GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

HkkSfrd foKku Physics

Units
HkkSfrdh dk laca/k d`fr ds ewy fu;eksa
RkFkk mudh fofHkUu ifj?kVukvksa ds v/;;u
Lks gSA HkkSfrdh ds ewy fu;e lkoZHkkSfed gSEkkiu ,oa ek=d
HkkSfrd foKku HkkSfrd jkfk;ksa ds ekiu ij
vk/kkfjr ,d ifjek.kkRed foKku gS Lkkr ewy ek=dksa ij vk/kkfjr ek=dksa dh
varjkZ"Vh; .kkyh SI varjkZ"Vh; Lrj
ij Lohd`r .kkyh gSewy jkfk;ka ,oa muds ek=d
ewy jkfk
yackbZ
nzO;eku
le;
fo|qr
"ekxfrd rki
IknkFkZ dh ek=k
T;ksfr & rhozrk

SI ek=d

ehVj
fdyksxzke
lsdaM
/kkjk ,sfEi;j
dsfYou
eksy
dSaMsyk

rhd
m
kg
s
A
K
mol
cd

S. I. ds lEiwjd ek=d

leery dks.k
jsfM;u
rad jsM
?ku dks.k solid angle LVsjsfM;u sr
-

Ampere (A) unit of electrical current.

Barrel - unit of liquid capacity 1 barrel
of oil = 42 US gallons or
34.9723 imperial gal or
158.9873 litre
o
Celsius ( C) Scale of temperature.
previovously called
centigrade. In which
freezing point being 0
degree and bolling point
100 degree.
Coulomb (C) SI unit (symbol C) of
Electrical charge.
dilopter measuring the power of
a lens.
dyne cgs unit of force. 105
dynes = 1 N
o
Fahrenheit ( F) Temperature scale.
water freezes at 32o F.
fathom unit of depth
measurement in mining
and sea faring.
1 fathom= 1.83 m/6 ft
Gallon (gal) imperial unit of liquid or dry
Horsepower - unit of power. Now replaced
By the watt
1 horsepower = per second /
76 watts.
Hertz (Hz) unit of frequency.
Joule (J) unit of work and energy.
One joule per scond. 4.2
joule equals one calorie.
Kelvin (K) unit to Temperature.
Knot unit to measure a ships
Speed.
1 knot = 1 nautical mile per
hour, or 1.15 miles p/h

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 1

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

Light- year -

Mile (mi) Newton (N) Ohm () Ounce (oz) Pascal (Pa) Pound (Ib) -

Volt (V) Watt (W) -

Yard (yd) -

cy

unit used in astronomy to

Measure distance; the
distance traveled by light
in one year.
imperial unit of linear
measure.
unit of force.
unit of electrical resistance,
unit of mass. Equal 28.35 g
unit of pressure
imperial unit (abbreviation
Ib) of mass, the imperial
Standard pound = 0.45 kg.
unit of electromotive force
Or electric potential.
unit of power (the rate of
consumptio of energy).
(Watts = volts X amperes).
unit of length.

Force

vidsUnzh; cy Centrifugal Force & dksbZ Hkh fi.M Body tks odazh; iFk circular path ij py
jgh gS mldh xfr ds dkj.k ml fi.M ij dsUnz ls ckgj dh rjQ ,s cy yxrk gS bls gh vidsUnzh; cy dgk
tkrk gS] blh ds dkj.k okgu ds pDds ls dhpM+ ckgj dh vksj fNVdrh gS- okfkax ekhu esa diM+k blh fof/k
ls lq[kk;k tkrk gS vfHkdsUnzh; cy Centripetal Force & vidsUnzh; cy dks larqfyr djus ds fy, dsUnz dh vksj yxk;k
tkus okyk cy vfHkdsUnzh; cy dgykrk gS] mnkgj.k & eksM+ ij nqifg;k okgu dsUnz dh vksj >qdk, tkrs gSa]
eksM+ ij lM+d o jsy dh iVjh ckgj dh rjQ dqN aph cukbZ tkrh gSa mRIykou cy Buoyant Force of Upthrust & fdlh nzo fdlh oLrq ij ij dh vksj yxk;k x;k cyblh dkj.k nzo esa Mwch oLrqvksa ds Hkkj esa deh rhr gksrh gSad`fr ds

ewy cy
xq:Rokd"kZ.k Gravitation Force
oS|qr pqEcdh; cy Electromagnatic Force
cy ukfHkdh; cy Stron Nuclear Force or Strong Force
nqcZy ukfHkdh; cy Weak Nuclear Force

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 2

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

xq:Rokd"k.kZ

Gravitational Force

R;sd oLrq ftldk nzO;eku Mass gS og nwljh oLrq dks vkdZf"kr djrh gS] ;gh xq:Rokd"kZ.k dk fl)kar
U;wVu us fn;k Fkk xq:Roh; Roj.k Accelaration due to Gravity & xq:Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k Lora= :i ls fxj jgh oLrq ds
osx Valocity esa ifjorZu dh nj dks Roj.k dgrs gSa] bls ls g O; djrs gSa] i`Foh esa bldk eku g = 9-8
ehVj @ lsd.M gS] panzek esa bldk eku i`Foh dh rqyuk esa 1@ 6 gksrk gS] fo"kqor js[kk esa bldk eku lcls
de ,oa /kqoksa ij lokZf/kd gksrk gS] i`Foh esa apkbzZ ;k xgjkbZ dh vksj c<+us ij xq:Roh; Roj.k ds eku esa deh
vkrh gS
iyk;u osx Accelaration due to Gravity & xq:Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k Lora= :i ls fxj jgh oLrq
[kxksyh; fi.M Astronomical body dh xq:Roh; vkd"kZ.k Gravitational attraction lhek ls ckgj
pyh tk,- i`Foh esa bldk eku 11-2 fd- eh- @ fr lsd.M-

?k"kZ.k Friction &

?k"kZ.k fdUgha nks oLrqvksa ds laidZ ry surface ij mRiUu og cy gS tks ,d oLrq dks nwljh oLrq ij ljdus dk
fojks/k djrk gS-

xfr Motion
vfnk jkfk;k Scalars os jkfk;k gSa ftuesa dsoy ifj.kke gksrk gS] nwjh pky] nzO;eku rFkk rki vfnk
jkfk;ksa ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA
lfnk jkfk;k Vectors os jkfk;k gSa ftuesa ifj.kke rFkk fnkk nksuksa gksrs gSa] foLFkkiu] osx rFkk Roj.k
vkfn bl dkj dh jkfk ds dqN mnkgj.k gSa fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ,d xfr gS] bldh O;k[;k r; dh xbZ nwjh ;k foLFkkiu ds :i esa dh tk ldrh gS fr bdkbZ le; esa oLrq ds }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh mldh pky gS vkSj fr bdkbZ le; esa gqvk foLFkkiu
mldk osx gSa ogha Roj.k fr bdkbZ le; esa mlds osx esa gksus okyk ifjoZru gSA
,d oLrq dh xfr dk leku ;k vleku gksuk ml oDr ds osx ij fuHkZj djrk gS xfrd fl)kar & xfrt fl)kar ds vuqlkj inkFkZ ds v.ka 'kk'or xfr dh voLFkk esa jgrs gSaA
ljy yksyd & mnkgj.k & ;fn >wys esa cSBh yM+dh [kM+h gks tk, rks >wys dh xfr esa o`f) gks tkrh gS]
xehZ ds fnuksa esa ;kaf=d ?kfM+;k is.Mqye dh yackbZ esa o`f) ds dkj.k /kheh gks tkrh gS] B.M esa fldqM+us ds
dkj.k rst gks tk,xh-

