* ( )
* ( - - - )
* ( - )
* ( , )
* ( , )
* ( , )
* ( , , - )-
:
* :
( ) *
*
* ( ,
(.


:
.
: .
: ( ) .
.
.
: (
) , .
( ):
. ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
.
:
:* .
* ( ).
* .
* .
( ):* .
* .
* .
* ().
* .
* ().
* .
* .
* .
* .
( ):* :
-
-
*: ( - )........ - - . *: - .

 *: - .
* :
( - - , )........
- . *:
.

:

, , ,

.
:
o :
- ( : , , , , ).
-( : , ,).
o ( : , , [ , , .)].....,
o ( : , , ).
o ( : , ,.)......
o ( : , , .)....... ,
o ( : ,.)....... ,
o ( : ,)....... ,
o ( : , , , , ,.)..,
:

:
-1
{ ,
. , .
-2 ()
{ {,

.
-3
( ) ,
. ,
.

.


, ( )
.
.
( ).
:
- :
()Workshop Manger ()Workshop Supervisor ()Service Advisor ()Forman ()Mechanic- General Repair ()Test Mechanic ()Electrician ()Mechanic- Unit Repair ()Cashier ()Warranty Clerk ()Progress Control ()Time Keeper ()Cleaner ()Watchman ()Driver ()Apprentice ()Panel Beater ()Painter :
-

 :
- - :
- .
. {
, { .
)Capital Cost(:
. - :
* .
* .....
* ( , , , .
* .
* .
* .
- :
* ( , { , ).
* .
* .
* .
)Running Cost(:
, , .
:
* ( ,.)........ ,
* .
* ,
*
:
* .
* .
* .
:
* ( %5 {).
* ( %10 {).
* ( %20 {).
:
* .
* .

* ( , ).
* .
:
() :

1,520,000
1,300,000
()
3142 / ()
:

)1 30,000
)2 200,000 50.
:
)1 :
= +
= ( + )
= 2,560,000 = 1,260,000 + 1,300,000 = 30,000 42 + 1,300,000
= 2,450,000 = 930,000 + 1,520,000 = 30,000 31 + 1,520,000
:
30,000 ( ).
* , 20,000
* 20,000
* 20,000
( ) Excel .
*
( , ,.)... ,
)2 ( ):
= ( ) +
= ( + ) +
= + +
= ( - ) -
= 1,300,000 - )42 - 50( 200,000
= 300,000
= 1,520,000 - ) 31 - 45( 200,000
= 2,280,000
200,000
* 20,000 .
* 162,500.
* 80,000.

 ( - ) / - Excel
(.

()
.
(/) .
:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
:

-1 ( , )
-2 ( )
-3
-4
:
.
.
:
,
.
.
, .
:
{ .
.
:
) 1000 ,
( ) :
%100 =4%340%230%120%10
:
:
= 100 = 0.1 1000
:
= 210 = 0.1 100 + 0.2 1000
:
= 341 = 0.1 210 + 0.2 100 + 0.3 1000

 :
= 507 = 0.1 341 + 0.2 210 + 0.3 100 + 0.4 1000
:
= 222 = 0.1 507 + 0.2 341 + 0.3 210 + 0.4 100
:
= 310 = 0.1 222 + 0.2 507 + 0.3 341 + 0.4 210
) 5
= 1690 = 310 + 222 + 507 + 341 + 210 + 100
= 8450 = 5 1690
:

.
:
: : , .:
10700 10 700
3.
) :
= ( - )
= ( 1000 = 10 ) 700 - 10700
3 = - 3
= 7700 = 1000 3 - 10700
) :

=

= B
= S
= T
=
%24 = 0.24
= 2568 = 0.24 10700
= 8132 = 2568 - 10700
= 1952 = 0.24 8132
= 6180 = 1952 -8132
= 1484 = 0.24 6180
= 4969 = 1484 - 6180
.


,
, , .
:
( )Brake drums /:
{ 120 ( 120/) - , () 36 /, ( %80 ), { 40/ .:
=
= 45 = 0.8 36 ( 0.75)
=
= 5400 = 120 45 = 90
=
= 2.25 = 40 90
3.
* , .
:
{ 3
= ( /) ()
=( 160 = )0.75( )40 3/
120/ 3 .%100 3 120/
= / 3
= %75 =160 120
( .) { :* ,
* .
:
- :
* ( ).
*
*
- :
* ,
* .

 # 2 { ,

( ) . %100.
(
,
).
:
-
-
-
-
-
-
, :
( )..... - ( )..... - , ( )....- -
:
, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( " , ," - ) ( , )... (
).
-
.
, , , , ,,
, , .

 -
{
.
.
%100 () ( - -
.).... -
:
( , ) ( - - ) .
. ,
( , , ,
, , )
-
, , . (
- () - )
()
()
,
.
.
. ,
,
( , ...).
:

.
:
240
2 . 8 ( 6 {) ,
2 ( /) .
.
= 40 = 6 240 {
{ = 80 = 2 40
= 10 = 8 80
2 , = 5 = 2 10

 :
:
) :
.
10 15 .
= 30 = 15 2.
) :

, 3 5
. 6 = 30 = 5 6

.
.

( ) .
:
( ) () , :
150
%80 .
: ()

* { .

:
( ) =
= ( 40/ )60 16 = 150 .
=
* 1 = %100
= ( ) ( )
( 1.25 = 1 )16 20( = )1 2
( = )1
= %62.5 =2 1.25
( 1.875 = 1 )16 30( = )2 2
(%93.75 = 2 1.875 = )2
%80 ( 2.25 = 0.8 ]1 ) 16 45([ = )3
%20 ( 0.125 = 0.2 ]1 )16 10([ = )3

( 2.375 = 0.125 + 2.25 = )3+3 3

(%79.17 = 3 2.375 = )3
(0.9375 = 1 )16 15( = )4 1
(%93.75 =1 0.9375 = )4






1
20
16
1.250
2

%62.50
2
30
16
1.875
2
%93.75
3
45
16
2.375
3
%79.17
4
15
16
0.9375
1
%93.75
6.4375
8
%80.47
* 1 1
, ( {) ,

:
Preventive Maintenance)

. :
*
* ( , , )
*
*

( Repairs) (

, :
*
* ()
, :
* ,
*

, .
,
.
(

) :
(
) . .
,
.
: , 50.
= 75 = 50 1.5
150
225 = 150 + 75
.
) :
(
+ ) .
.

.
:
*
()*
#
.
:
* ( ):
( )Original Equipment Manufacturer- OEM
.
( {) ( .)
, ....,
,..............,
* ():
,........,
* :
() %15
. .
* ( ):

 ( )
. .
:
* ,
( , , )
* ,
(. (