Chapter 01

Lecture and
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Chapter 1-Introduction
Anatomy:
- study of structure
- means to dissect
Physiology:
study of function
Anatomy and Physiology work together.
2

What is the Importance of

Anatomy and Physiology?
Basis for understanding diseases
Allows an understanding of how the body
works and responds to stimuli

Types of Anatomy
Systemic:
studies body systems
Regional:
studies body regions (medical schools)
Surface:
studies external features, Ex. Bone projections
Anatomical imaging:
uses x-rays, ultrasound, MRIs
4

Structural Levels of Body

1. Chemical:
smallest level
- Ex. atoms
2. Cell:
- basic unit of life
- Ex. Includes organelles (mitochondria,
nucleus, ribosomes, etc.)
5

3. Tissue:
- group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substance
- Ex. Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
4. Organ:
- 2 or more tissue types
- Ex. Skin, heart, stomach, etc.

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Brain

Spinal cord

Larynx
Trachea

Carotid
artery
Esophagus

Aortic arch
Lung
Heart

Diaphragm

Liver
Pancreas (behind
stomach)
Gallbladder
Kidney
(behind intestine)
Large
intestine
Ureter
(behind small
intestine)
Urinary
bladder
Urethra

Spleen (behind stomach)

Stomach
Kidney
(behind stomach)
Small intestine

5. Organ system:
group of organs
6. Organism:
all structural levels working together

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Hair

Skin

Ribs

Skull

Temporalis

Clavicle

Pectoralis
major

Sternum
Humerus

Biceps
brachii

Vertebral
column
Pelvis

Rectus
abdominis

Radius
Ulna

Femur

Tibia

Sartorius
Quadriceps
femoris

Gastrocnemius

Fibula

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Provides protection, regulates temperature,

prevents water loss, and helps produce
vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and
sweat glands.

Provides protection and support, allows

body movements, produces blood cells, and
stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones,
associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

Produces body movements, maintains

posture, and produces body heat. Consists of
muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

Tonsils
Nose
Thymus

Cervical
lymph
node

Nasal
cavity

Pharynx
(throat)

Pharynx
(throat)
Larynx

Oral cavity
(mouth)

Esophagus

Trachea
Axillary
lymph
node
Lymphatic
vessel

Mammary
plexus

Stomach

Bronchi

Pancreas

Lungs

Thoracic
duct

Liver
Gallbladder

Spleen
Inguinal
lymph node

Salivary
glands

Small
intestine
Large
intestine

Appendix
Rectum
Anus

Lymphatic System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Removes foreign substances from the blood

and lymph, combats disease, maintains
tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from
the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic
organs.

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

between the blood and air and regulates
blood pH. Consists of the lungs and
respiratory passages.

Performs the mechanical and chemical

processes of digestion, absorption of
nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists
of the mouth, esophagus, stomach,
intestines, and accessory organs.

Characteristics of Life

Organization:
7 structural levels

Metabolism:
- ability to use energy
- uses digestive and respiratory systems

Responsiveness:
ability to sense changes in envt and make
adjustments
12

Growth:
an increase in size

Development:
changes in cell structure and function from
generalized to specialized

Reproduction:
formation of new cells or new organisms
13

Homeostasis
What is it?
- maintenance of a constant internal envt
- Ex. Body temp., BP, HR, BR
Variable:
- conditions that change
- Ex. Envt temp.
Set point:
- ideal, normal value
- Ex. 120/80 for BP or 98.6o for body temp.

14

Negative Feedback
What is it?
- mechanism that regulates homeostasis
- negative meaning a deviation from set point
- Ex. Blood pressure

16

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1 Receptors monitor the

value of a variable. In this
case, receptors in the wall
of a blood vessel monitor
blood pressure.
2 Information about the value
of the variable is sent to a
control center. In this case,
nerves send information to
the part of the brain
responsible for regulating
blood pressure.
3 The control center
compares the value of the
variable against the set
point.

1
Receptors monitor
blood pressure.

Nerves
3
Control center
(brain)

4 If a response is necessary
to maintain homeostasis,
the control center causes
an effector to respond. In
this case, nerves send
information to the heart.

5
Effector (heart)
responds to changes
in blood pressure.

5 An effector produces a
response that maintains
homeostasis. In this case,
changing heart rate
changes blood pressure.

17

Components of Negative Feedback

Control center:
- brain
- establishes set point
Receptor:
detects changes (variable)
Effector:
responds to changes
18

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Blood pressure
(normal range)

Control centers in the brain decrease

stimulation of heart and blood vessels
when receptors detect increased blood
pressure.

The effectors respond:

Heart rate decreases;
blood vessels dilate.

Blood pressure increases:

Homeostasis Disturbed

Start Here

Blood pressure decreases:

Homeostasis Disturbed

Control centers in the brain increase

stimulation of heart and blood vessels
when receptors detect decreased
blood pressure.

Blood pressure decreases:

Homeostasis Restored

Blood pressure
(normal range)

Blood pressure increases:

Homeostasis Restored

The effectors respond:

Heart rate increases;
blood vessels constrict.

19

Positive Feedback
What is it?
- deviation from set point becomes greater
- makes a bad situation worse
- rarely found in healthy people

20

Figure 1.7

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22

Body Positions
Anatomical position:
person standing erect with face and palms forward
Supine:
person lying face up
Prone:
person lying face down
23

Directional Terms
Superior:
above
Inferior:
below
Anterior:
front
Posterior:
back
24

 Medial:
close to midline
Lateral:
away from midline
Proximal:
close to point of attachment
Distal:
far from point of attachment
25

Figure 1.7a

Figure 1.8

26

Figure 1.8

 Superficial:
close to surface
Deep:
toward interior of body

28

Body Planes
Sagittal:
runs vertically and separates body into left and right
Midsagittal:
runs down the middle and divides body into equal left
and right halves
Transverse:
runs horizontally and separates body into top and bottom
Frontal:
runs vertically and separates body into anterior and
posterior
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Figure
1.11

30

Body Regions
Upper limbs:
upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Lower limbs:
thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
Central:
head, neck, trunk
Trunk:
thoracic (chest), abdomen, pelvis
31

Figure 1.8a

Figure 1.9b

Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity:
heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea
Mediastinum:
divides thoracic cavity into left and right
Abdominal cavity:
stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas,
kidneys
Pelvic cavity:
urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of
large intestine
34

Figure 1.13

 Pericardial cavity:
around heart
Pleural cavity:
around lungs
Peritoneal cavity:
around abdominopelvic cavity

36

Membranes
Mesentery:
double-layered membrane that covers organs
and anchors them to body wall
Serous membrane:
cover organs and line cavity walls

37

Types of Serous Membranes

Visceral membrane:
covers organs
Parietal membrane:
lines cavity walls

38

Figure 1.14b

Figure 1.15a

Figure 1.15b