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 3

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

U;wVu ds xfr ds 3 fu;e

U;wVu us viuh iqLrd faflfr;k esa vius ds fu;e fn;s gSa1- igyk fu;e % tM+Ro dk fu;e & ;fn oLrq fLFkj gS rks fLFkj jgsxh] xfrkhy gS rks xfrkhy jgsxh ;fn ml ik
ckgjh cy u yxk;k tk,mnkgj.k & pyrh cl ;k Vsu ds vpkud :dus ik ;k=h dk 'kjhj vpkud lkeus dh vksj >qd tkrk gS]
pyrh cl ;k Vsu ls mrjus ij dqN nwjh rd nkSM+dj viuh xfr de djuh iM+rh gS] dscy ;k jtkbZ dks
M.Ms ls ihVus ij /kwy vyx gks tkrk gS] isM+ fgykus ij Qy dk fxjuk2- nwljk fu;e% cy dk fu;e & fdlh oLrq ds lacx
s esa ifjorZu dhnj yxkus x;s cy ds vuqikfrs vkSj mlh
fnkk esa gksrk gS ftlesa cy dk;Z djrk gSmnkgj.k & dSp ysrs le; gkFk dks ihNs vksj [khapuk] jsr esa gwnus ij pksV u yxuk3- rhljk fu;e% fdz;k & frfdz;k dk fu;e & R;sd fd;k dh cjkcj ,oa foijhr frfdz;k gkarh gSmnkgj.k & jkdsVdk uksnu Rocket Propulsion] canwd pykus ij da/ksa ij >Vdk yxuk= uko ls Olf ds
mrjus ik uko dk ihNs dh vksj pyk tkuk laosx laj{k.k dk fu;e Principle of Conservation of Momentum & ;s U;wVu ds nwljs vkSj rhljs
ds la;kstu dk ifj.kke gS- jkdsV dk mM+kuk ;k canwd pykus ij da/ks ij >Vdk yxuk blh dkj.k gksrk gS-

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 4

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

tkZ Energy
tkZ & fdlh oLrq dh dk;Z djus dh {kerk dks tkZ dgrs gSaA tkZ ,d vfnk jkfk gS ftldk
ek=d twy gSA
tkZ laj{k.k dk fl)kar Law of Conservation of Energy & tkZ u mRiUu dh tk ldrh gS u
gh u"V] dsoy mldk :i ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gStkZ nks dkj dh gksrh gS %
1- fLFkfrt tkZ Potential energy The energy that a body or system has because of its
position in an electric, magnetic. Or gravitational field. & fdlh inkFkZ ds dkj.k fufgr tkZ]
mnkgj.k & ?kM+h dh fLax esa fLFkfrt tkZ gksrh gS] apkbZ esa o`f) gksrh gS2- xfrt tkZ Kinetic energy the energy that a body or system has because of its
motion& fdlh inkFkZ esa mldh xfr ds dkj.k fufgr tkZ- mnkgj.k & aph dwn ds f[kykM+h tc nkSM+rs gSa
rks muesa xfrt laxzfgr gks tkrh gS o ckal dks Qlkus ij fLFkfrt tkZ esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gStkZ ds fofHkUu :i
1- jklk;fud tkZ Chemical Energy & cSVjh] dks;yk blds :i gSa2- dkk tkZ Light Energy & V~;wcykbV o cYC3- fo|qr tkZ Electrical Energy & Mk;useks ;k tsujsVj ;kaf=d tkZ dks fo|qr tkz esa ifjofrZr djrk gScSVjh esa jklk;fud tkZ fo|qr tkZ esa cny tkrh fS- QksVks oksfYVd lsy ;k lksyj lsy dkk tkZ dks
fo|qr tkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gS4- ukHkdh; tkZ Nuclear Energy vkfn'kf Power
tkZ mi;ksx djus dh nj ;k varfjr djus dh nj dks 'kf dgrs gSa The rate of performing work or
transferring energy
Ekk=d Units & okV] gklZ ikoj 746 okV = 1 gklZ ikoj HP
tkZ :ikUrfjr djus okys dqN midj.k
midj.k
tkZ dk :ikUrj.k
Mk;ueks
;kaf=d tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa
YkkmMLihdj fo|qr tkZ dks /ofu tkZ esa
fo|qr eksVj
fo|qr tkZ dks ;kaf=d esa
fo|qr cYc
fo|qr tkZ dks dkk ,oa m"ek tkZ esa
fo|qr lsy
jklk;fud tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 5

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

nzo LFkSfrdh Hydrostatics

nkc Pressure nkc = cy@ {ks=Qy
nkc ds ek=d units & ikLdr] ckj] feyhckj
ckj dk gtkjok fdLlk] ekSle foKku esa mi;ksx gksrk gS

nkc ekid midj.k

cSjksehVj ;a= dk ;ksx nkc ekius gsrq gksrk
gS] eSuksehVj nkckUrj ekius gsrq gksrk gS]
fLQXekseSuksehVj jnkc ekius esa gksrk gS-

nkc ds fl)kar &

v dkbZ Hkh nzo ;k xSl lnSo mPp nkc ls fuEu nkc dh vksj okfgr gksrh gS mnkgj.k & ioZrjksfg;ksa tc igkM+ ij
p<+rs gSa rks ukd ls [kwu vkuk] gokbZ ;k=k ls iwoZ QkmUVsu isu ls L;kgh fudky nh tkrh gSa] ekulwu dh mRifRr
dk dkj.k] is; inkFkZ ihus ds fy, ikbi dk mi;ksx] cSjksehVj dk ikB~;dze vpkud cgqr de gks tk, rks og
rwQku dh iwoZlwpuk ekuh tkrh gSac fdlh Hkh nzo esa xgjkbZ esa tkus ij ncko esa o`f) gkarh gSa ,oa apkbZ esa tkus ij ok;qeaMyh; ncko esa deh gksrh gS]
blfy, xksrk[kksj xgjkbZ esa tkus ls iwoZ dku lqj{kk gsrq midj.k yxk ysrs gSal cjukSyh dk es; Barnollis Theroem & ;fn fdlh nzo dk osx vf/kd gks rks mldk ncko de gksrk gS ;fn
mldk osx ij IysVQkeZ esa dkxt VqdM+]s gYdh oLrq,a vkfn vkdf"kZr gksrs gSaikWLdy dk fu;e Pascals Law &
fdlh crZu esa cUn nzo enclosed fluid ds fdlh Hkkx ij vkjksftr nkc Pressure applied] nzo }kjk
lHkh fnkkvksa esa leku ek=k esa lapfjr transmitted dj nh tkrh gSa- gkbMkfs yd blh fl)kar ij dke djrk
gSmR{ksi Upthrust
fdlh oLrq dks nzo esa Mqckus ij nzo ml oLrq ij ,d cy ij dh vksj yxkrk gS ftls ml nzo dk mR{ksi ;k
mNky dgrs gSa- blls nzo esa Mwch oLrq ds Hkkj esa deh rhr gksrh gSavkfdZfeMht dk fl)kar Archimedes Principle &
dksbzZ fi.M tc fdlh nzo esa Mkyk tkrk gS rks og vius vk;ru ds cjkcj nzo foLFkkfir djrk gS- ;fn
foLFkkfir nzo dk Hkkj oLrq ds Hkkj ls de gks rks og oLrq Mwc tk,xh- ;fn foLFkkfir nzo dk Hkkj oLrq ds Hkkj
ls vf/kd gks rks og oLrq rSjsxh mnkgj.k & cQZ o ydM+h ikuh ij rSjrs gSa D;kfda mudk ?kuRo de gksrk gS ftlls foLFkfir nzo dk Hkkj
vf/kd gksrk gS] isVksy dh vkx ikuh ls ugha cq>kbZ tkrh D;kfda ?kuRo de gksus ds dkj.k og ikuh ij rSjsxh]
fdlh oLrq dh vkd`fr bl rjg cukbZ tk, fd mldk vk;ru vf/kd gks rks og rSjx
s h ikuh tgkt dk rSjuk-

