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A mole of any element is defined as the number of atoms of that element which
equals to the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon (the 12 grams = the
atomic mass of carbon)
6. What is the unit of mass used in the lab?
Gram
7. So, how many atoms are in an element?
6.02 x 1023 = 1 mole
8. What does the number 6.02 x 1023 mean?
It is the number of atoms found in an element. It is a constant value since it was
originated from carbon experimentally
9. What is the importance of the mole?
The mole establishes a relationship between the atomic mass unit and the gram.
Calcium (Ca)
Atomic Number 20
Sodium chloride
Hydrogen H2
# of particles in
1Mole
6.02 x 1023
6.02 x 1023
6.02 x 1023
Mass of 1 mole
Particle
Atomic or Formula
mass (expressed in
amu)
element
40 amu
Molar mass
(same as A. mass,
but expressed in
grams)
40g/mo/
Ionic compound
Diatomic molecule
23+35= 58amu
1 + 1 = 2 amu
58g/mol
2g/mol
atom
atom
Molecule
20.2g
65.4g
40.3g
20. Calculate the mass of a sample if you know the number of moles of the
sample.
Problem: 2.50 moles of NaCl were used in an experiment. Calculate the sample size in
grams.
Step 1: Find the molar mass of your substance first
Na= 23 a.m.u
Cl = 35 a.m.u
58 a.m.u or g
Step 2: Use your result as a conversion factor 1 mol NaCl = 58g
2.5moles NaCl x 58gr NaCl = 145g NaCl
1 mol
21. Useful formula to convert from mass to moles
Grams x 1 mol = MOLES
Gram
22. Formula to convert moles to mass
Moles x grams = grams
1 Moles
CONVERSION OF PARTICLES AND MOLES
23. In these conversions you do not need to know the identity of the substance. You
have to remember that 1 mole of any substance = 6.02 x 1023 atoms/ formula
units/particles = 1 molecule
Problem: how many molecules are in 2 moles of H2O
2 moles x (6.02 x 1023 molecules) = 12 x 1023 or 1.2 x 1024
1 mol
Particles to moles
Particles of the substance x 1mol = moles of substance
6.02 x 1023
PARTICLE CONVERSION
The number of particles in 1 mole of any substance equals the number of Avogadro.
Thus, the conversion factor is 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 particles/formula units/molecules
Example: A piece of a substance contains 8.74 x1023 formula units. How many moles of
CaCO3 does it have?
8.74 x 1023 formula units x 1mol CaC03 = 1.45 moles CaCO3
6.02 x1023
MOLES AND GASES
You can find the number of moles that exist in a certain volume of gas. 1 mole of any gas
at standard temperature and pressure (STP) is 22.4 liters.
This 22.4l number is called the molar volume because it is the volume of 1 mole of a gas
at STP
Example: A container has 1 liter of a particular gas at STP. How many moles does it
have?
1L of gas x 1mol = 2.7moles
22.4L
STEP3: With this information you now that you have 6.67 moles of C and 19.8 moles of
H. Using the smallest whole number ratio of moles (meaning the smallest number) divide
each mole value .
C = 6.67
6.67
H= 19.8
6.67
H= 2.97~ 3
STEP5 It means that you have one atom of carbon and 3 of hydrogen or CH3
Since C is the least electronegative it is written first.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
The mass of each element in a compound compared to the entire mass of the compound
and multiplied by 100 percent is called the percentage composition of the compound.
Or,
% Composition of an element = Mass of the element x 100
Mass of compound
Example % composition of H in H2O
% of H =
2g of H
18g of H2O
x 100 = 11%
MOLECULAR FORMULA
This is the formula that gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecular
compound.
Example: the empirical formula of glucose is CH2O. Experiments show that the molar mass of
glucose is 180g/mol. What is the molecular formula of glucose?
STEP 1: calculate the mass of the empirical formula
C= 12 x1 = 12
H=1x2= 2
O = 16 x 1 = 16
30g
STEP 2: Divide the molar mass of the substance (glucose) by the empirical formula mass of
glucose
180 = 6
30
STEP 3: this number tells you that the molar mass of glucose is six times more than the empirical
formula so multiply the formula by 6.
6(CH2O) = C6H 12O6