Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Pradeep Patel
2. Prashant Mankotia
3. Prateek Mudgal
4. Pankaj Chauhan
5. Sandeep Rana
• Meaning of Urbanization –
• iii) a density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. (1,000 per sq. mile).
• According to the Census 2001, in India out of total population of
1027 million about 285 millions live in urban areas and 742
millions live in rural areas. Thus, around 28 out of every 100
persons in India live in urban areas.
The top students from the Indian Institutes of Technology are not just globally
•
competitive, they have set the global standard. Yet, many, if not most, children in
India finish government primary schools incapable of simple arithmetic.
• Hydroelectric power
projects and five steel mills
at Bhilai, Durgapur, and
Rourkela were established
• At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister. The Indira
Gandhi government nationalized 14 major Indian banks and the
Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture
• The Seventh Plan marked the comeback of the Congress Party to power. The plan
lay stress on improving the productivity level of industries by up gradation of
technology
• As an outcome of the sixth five year plan, there had been steady growth in
agriculture, control on rate of Inflation, and favorable balance of payments which had
provided a strong base for the seventh five Year plan to build on the need for further
economic growth. The 7th Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production
at large.
• Period between 1989-91
• New Economic Policy 1991
• Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan,
the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning
deficit and foreign debt.
• The major objectives included, containing population growth, poverty reduction,
employment generation, strengthening the infrastructure, Institutional building,
Human Resource development, Involvement of Panchayat raj, Nagarapalikas,
N.G.O’s and Decentralization and peoples participation.
• Energy was given priority with 26.6% of the outlay. An average annual growth rate of
6.7% against the target 5.6% was achieved.
• Ninth Plan (1997 - 2002)
Prioritize agricultural sector and emphasize on the rural development.
• Basic infrastructural facilities like education for all, safe drinking water, primary health
care, transport, energy
• Growing population was checked.
• During the Ninth Plan period, the growth rate was 5.35 per cent, a percentage point
lower than the target GDP growth of 6.5 per cent
• Tenth plan (2002-2007)
• Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are being developed with a view to provide
infrastructure and hassle free environment to promote exports from the State. SEZ
Act gives major incentives for infrastructure creation • 100% FDI allowed in
construction
• FDI limits relaxed in telecom, civil aviation and construction;
• FDI policy being reviewed. Record investment by FIIs due to steps taken and very
good economic performance.
• Job creation in the private organized sector has been very weak.
• wage expansion has been more rapid for those with already high wages.
• It suggests that the low growth rate of India, a country with a high Hindu
population was in a sharp contrast to high growth rates in other non-Hindu
Asian countries, especially the East Asian Tigers, which were also newly
independent.
• Growth Rates of National Income (in percentage)
• (Target) (Actual)
• 1. First Plan 2.1 3.6
• 2. Second Plan 4.5 4.0
• 3. Third Plan 5.6 2.2
• 4. Fourth Plan 5.7 3.3
• 5. Fifth Plan 4.4 5.2
• 6. Sixth Plan 5.2 5.2
• 7. Seventh Plan 5.0 5.8
• 8. Eighth Plan 5.6 6.7
• 9. Ninth Plan 6.5 5.4
• 10. Tenth Plan 8.0 –
• Labor markets: little growth in formal jobs
• According to the Indian Market Research Bureau, there are 80 lakh children how are
still out of the school.
• No of Children's
• Bihar – 13,15,768
• U.P - 27,64,816
• Rajasthan - 10,00,311
• Madhya Pradesh - 3,06,641
• Orissa - 3,89,661
• West Bengal - 6,77,852.
• ‘Flying Geese Paradigm’
• which says the Asian economies will take off one by one and move in a cluster, just
like migrating geese. Japan would be at the head of the formation.
• The Indian economy has recently been notching up some of the highest growth rates
in the world. But India’s economic growth is truly a miracle, simply because its
economy has followed a completely new path to development, one that has not been
followed by any of the late developing economies. That is really scary because we
are not following a proven model.
• Migration –
• Migration is the most visible and dramatic phenomenon in the
growth of cities.
• Census year Number Population Population % to Urban
(In million) (Per million Plus city)
Population
1901 1 1.51 1.51 5.84
1911 2 2.76 1.38 10.65
1921 2 3.13 1.56 11.14
1931 2 3.41 1.70 10.18
1941 2 5.31 2.65 12.23
1951 5 11.75 2.35 18.81
1961 7 18.10 2.58 22.93
1971 9 27.83 3.09 25.51
1981 12 42.12 3.51 26.41
1991 23 70.66 3.07 32.54
2001 35 107.88 3.08 38.60
Sources:
1.Census of India 1991, Series I, India, Part IIA (ii)- A series, Towns and Urban Agglomerations 1991
with
Their Population, 1901-1991, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi.
2. Census of India 2001, www.censusindia.net.
• Delhi with a population of 12.8 million ranks third after Mumbai and
Kolkata.
• The growth in Delhi UA is therefore primarily due to the census towns that
have shown extremely high growth rates in 1991-2001.
• Growth of Million Plus Cities.