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 6

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

nzo ;kaf=dh

Fluid Mechanics

i`"B ruko Surface Tension &

fdlh Hkh nzo dh [kqyh lrg Surface esa de ls de {ks=Qy ?ksjus dh o`fRr gksrh gS] ftlds fy, ,d cy dk;Z
djrk gS ftls i`"B ruko dgk tkrk gS] bldk SI ek=d U;wVu fr ehVj N/m. gS- mnkgj.k &
o"kkZ dh cwna xksy gksrh gS nzo esa vkqf) feykus ij mldk i`"B ruko de gks tkrk gS tSls ikuh esa dhM+s edksM+s rSjrs gSa ij cjlkr esa
xM~<ksa esa feV~Vh rsy ls ikuh dk i`"B ruko de gks tkus ds dkj.k dhM+s edksM+s ePNj vkfn Mwc tkrs gSa fMVtsZsVa ;k lkcqu ls diM+k /kksus ds ihNs ;g fl)kar gS fd blls ikuh ds i`"B ruko esa deh vk tkus ds dkj.k
og mu fNnzksa rd Hkh igqp tkrk gS tgk lkekU; ikuh ugha igqaprkdsfkdRo Capillarity &
tc fdlh irys V~;wc dks nzo esa Mwck;k tkrk gS rks i`"Bruko ds Hkko ls Lo;a dqN apkbZ rd p<+ tkrk gS] ;g ?kVuk
dsfkdRo dgykrh gS] mnkgj.k & isu esa L;kgh dk vkxs c<+uk] fn, ;k eksecRrh esa rsy ;k ekse dk ij dh vksj
p<+uk] L;kgh lks[rk dkxt]
';kurk Viscosity &
nzo esa yxusokyk og vkarfjd ?k"kZ.k Friction cy tks nzo dh xfr dk fojks/k djrh gS ';kurk dgykrh gS] xk<+s nzo
dh ";kurk vf/kd vkSj irys nzo dh de gksrh gSa] blfy, 'kgn o ikuh ,d lkFk ?kqekus ij 'kgn igys :drk gS
fdlh ikbi esa ;fn nzo okfgr gks jgk gS rks dsUnz ij osx vf/kd o fdukjksa ij yxHkx 'kwU; gksrk gS-

rjax Wave
rjax }kjk tkZ dk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd Lfkkukarj.k gksrk gS- rjax nk dkj ds gksrs gSa &
v- ;kaf=d rjaxs Mechaincal Waves & os rjaxs tks fdlh inkfFkZd ek/e Bksl] nzo vFkok xSl esa lapfjr gksrh
gS ;kaf=d rjaxs dgykrh gSa- ;kaf=d rjaxksa dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa ckVk x;k gS &
vuqnS/;Z rjax Longitudinal Waves & vuqnS/;Z rjaxas os rjaxsa gksrh gSa ftuesa ek?;e ds d.k rjax dh
fnkk ds vuqfnk nksyu djrs gSaA /ofu vuqnS/;Z rjax dk mnkgj.k gSac- v;kaf=d rjax fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax Electromagnetic Waves & oSlh rjaxsa ftlds lajp.k ds fy, fdlh
ek/;e dh vko;drk ugha gksrh gSa] vFkkZr~ rjaxsa fuokZr esa Hkh lapfjr gks ldrh gSa- mUgsa fo|qr pqEcdh; ;k v;kaf=d
rjax dgrs gSa & lHkh fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxsa ,d gh pky ls pyrh gSa] tks dkk dh pky ds cjkcj gksrh gs- lHk
pqEcdh; rjaxas QksVkWu dh cuh gksrh gS-a
fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax Electro magnetic Waves

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 7

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

budh pky dkk dh pky ds cjkcj gksrh gS] lHkh fofdj.k fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxsa gksrh gSa xkek rjaxsa & gsujh cSDosjy }kjk [kkst] L=ksr & jsfM;k ,fDVo inkFkZ- ;g 'kjhj esa dSalj dk Hkko mRiUu dj
ldrh gSa vkSj bldk dSalj ds mipkj esa mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gS ,Dl rjaxsa X - Rays & [kkstdrkZ & jksUVstsu HkkSfrdh ds Fke ukscy iqjLdkj fotsrk 1901;ksx & vkarfjd vaxksa dh fLFkfr Kkr djus esa] fdzLVyksa dh lajpuk cgqr vf/kd ifjorZu gksrk gSdkjd gS- mRifjorZu esa fdlh Hkh ikS/ks tUrq ds thUl esa vpkud cgqr vf/kd ifjorZu gksrk gS ijkcSaxuh fofdj.k Ultra violet Rediation & eq[k L=ksr lw;Z gS] bldh [kkst fjVj uked oSKkfud us
dh Fkh] bldk rjaxnS/;Z cSaxuh dkk ls Hkh de gksrk gSykHknk;d Hkko & foVkfeu Mh dk la'ys"k.k] thok.kqukkd ;k jksxk.kqukkd ds :i esa]
gkfudkjd Hkko & Ropk dSalj] vf/kd nsj rd vka[kks esa iM+us ls eksfr;kfcan] mRifjorZu]
vkstksu & tks lerki eaMy 30 &50 fd. Eh. apkbZ ij fLFkr gS lw;Z ds dkk ds lkFk vkus okyh
gkfudkjd ijkcSxuh fofdj.k dks vkokksf"kr] ifjofrZr dj nsrh gS n`; dkk Visible Light & n`; dkk fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxsa gSa ftUgsa ge ns[k ldrs gSa rFkk blls gesa
oLrq, fn[kykbZ iM+rh gSa vojDr fofdj.k Infra red radiation & [kkst gksZy }kjk] xeZ oLrq ls mRiUu gksrh gSa dksbZ Hkh xeZ
oLrq bldk L=ksr gks ldrh gSa] "ek dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ys tkrh gSami;ksx & dksgjs @ /kqa/k esa QksVksxzkQh] va/ksjs dk pek] nkxksa vkSj Hkwy tkvks rduhd felkby] fjeksV daVksy
esa]
lw{e rjaxsa Microwave & mi;ksx & jkMkj] LihM xu] ekbdzkos os vksou vkfn esa lw_e rjaxksa dk mi;ksx
gksrk gS]
jsfM;ks rjaxsa & jsfM;ks rjaxksa ds [kkstdrkZ gsufjd gVZ~t gS bls vf/kd nwjh rd Hkstus esa lQyrk ts- lh- cksl
us ik;h Fkh] blh fl)kar ij ekjdksuh us ok;lysl dk vfo"dkj fd;k- blds nks dkj gSa & y?kq ,oa nh?kZ
jsfM;kss rjaxsa vk;ueaMy ls ijkofrZr gks ldrh gSa- y?kq jsfM;ks ds ijkorZu ds fy, mixzgksa dh vko;drk gksrh
gSmi;ksx & mixzgksa ls ekSle dh tkudkjh] lapkj] eksckbZy Qksu th- ,l- ,e-] nsjlapkj thih,l- jsfM;ks]
Vsyhfotu lkj.k vkfn-

estj MASER
MASER (Microwave amplification by stimulated Emission of Radiation) & ;g ,d
'kfkkyh ekbdzkos os fdj.kiqat gksrh gSa- bldk mi;ksx varfj{k vkSj leqnz esa lansk Hkstus] tfVy vkWijsku dSalj
vYlj ,oa vkar dh chekjh dh fpkfdRlk gksrh gS- bldk mi;ksx varfj}k vkSj leqnz esa lansk Hkstus] tfVy
vkWijsku] dSalj] vYlj ,oa vkar dh chekjh dh fpfdRlk gsrq gksrk gS-

