Jerald G. Bachman (2011).

The self-esteem findings also include gender differences, and gender

interactions with race/ethnicity. Among White and Asian-American students, and Hispanic
students to a lesser extent, self-esteem scores are lower for females than for males; moreover,
adjustments for the higher GPAs and college plans of females actually enhance these gender
differences. Among African-American students, the unadjusted scores do not show consistent
gender differences, but here again adjustments for GPA and college plans lower female scores
compared with those of males. Researcher made questionnaire format was used for the selfesteem measure.

Adolescent Self-Esteem: Differences by Race/Ethnicity, Gender,

and Age
Jerald G. Bachman,
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., P.O. Box 1248, Ann
Arbor, MI 48106-1248, 734-763-5043, 734-936-0043 (fax), jbachman@umich.edu
Patrick M. OMalley,
University of Michigan
Peter Freedman-Doan,
University of Michigan
Kali H. Trzesniewski, and
The University of Western Ontario
M. Brent Donnellan
Michigan State University

YEAR 2011
INSTRUMENT: single questionnaire format was used for the self-esteem measur