• Annual exponential growth rate
• 2001 1991
• 1. Greater Mumbai 16368084 12596243 2.62
• 2. Kolkata 13216546 11021918 1.82
• 3. Delhi 12791458 8419084 4.18
• 4. Chennai 6424624 5421985 1.70
• 5. Hyderabad 5533640 4344437 2.42
• 6. Bangalore 5686844 4130288 3.20
• 7. Ahmadabad 4519278 3312216 3.11
• 8. Pune 3755525 2493987 4.09
• 9. Kanpur 2690486 2029889 2.82
• 10. Nagpur 2122965 1664006 2.44
• 11. Lucknow 2266933 1669204 3.06
• 12. Jaipur 2324319 1518235 4.26
• 13. Surat 2811466 1518950 6.16
• 14. Kochi 1355406 1140605 1.73
• 15. Vadodara 1492398 1126824 2.81
• 16. Indore 1639044 1109056 3.91
• 17. Coimbatore 1446034 1100746 2.73
• 18. Patna 1707429 1099647 4.40
• 19. Bhopal 1454830 1062771 3.14
• 20. Vishakhapatnam 1329472 1057118 2.29
• 21. Ludhiana M. Corp. 1395053 1042740 2.91
• 22. Varanasi 1211749 1030863 1.62
• 23. Madurai 1194665 1085914 0.95
• Total for Million 94738248 70996726 2.88
• Source: Census of India (1981, 1991, and 2001).
Example Mumbai
• After independence in 1947, the growth of the port, the discovery of offshore
oil, the emergence of financial services, the development of national and
international trade and the establishment of many public sector units and
educational institutions gave further impetus to the growth of the city.
Mumbai also became the capital of the State of Maharashtra, adding further
to its administrative importance.
• The findings are summarized below.
• In Greater Mumbai 1,959 slum settlements have been identified with a total
population of 6.25 million, which forms 54 per cent of the total population of
the city (Census of India, 2001).
• Migration has to stop
• It is estimated that 100 to 300 new families come to Mumbai every day and
most land up in a slum colony or just erect a shanty on the nearest available
footpath.
• Per capita Income means how much an individual earns, of the yearly
income that is generated in the country through productive activities
Year
No State\UT 2004-05 2005-06
Source: For Sl. No. 1-32 -- Directorate of Economics & Statistics of respective
State Governments, and for All-India -- Central Statistical Organization
State wise per capita Income in Rupees.
Year
No State\UT 2004-05 2005-06
Source: For Sl. No. 1-32 -- Directorate of Economics & Statistics of respective
State Governments, and for All-India -- Central Statistical Organization
• Agony of Bimaru States
• India’s total GDP growth rate in 1991 was 5.4 % per annum and
• Bihar – Negative 1%
• MP – 0.4 %
• UP 2.1 %
• Assam - 2.6 %
• Rajasthan - 3.5 %
• An Act to Provide for the Security of the households in rural areas of the country by
providing at least one hundred days of Guaranteed wage employment in every
financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled
manual work.
• In this Govt. decided to reimburse only upto a maximum of Rs 100 as daily wage per
person under NREGA to states.
Purpose of NREGA
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 offer relief to underemployed
manual labour and to those struggling for a living in drought prone dry land rain – fed
farming dependent areas.
• Farmers' suicides in India
• The problem is complex . The World Trade Organisation policies and developed
nations' subsidies to their cotton farmers which make Vidarbha's cotton
uncompetitive in world markets.
• The Indian government had promised to increase the minimum rate for cotton by
approximately Rs 100 ($2) but reneged on its promise by reducing the Minimum
Support Price further. This resulted in more suicides as farmers were ashamed to
default on debt payments to loan sharks. "In 2006, 1,044 suicides were reported in
Vidarbha alone - that's one suicide every eight hours.
• It is not only the landed who have a crisis of indebtedness to deal with.
There were a number of landless families who had leased land on a
short-/long-term basis by securing loans.
• Thus, the survivors were reduced to landlessness due to debt. Among those
committed included medium and large landowners who were also affected
by a high level of un-payable debt.
• Naxalism: - Maoist revolutionary movement in India.
•
• Though the movement in West Bengal was crushed within five years of its
emergence,but the movement was only officially over.
• .
• Over the years, the Naxals organized themselves in a better manner, acquired
weapons. In their consistent battles over almost last two decade, they have managed
to put para - military troops and police forces under tremendous pressure with their
secretive and unpredictable way of functioning.
• The battle - hard Naxals are now perceived to be the ‘greatest threat’ to India’s
internal security and the Ministry of Home Affairs has acknowledged that 13 Indian
states and their 190 districts are affected by the growing cloud of Naxal movement.
• Spread of Naxal network: Such has been the extent of Naxal violence that in the last
• half – a - decade, the number of civilians and security personnel killed in the Naxal
• belt is much greater than those in the insurgency - ridden north east and Kashmir.
• Whereas 4405 death were reported in Naxal - related violence during the period, the
• figures stand at 4,324 and 4,136, in North east and Kashmir, respectively.
•
They Control 40% of land area in India.
• Government initiatives: The Government of India has realized the fact that
unlike other extremist movement, Naxal activities find it easy to garner mass
support as they ideologically seek to render justice to socially backward
classes.
• Blatant use of force and banning the outfit is past has evidently proved to
be ineffective in tackling the spread of Naxal menace. Hence, if Naxals are
to be dissociated from the rural support base, the Government must come
up with plans to bolster socio-economic activity in Naxal-infested areas
which, in turn can act as a means to upgrade standard of living of the poor
populace.
• .
• indian Prime Minister has posited in past that Naxalite problem had a strong
socio-economic dimension that was at the very essence of the issue. He
rightly made a distinction between the hardcore Naxalite, who needs to be
tackled severely, and the foot-soldier whom the Government will try to wean-
off from the path of violence though socio-economic packages. This is the
path India needs to follow—cautious use of force and simultaneous
deployment of poverty elevation measures—which can ensure an end to this
gravest problem.
• Source & Acknowledgement