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 8

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

dk'k Light

dkk dk osx Velocity & yxHkx 3 yk[k fd- eh- fr lsd.Mdkk o"kZ Light Year & dkk }kjk ,d o"kZ esa r; dh xbZ njh ekius ek=dlw;Z dk dkk i`Foh esa ij vkus esa yxus okyk le; & 8 feuV 20 lsd.Mdkk dk osx lokZf/kd fuokZr Vacuum esa gksrk gS mnkgj.k ds fy, varfj{k esadkk lkr jaxksa ls feydj cuk gS VIBGYOR ;g o.kZdze Spectrum dgykrk gSLisDVe c<+rs rjaxnS/;Z Wavelength ds vk/kkj ij gSa- lcls de rjaxnS/;Z & cSaxuh Violet ,oa lcls
vf/kd yky Red jax dk gksrk gS kFkfed jax Primary Colours & yky- gjk- uhyk dkk dk L=ksr & dkk ds kd`frd L=ksr gS & lw;Z] rkjs vkSj varfj{k ds vU; dkkijkorZu Reflection &
dkk ds fpdus i`"B ls Vdjkdj ykSVus dh ?kVuk dkk dk ijkorZu dgykrh gSadksbZ Hkh oLrq jaxhu fn[krh gSa D;ksafd og ml foks"k jax dks dkk dks ijkofrZr djrh gSa] 'ks"k jaxksa dks og vo'kksf"kr
dj ysrh gSaviorZu Refraction &
tc dkk vyx & vyx ?kuRo okys ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa osk djrh gS rks dkk fdj.k vius iFk
FkksM+k eqM+ tkrh gS bls dkk dk vioZu dgrs gSa mnkgj.k & rkykc okLrfod xgjkbZ ls de xgjk fn[kuk] ikuh Hkjs fxykl esa flDdk ij mBk fn[kkbZ
nsuk] rkjksa dk fVefVekuk dzkafrd dks.k Critical Angle & tc dkk fdj.k l?ku denser ls fojy ek/;e less dense
medium esa tkrh gS rks mldk viorZu dks.k dk eku 90 fMxzh gS rks mls dzakfrd dgrs gSa;aU= Lens
mRRy ysal Convex Lens & VsfyLdksi ,oa ekbdzksLdksi esa ;q] nwj n`f"Vnks"k hypermetropia
fuokjd
vory Concave ysl
a & fudV n`f"Vnks"k Myopia esa
f}Qksdlh ysl
a Bi- Focal Lens & tjk n`f"V us= dh ekalisfk;ksa dk fkfFky gksuk csyukdkj Cylindrical ysl
a & vfcUnqdrk astigmatism vkM+h ;k [kM+h esa ls dsoy ,d ykbu fn[kuk esa
;q-

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 9

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu Total Internal Refraction &

;fn vkiru dks.k angle of incidence dk eku dzkafrd dks.k Critical Angle ls vf/kd gks rks dkk
fojy ek/;e esa ugha tkrk cfYd lai.w kZ dkk ijkofrZr gksdj l?ku ek/;e esa gh ykSV vkrk gS- bl ?kVuk dks
iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu dgrs gSa- tSls & ikuh ls gok] dkap ls ikuh ;k gok vkfn-] e`x ejhfpdk] ghjs dk
vR;f/kd pednkj gksuk] dkk rUrq & ysi] Vsyh dE;qfudsku] esfMflufrfcEc Image
frfcEc dkk dk ijkorZu ls curk gS niZ.k Mirror & ;g ijkoZu ds fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gS leery niZ.k Plane mirror & ?kjksa esa ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS voru niZ.k concave mirror & xkM+h dh gsMykbV o VkpZ esa mi;ksx mRry niZ.k convex mirror & okguksa esa ihNs dk n`; ns[kus ds fy,o.kZ fo{ksi.k Dispersion &
lQsn dkk dk lkr jaxksa esa foHk gksuk VIBGYOR- mnkgj.k & bUnz/kuq"k dk cuukbanz/kuq"k &Rainbow
o"kkZ ds i'pkr~ vkdkk esa lw;Z ds foijhr fnkk esa yky- ukjaxh- ihyk- gjk- vklekuh- uhyk rFkk cSaxuh o.kksaZ dk ,d
fokkydk; o`Rrkdkj odz dHkh & dHkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSaA ;g banz/kuq"k dgykrk gSA o"kkZ vFkok ckny esa ikuh dh lw{e
cwna ksa vFkok d.kksa ij iM+usokyh lw;Z fdj.kksa dk fo{ksi.k fMLikZu gh banz/kuq"k ds lqUnj jaxksa dk dj.k gSA ikuh ds Qqgkjs
ij nkZd ds ihNs ls lw;Z fdj.kksa ds iM+us ij Hkh banz/kuq"k ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
O;frdj.k Interference
tc leku vko`fRr vkSj leku vk;ke dh nks dkk rjaxsa ,d gh dkk L=ksr ls ,d gh fnkk esa lapkfjr gksrh
gS rks ek/;e ds dqN fcUnqvksa ij dkk vf/kdre vkSj dqN fcUnqvksa ij va/ksjk gksrk gS- bl ?kVuk rjaxksa dk
O;frdj.k dgrs gSa mnk%
lkcqu dk cqycqyk jaxhu fn[kkbZ nsuk ikuh ij iM+h rsy dh iryh ijr dk jaxhu fn[kkbzZ nsuk lh- Mh- Compact Disk dk jaxhu fn[kkbZ nsukfoorZu Diffaction

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 10

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

dkk ds vojks/k ds fdukjksa ij eqM+us dh ?kVuk dks dkk dk foorZu dgrs gSablh dkj.k rkjs Li"V u fn[kkbZ ns dj /kCcksa dh rjg fn[krs gSadh.kZu Scattering
lQsn dkk dk ok;qeM
a y esa fLFkr /kwy d.kks]a ty dh cwna ksa }kjk fc[kjuk dkk dk dhZ.kZu dgykrk gSdkk dk dhZ.kZu rjaxnS/;Z Wavelength ij fuHkZj djrk gS lokZf/kd dh.kZu lcls de rjaxnS/;Z okys
dkk dk vFkkZr~ cSaxuh vkSj lcls de dh.kZu lokZf/kd rjaxnS/;Z okys dkk dk vFkkZr~ yky jax dk gksrk gSmnkgj.k &
vkdkk dk uhyk fn[kuk [krjs ds fukku yky jax ds gksrs gSa D;kasfd bldk rjaxnS/;Z vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ;g fcuk dhf.kZr gq,
vf/kd nwjh r; dj ldrh gS pUnzek ;k varfj{k ls vkdkk dkyk fn[krk gS D;ksafd dh.kZu ds fy, ek/;e ugh gksrkdkk rajxksa dk /kqo.k Polarization
tc dkk rjaxsa lHkh fnkkvksa esa leku :i ls forfjr u gksdj ,d gh fnkk esa gks- rks ,slh rjsx
a ksa dks /kqzfor
rjaxsa dgrs gSa- ;g Hkko mRiUu djus ds fy, iksyksjkbM~l dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS- tks dkk dh pdkpkSa/k esa
cpus esa ennxkj gS- mnkgj.k & dkj esa iksyksjkbM dk ;ksx] iksyksjkbM peksa }kjk f=vk;keh fQYe ns[kuk
vkfnyslj LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation &
ekuo fufeZr dkk fdj.k] vfo"dkjd & pkYlZ jkmUM- Vh- ,l- eSeu] foks"krk,a & vR;kf/kd rhoz] fnkkRed
gksrh gS- cgqr de Qsyko gksrk gS] ,d gh jax ds rFkk ,d xq.k okys dkk] mi;ksx &
vk|ksfxd {ks= esa & osfYMax] dfVax] fMfyax]
fpfdRlk & lw{e 'kSY;fdz;k us= fpfdRlk o dSalj es]a bysDVkfuDl & lh- Mh- jkfMax o fjdkfMaZx] lapkj
;q) eas & LVkj okj vesfjdk] yslj che dkyh e`R;qfdj.k] [kxksyh; fi.M dh nwjh Kkr djus esa
gksyksxzkQh & f=foeh; frfcEc kIr djukjax &
U;wVu ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd lQsn jax fTe }kjk lkr jaxksa esa foHkkftr gks tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk
fd tks dkk gesa lQsn jax dk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA okLro esa lkr jaxksa ds dkk ls feydj cuk gSA
dkk dk jax & dkk fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxksa ds :i esa gksrk gSA fofHkUu jax ds dkk dk rjaxnS/;Z fHkUu gksrk
gSA yky jax ds dkk dk rjaxnS/;Z lcls vf/kd vkSj cSaxuh jax ds dkk dk rjaxnS/;Z lcls de gksrk gSA
Jaxhu inkFkZ dk jax & rtc fdlh dkk L=ksr ls fudyus okyk dkk fdlh inkFkZ ij iM+rk gS vkSj mlls
ijkofrZr gksdj ;k ikj tkdj vka[kksa ij iM+rk gS] rc gesa og oLrq fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 11

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

vikjn'khZ ;k ikjnkhZ & lHkh jaxhu inkFkksZa dk jax oj.kkRed vokks"k.k Selective absorption ds dkj.k
fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k & dksbZ oLrq yky blfy, fn[kkbZ nsrh gS fd ml ij iM+us okys lQsn dkk esa ls
dsoy yky dkk dh ijkofrZr gks ikrk gS] 'ks"k lHkh iw.kZ :i ls vokksf"kr gks tkrs gSaA ;fn ogh oLrq ge
uhys dkk esa ns[ks]a rks og gesa dkyh blfy, fn[kkbZ nsxh D;ksfa d og yky ds vfrfjDr vU; lc dkk
vokksf"kr dj ysrh gSaA
ikjnkhZ jaxhu oLrq,a dqN jax ds dkk dks rks vius esa ls ikj tkus nrh gSa vkSj 'ks"k dkk dks vokksf"kr dj
ysrh gSaA uhys 'khks esa ls gksdj dsoy uhyk dkk gh tk ikrk gS vkSj 'ks"k dkk vokksf"kr gks tkrk gSA
jaxksa dk feJ.k & d`fr esa ik, tkus okys leLr jax rhu kFkfed jaxksa & yky] gjk vkSj uhyk ls feydj
curs gSaA ;fn dksbZ oLrq ,d ls vf/kd jax ijkofrZr djrh gS] rks mldk feyk gqvk jax fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA ihyh
oLrq yky vkSj gjs jax dk dkk ijkofrZr djrh gSaA
iwjd jax Complimentary Colours & rhu kFkfed jaxksa & yky] gjk vkSj uhyk esa ls fdUgha nks jaxksa
ds feykus ls tks cukrk gS mls rhljs jax dk iwjd dgk gksrk gSA ihys jax dks uhys jax dk iwjd dgk tkrk gS]
D;ksafd ihyk jax 'ks"k nks kFkfed jax yky vkSj gjk feykus ls curk gSA fdlh jax esa mldk iwjd jax feyk
nsus ls rhuksa jax bdV~Bs gks tkrs gSa vkSj lQsn jax curk gSa blfy, bldk iwjd jax iM+k gSA

/ofu Sound
/ofu ;kaf=d Mechanical rjaxsa gS ftls pyus ek/;e
dh vko;drk gksrh gS] i`Foh ds ok;qe.My esa ;g ek/;e
gok gS-

/ofu dh rzhork Intensity of Sound & euq";

85 & 90 Mslhcy rd dh /ofu lqu ldrs gSa] blls
ij dh /ofu dks /ofu nw"k.k dgrs gSa-

/ofu dk osx speed 332 ehVj fr lsd.M gksrk gS]

fuokZr Vacuum esa /ofu dk osx 'kwU; gksrk gS tcfd
Bksl /kkrqvksa esa lokZf/kd-

rkjRo Pitch & /ofu dk eksVk ;k iryk gksuk

mldk rkjRo ij fuHkZj gS] ;fn vkokt iryh gks rks
rkjRo vf/kd] eksVh gks rks rkjRo de] 'ksj dh xqjkZgV
esa rkjRo de o ePNj ds fHkUfHkukgV esa vf/kd iq:"kksa
dh vkokt dk rkjRo de o fL=;ksa dh vkokt dk
rkjRo vf/kd gksrk gS-

PUnzek esa okrkZyki vlaHko gS D;ksafd ok;qeaMy u gksus

ds dkj.k ek/;e ugh fey ikrkfctyh dM+dus ij vkokt ckn ped igys D;ksafd
dkk dk osx /ofu ls vf/kd gksrk gSlqijlksfud ;ku /ofu dh xfr ls Hkh rst pyrh gS
vkSj budh xfr dks O; djus ds fy, eSd l[;k
dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gSvko`fRr Frequency & 1 lsd.M esa diauksa dh
la[;k] ek=d & gVZ~t] euq"; dk dku 20 ls
20]000 gVZ~t /ofu lqu ldrs gSa] bls JO; rjaxsa dgrs gSa-

fr/ofu Echo & /ofu dk fdlh vojks/k ds

dkj.k Vdjkdj ykSVuk bdls dgykrk gS- fr/ofu
lqukbZ nsus ds fy, 16-6 eh- nwjh ij vojks/k gksuk
pkfg,MkIyj Hkko & /ofu ds L=ksr vkSj Jksrk ds e/;
vkisf{kr xfr relative motion ds dkj.k /ofu dh
vko`fRr frequency esa mRiUu vkHkklh ifjoZru
Apparent difference MkIyj Hkko dgykrk gSbldk mi;ksx ok;q;ku fnkk osx tkuus] jkMj vkfn
esa fd;k tkrk gS-

20 gVZ~t ls de vko`fRr dh /ofu voJO; /ofu

Infrasonic dgk tkrk gS] gkFkh voJO; /ofu
esa okrkZyki djrs gSa] Hkwdai ls fudyus okyh rjaxksa

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 12

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

dh vko`fRr blh Js.kh dh gksrh gS20]000 gV~Zt ls vf/kd vko`fRr dh /ofu ijkJO;
/ofu Ultrasonic] dgykrh gSmi;ksx & jkMkj es]a ukS lsuk vksukj leqnz dh
fupyh lrg eas ekufp=] leqnz esa ncs eycs dh
igpku] pexknM+ mldh lkg;rk ls jkf= esa
viuk ekxZ rykk djrs gSa] fpfdRlk {ks= esa
lksuksxzkQh] fyFkksfVIlh & fdMuh dh iFkjh u"V
djus esavuqukn Resonance & vuqukn ls cpus ds
fy, ekpZ ikLV esa iqy ikj djrs le; lSfudksa
dks dne ls dne feykdj ugh pyus dh lykg
gh tkrh gS-

fofHkUu ek;eksa esa 250 ls- ij

/ofu dh pky
voLFkk
Bksl

nzo

xSl

inkFkZ

pky m/s esa

,sY;qfefu;e
6420
fudy
6040
LVhy
5960
yksgk
5950
ihry
4700
dkp fyaV 3980
ty leqnzh 1531
ty vklqr 1498
bFksukWy
1207
ehFksukWy
1103
gkbMkstu
1284
ghfy;e
965
ok;q
346
vkWDlhtu
316
lYQj Mk- vkW- 213

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 13

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

m"ek

Heat

rkieku Temperature & ;g m"ek ds okg flow

dh fnkk r; djrk gS- m"ek vf/kd rkieku ls de
rkieku dh vksj okfgr gksrh gS-

2- laogu Convection & ek/;e ds v.kq Lo;a

m"ek ysdj nwljs LFkku rd pys tkrs gSa] nzo] xSl
blh fdz;k }kjk xeZ gksrs gSa] mnkgj.k & ok;qeM
a y
o ikuh dk xeZ gksuk-

ek=d Units of Heats & dSyksjh] chVh;w- tyrki ds iSekus Scales of Temperature & fMxzh
lsfYl;l] fMxzh dsfYou] fj;qej& 400C ij lsUVhxzsV o QkjsugkbV leku rki nkkZrs gSaikuh ds teus dk rki 00C o mcyus dk 100C gS00K dks ijekwU; rki Absolute Zero dgrs gSa- fMxzh
lsUVhxzsM esa bldk eku - 2730C gksrk gS- ;g U;wure
laHko rkieku gS-

3- fofdj.k Radiation & ek/;e ds v.kq Hkkx ugha

ysrs] m"ek Lo;a nwljs LFkku rd igqap tkrh gS] lw;Z
ls m"ek i`Foh rd fofdj.k }kjk ijqaprh gSdkyh o [kqjnqjh lrg m"ek dh vPNh vokks"kd
o fofdjd vr% BaM esa xgjs jax ds oL= o xehZ
esa gYds jax ds iguus dh lykg blh dkj.k
[kkuk idkus ds crZuksa dh fupyh lrg dkyh
dj nh tkrh gSa] xehZ esa HkSal ikuh esa jgrh gSafdlh inkFkZ ds ,d xzke nzO;eku ds rki esa ,d

"ek lapj.k Heat Transmission dh fofkf"V "ek Specific heat fof/k;ka &
1- pkyu Conduction & ek/;e dk R;sd v.kqHkkx
ysrk gS- k;% Bksl /kkrq blh fdz;k }kjk xeZ gksrh gStcfd fuokZr Vacuum m"ek dk vPNk dqpkyd gSfuokZr ds vfrfj gok Hkh m"ek dk vPNk dqpkyd gS;ksx & FkeZl ykLd esa dksbZ Hkh oLrq nsj rd xeZ
;k BaMh jgrh gS D;ksafd bldh nks ijrksa ds e/; m"ek
dk loZJs"B dqpkyd fuokZr gksrk gS- ,d dacy ds
ctk; nks pknj ls xehZ vf/kd gksrh gS D;ksafd nksuksa
ds chp gok dh iryh ijr vk tkrh gSa xeZ diM+ksa esa u ds e/; gok gksrh gS tks m"ek
dk vknku & nku ugha gksus nsrh-

fMxzh lsfYl;l o`f) djus ds fy, vko;d

"ek dh ek=k dks ml inkFkZ dh fofk"V
"ek dgrs gSa- ikuh dh fofk"V "ek
lokZf/kd gksrh gS- blfy, leqnz rVksa esa u
vf/kd xehZ iM+rh gS u vf/kd lnhZm"ek/kkfjrk & fdlh oLrq dh m"ek/kkfjrk
m"ek dh og ek=k gS tks 10 la-s rkio`f)
ds fy, ml oLrq dks nsuh iM+rh gS]
vFkok 10ls-a rki & iru }kjk mlls kIr
gksrh gSA
oLrq dk nzO;eku ftruk T;knk gksxk mldh
m"ek & /kkfjrk mruh vf/kd gksxh-

xqIr "ek Latent Heat

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 14

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

inkFkZ }kjk vokksf"kr og "ek tks inkFkZ dh HkkSfrd

voLFkk esa rks ifjorZu djrh gS ij mldk rki fLFkj
jgrk gS] dks xqIr "ek dgrs gSa] mi;qDr nkc ij ;fn
,d xzke inkFkZ dk voLFkk ifjorZu fd;k tk, rks "ek
dh ,d fufpr ek=k ;k rks mRUu gksrh gS ;k 'kksf"kr
gksrh gS] bldks xqIr "ek dgrs gSa- dksbZ Hkh inkFkZ ,d
fufpr tki ik ok"I ls nzo esa ugha cnyk tk ldrk
;gh ml inkFkZ dk dzkafrd rki dgk tkrk gSa-

m"eh; lkj Thermal Expansion

inkFkZ dks "ek nsus ij inkFkZ ds vkdkj esa gksus okyh
o`f) dks m"eh; lkj dgrs gSa] blfy, jsy & iVfj;ksa
ds e/; txg NksM+h tkrh gS] dkap dh fxykl xeZ inkFkZ
Mkyus ij rM+d tkrh gSIkkuh dk vlkekU; lkj & Abnormal Expansion
vf/kdkak nzoksa dks xeZ djus ij muds vk;ru Volume
esa o`f) ,oa ?kuRo esa deh gksrh gSa- ij ikuh 'kwU; fMxzh
lsfYl;l ls 40 lsfYl;l ds chp mYVk O;ogkj djrk gS'kwU; fMxzh ikuh dks xeZ djus ij mldk vk;ru ?kVrk
vkSj ?kuRo c<+rk gS- 40 ls- ij ikuh dk vk;ru U;wure
vkSj ?kuRo vf/kdre gksrk gS- tcfd 'kwU; fMxzh lsfYl;l
ij vk;ru dqN vf/kd gksrk gS- blh dkj.k tkM+s ds fnuksa
esa ikbZi QV tkrh gSa- >hyksa vkSj rkykcksa esa ij cQZ te
tkus ij Hkh tUrq ftank jgrs gSa D;kfda uhps ikuh gksrk gSm"eh; ladqpu Thermal Contraction &
rki esa deh gksus ij vkdkj esa deh- vr% fctyh ds rkj
[kaHkks ds e/; >qykdj yxk, tkrs gSa-

PHYSICS

Rki ekius ds eq[; iSekus

LsfYl;l & bl iSekus dk vfo"dkj LohMu
ds oSKkfud lsfYl;l us fd;k Fkk- bl
iSekus esa fgekad dks 00 c o Hkki &
fcUnq dks 1000 c vafdr fd;k tkrk gS
rFkk buds chp dh nwjh dks 100 cjkcj
Hkkxksa esa ckV nsrs gSa- R;sd Hkkx dks 10
c dgrs gSaQkjsugkbV & bldk vfo"dkj teZu
oSKkfud QkjsugkbV us fd ;k- bldk
fgekad 320F ,oa Hkki & fcUnq 2120F gSbuds chp dh nwjh dks 180 cjkcj Hkkxksa
esa ckV fn;k tkrk gSdsfYou & blesa fgekad 273K ,oa Hkki &
fcUnq 373K gS- bu nksuks fcUnqvksa ds chp
dh nwjh dks leku 100 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr
dj fn;k tkrk gSmijksDr rhuksa iSekuksa esa laca/k
c& 0 @ 100 = F& 32 @180 =K&273@100
rkiekih ;a=
1- FkekZehVj & ;s m"ek ds pkyu o lkj
ij vk/kfjr gksrk gS o ikB~;kad nkkZrk
gS2- Ik;jksehVj & m"ek ds fofdj.k ij
vk/kkfjr] xeZ HkfV~V;k o lw;Z ds rkieku
dk ekiu
3- CksyksehVj & fo'ks"kdj lw;Z rkieku
ekirs gSa4- FkeksZdiy rki;qXe & /kkrq ds nks rkjksa
dh lkg;rk ls rkieku dk ekiu fd;k
tkrk gSa-

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 15

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

vU; rF;
Xkyukad Melting Point & ftl rki ij dksbZ Bksl Soild voLFk ls nzo Liquid voLFkk esa
ifjofrZr gksrh gS ml rkieku dks inkFkZ dk xyukad dgykrk gS DoFkukad Bolling Point & og rkieku ftl ij dksbZ nzo mcyrh vkSj xSl voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gksrh
gS] ml inkFkZ dk DoFkukad de gks tkrk gS
Okk"iu Vapoirisation & nzo voLFkk ls ok"I voLfkk esa ifjorZu dh fdz;knzo rki feyus ij xSl esa ifjorZu gksrh jgrh gS] bl fdz;k ds fy, vko;d m"ek nzo ls gh kIr
djrh gS] vkSj nzo dqN BaMk gks tkrk gS] mnkgj.k & ?kM+s esa ikuh dk B.Mk gksuk
ok;qeaMyh; vknZzrk vf/kd gksus ij ok"iu nj de gks tkrk gS vkSj vknzZrk de gksus ij ok"iu vf/kd
mnk- & ?kM+s dk ikuh cjlkr esa vf/kd B.Mk ugh gks ikrk] cjlkr esa diM+s tYnh ugha lw[krs

vfr'khru Super Cooling & vf/kdkak nzo ;fn iw.kZr% LoPN crZu esa cgqr /khjs & /khjs BaMs fd,
tk,a rks vius lkekU; fgekad ls uhps fouk lafiaM gq, igqap tkrs gSaA ;g fda;k vfrkhru dgykrh gSA
vfrkhru ,d vLFkk;h fd;k gSA
vfrrkiu Super Heating & vfrrkiu Hkh ,d vLFk;kh fdz;k gSA foyhu ok;q ls Lora= ikuh dks ,d
LoPN crZu esa lko/kkuh ls xje djus ls rki 1000 lsa- ls dbzZ fMxzh ij igqap ldrk gS vkSj ikuh
[kkSyrk ugha yasfdu bl fLFkfr esa ;fn fgyk fn;k tk, rk og ne pkSyus yxrk gS xqIr "ek O;; gksus
ls rki Hkh 1000 ls-a vk tkrk gSA

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 16

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

fo|qr Electricity
mRiUu djus ds rjhds &
1- Mk;useks ;k tsujsVj & ;kaf=d tkZ dks fo|qr
tkZ esa
2- cSVjh ;k lsy & jklk;fud tkZ dks fo|qr tk esa
3- QksVksoksfYVo ;k lksyj lsy & dkk tkZ ;k QksVku
tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gS4- ihtks bysfDVd fdzLVy & ncko Mkyus ij fo|qr
mRiUu gksus yxrs gSa vkSj bl fl)kar dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS ?kM+h pykus esamidj.k &
1- eksVj & fo|qr tkZ ;kaf=d tkZ esa ifjofrZr2- cYc & Fkkel vYok ,Mhlu vfo"dkjd] cYc esa
vfdz; xSl Hkjh tkrh gS ukbVkt
s u Hkh vkSj
VaxLVu dh iryh rkj dk fQykes.V ftldk
Xkyrukad mPp gksrk gS yxk;h tkrh gS3- V~;wcykbV & ejdjh ;k ejdjh ok"Ik rFkk vkxZu
xSl dk feJ.k nhokjksa ij yksjLikj dk ysi p<+k
gksrk gS- fo|qr okfgr djus ij edZjh ok"i vk;fur
ionised gksdj ijkcSaxuh fofdj.k dk mRltZu
djrh gSa ;s yksjLikj ysi ls Vdjkdj lQsn dkk
mRiUu djrh gSa- ;g ?kVuk frnhfIr
Fluoresecence dgykrh gSa- blfy, ;g
yksjlasV V~;wc dgykrh gSa4- fo|qr sl ;k ghVj & esa rkj dk xyukad o frjks/k
cgqr vf/kd gksus pkfg,- lkekU;r^ ukbdzkse fufdy
rFkk dzksfe;e dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS5 ;wt& fo|qr ifjiFk esa vpkud vf/kd /kkjk
okfgr gksus ij ;wt dk rkj VwV tkrk gS vkSj blds

nq"Hkko ls cp tkrs gSa] rkj dk xyukad de

frjks/k vf/kd gksuk pkfg,6- Vkl
a QkeZj & oksYVst dks de ;k vf/kd djus
ds fy,] /kkjk R;korhZ gksuk pkfg,R;korhZ /kkjk & Alternative Current
le; ds ;lFk bldk eku ifjofrZr gksrk gSa
dzek% fufpr vf/kdre] U;wure eku kIr
djrk gS7- LVscykbtj & oksYVst dh fufpr lkek esa
j[krk gS8- vehVj & fo|qr/kkjk dk ekiu djrk gS]
bZdkbZ & ,Eih;j
9- okYVehVj & oksYVst ekiu bZdkbZ & oksYV
lHkh midj.kksa ds fljksa ij oksYVst leku fdUrq
/kkjk vyx & vyx gksrh gS?kjksa esa fo|qr vkiwfrZ & 220 oksYV 50 gV~tZ dh
R;korhZ /kkjk AC esa gksrh gSfo|qr dusDku kjksa esa lekuUrj dze esa yxk,
tkrs gSa- budk ,d lfjk Qst esa nwljk fljk
U;wVy esa gksrk gSav)Zpkyd Semi & Conductor
v)Zpkyd dh fo|qr pkydrk lqpkyd ls de
vkSj dqpkyd ls vf/kd gksrh gS ,sls eq[k
inkFkZ gS & teZsfy;e vkSj flfydkWu
vfrpkydrk Super & condctivity &
,slh /kkrq,a ftudh pkydrk vuar] iw.kZ rFkk
frjks/k jfgr gksrh gS-

pqEcdRo Magnetism
pqEcd ds fdukjs ds nksuks fljksa dks pqEcd ds /kqzo dgrs
gSa] Lora=kiqoZd yVdk gqvk pqEcd mRrj & nf{k.k fnkk
esa Bgjrk gSa-

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 17

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

pqEcd ds ltkrh; /kqzo ,d nwljs dks frdf"kZr djrs gSa

vkSj fotkrh; /kqzo dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSa pqEcd vU; pqEcdh; inkFkkZsa esa pqEcdRo mRiUu dj ldrk gS
kd`frd pqEcd yksgs dk vkWDlkbM gS os inkFkZ tks lkekU; rki ij yaxs le; ds fy, ykSg pqEcd
xq.k nkkZrs gSa- LFkk;h pqacd dgykrs gSaA LFkk;h pqEcd cukus
ds fy, bLikr LVhy dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vLFkk;h pqEcd cukus ds fy, ueZ yksgs dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS pqacdh; inkFkkZsa dks eksVs rkSj ij rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr djrs gSa%
frpqacdh;] vuqpacq dh; ,oa ykSg pqacdh;A
dqN frpqacdh; inkFkZ gSa & rkck] lhlk] flfydu] ukbVkt
s u]
ikuh ,oa lkfM;e DyksjkbMA
D;wjh rki & og rki ftl ij dksbZ ykSg pqcd] vuqpqacd esa
IfjofrZr gks tkrk gS D;wjh rki dgykrk gSA

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 18

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

ukfHkdh; foKku Nuclear Scince

xfrd fl)kar & xfrt fl)kar ds vuqlkj inkFkZ
ds v.kq 'kkor xfr dh voLFkk esa jgrs gSAa
jsfM;ks lfdz;rk Radio Activity
d`fr esa mifLFkr dqN Hkkjh rRo dqN d.kksa o fdj.kksa
ds mRltZu ls gYds rRoksa esa ifjofrZr gksrs jgrs gSa
mRltZu dh ;g fdz;k jsfM;ks lfdz;rk dgykrh gSbldh [kkst gsujh csDosjy us dhewy d.k gSa & bysDVku] U;wVku] iksthVkWu]
iksthVkWu] ksVkWu] ckslkWu vkfn gSaJ`a[kyk vfHkfdz;k Chain Reaction & ;wjsfu;e 235
dk UkfHkdh; fo[kaMu ,d J`a[kyk vfHkfdz;k gS- tc bl
ij U;wVkWu dh ckSNkj dh tkrh gS rks Fke fo[kaMu
Fission ds i'pkr~ ckgj ls U;wVku ckSNkj djuk
vko;d ugh gksrk vkSj fo[kaMu dh fd;k vius vki vkxs
c<+rh pyh tkrh gSa- bls gh J`a[kyk vfHkfdz;k dgrs gSaijek.kq ce Atom Bomb & ;g vfua;f=r fo[kaMu
fdz;k ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSU;wfDy;j fj,DVj Nuclear Reactor & ;g ,d fo'ks"k
dkj dh HkV~Bh gS ftlesa fu;af=r ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu djk;k
tkrk gS vkSj ijek.kq tkZ kIr dh tkrh gSrhoz tud Fast Reactor & blesa eand ds LFkku
ij fdlh vfo[kaMuh; bZa/ku ds vkoj.k dk ;ksx djrs gSa;g bZa/ku fo[kaMu ls fudyus okys U;wVkuksa dks vokksf"kr
djds fo[kaMuh; bZa/ku esa ifjofrZr gksrk gS- bl dkj
kIr bZa/ku dks vxys pj.k esa lh/ks bZa/ku ds :i esa ;q
djrs gSalkbDyksVku Cyclotron & ;g ,d d.k Rojd
Particle Accelerator gS- bldk ;ksx fo[kaMu kjaHk
djus esa gksrk gS CAT lq[kfuokl bankSj esa fuekZ.k-

jsfM;ks ,fDVo fdz;k,a &

1- ukHkdh; fo[k.Mu Fission & Hkkjh rRoksa
dk gYds rRoksa esa VwVuk ukHkdh; fo[k.Mu
dgykrk gS- bl fd;k esa vR;f.kd tkZ
eq gksrh gS- tkZ dk eku E= Mc2
vYcVZ vkablVhu }kjk fn;k x;k Fkk tgk
E= tkZ M= nzO;eku ifjoZru
C= dkk dk osx

mi;ksx & 1- ukHkdh; fj,DVj dh lkg;rk

ls fo|qr tkZ kIr djuk- vof"dkj
,ufjdks QehZfjD,Vj ds egRoiw.kZ Hkkx &
1- ukHkdh; bZa/ku Fuel & ;wjsfu;e U]
Fkksfj;e Th- IywVksfu;e Pu
Fkksfj;e dqfr esa eksukstkbV v;Ld ds :i
esa- dsjy] vka/kznsk ds leqnzh rV ij2- eand Moderator & ;g fo[kaMu ls
fudyus okys U;wVku ckgj vkdj uqdlku
uk igapk,a- Hkkjh ty o xaQkbV dks eand
ds :i esa3- fu;a=d Controller & U;wVku dks
vokksf"kr dj vfHkfdz;k dh nj dks
fua;f=r djrk gS- dSMfe;e o cksjkWu
fu;a=d ds :i esa
4- 'khryd Coolant & ;g fo[kaMu ls
mRiUu tkZ dks LFkkukarfjr djrk gS]
dSMfe;e o cksjkWu fu;a=d ds :i esa5- ifjj{kd Protector &dzadhV dh eksVh
nhokj] bls fj,DVj dk vfuok;Z vax
dgrs gSa ftlls fofdj.k ckgj ugha vk
ikrs-

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 19

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

2- ukHkdh; lay;u Nuclear Fussion &

bl fdz;k esa gyds rRo tqM+dj Hkkjh rRoksa dk fuekZ.k
djrs gSa ftlls dkQh ek=k esa tkZ eq gksrh gS- bl
fdz;k dks vkjaHk djus ds fy, mPp rkieku dh
vko;drk gksrh gSa lkekU;r^ 1 djksM+ ls 10 djksM+
ls fMxzh lsfYl;l1- lw;Z dh vikj tkZ dk L=ksr lay;u gSa2- gkbMkt
s u ce lay;u fdz;k ij vk/kkfjr gSaukHkdh; tkZ ds ;ksx
fo|qr mRiknu] tgkt] ok;q;ku] iuMqCch vkSj jsy
pkyu] jkdsV] mM+ku ,oa jsfM;ks vkblksVksi ds fofHkUu
'kkafrn ;ksxksa esa ukfHkdh; tkZ dk ;ksx gksrk gS

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 20

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

ijh{kksi;ksxh rF; % HkkSfrdh

HkkSfrd jkfk;k nks dkj dh gksrh gSa & lafnk
Vactor ,oa vfnk Scalar-

tcfd vk;ru] Hkkj] nzO;eku ifjofrZr gks tk,xk

ty dk ok"Ik esa ifjorZu HkkSfrd ifjorZu gS-

lfnk jkfk esa ijek.kq ds lkFk fnkk Hkh gksrh gSa] tSls &
laox
s ] foLFkkiu] Roj.k] Hkkj] cy] fnkk vkfnvfnk jkfk ifj.kke rks gksrk gS ijUrq fnkk ugha tSls &
yEckbZ] ?kUro] xfr] vk;ru] {ks=Qy] nO;eku vkfnlkekU; fu;e ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh nzo ;k xSl vf/kd
nkc ls de nkc dh vksj okfgr gksrh gSagkbMkt
s u ls Hkjk gqvk xqCckjk tSls & tSls ok;qe.My
esa pkbZ dh vksj tkrk gS oSls & oSls mlds veki esa
o`f) gksrh tkrh gSa D;kasfd pkbZ c<+us ds lkFk
ok;qe.My ds ?kuRo esa deh vkrh gSaA
pkbZ c<+us ds lkFk ok;qe.Myh; nkc de gksrs tkus
ds dkj.k ty dk DoFkukad Hkh ?kVrk tkrk gSaok;qnkc esa deh ds dkj.k gokbZ tgkt ls ;k=k djrs
le; isu esa L;kgh fudyus xrh gSa'khks dh NM+ tc Hkki esa j[kh tkrh gS ] bldh yEckbZ
c<+ tkrh gS ijUrq bldh pkSM+kbZ vO;ofLFkr gksrh gSikuh teus ij mlds vk;ru esa o`f) gksrh gSA bl
dkj.k ikuh ls Hkjh cksry ikuh ds teus ij mldk
vk;ru c<+x
s k vkSj MkWV yxh gqbZ cksry VwV tk;sxhA

Hkki ls gkFk tyrk gS- vis{kkd`r mcyrs ty ls

D;kasfd Hkki esa xqIr gksrh gSaok;qnkc ekih dh jhfMax esa vpkud fxjkoV bl
ckr dk lad
a sr gS fd HekSle rwQkuh gksrh gSapkbZ dh txgksa ij ikuh 1000 lsUVhxzsM ds
uhps rkieku ij mcyrk gS D;ksafd ok;qe.My
ncko de gks tkrk gS] vr% mcyus dk fcUnq
uhps vk tkrk gSinkFkZ ds laox
s ,oa osx ds vuqikr ls nzO;eku
kIr gksrk gSxsan ftruh vf/kd apkbZ ij tk;sxh {ksi mruk
gh NksVk gksxk- vf/kdre {ksi ds fy, {ksi
dks.k 450 gksuk pkfg,okfkax ekhu ds diM+ksa dks o`Rrkdkj iFk esa rst
xfr ls ?kqekus ij iFk ds dsUnz ls ckgj dh vksj
vidsUnz.k cy dk;Z djrk gS- ftlls diM+kas ls
eSy fudyrh gSa rFkk diM+k tYnh lrg ij
igqzpx
s as-

;fn ,d tgkt unh ls leqnz esa osk djrk gS rks

og ij mB tk;sxk-

iyk;u osx ,slh xfr gksrh gS= ftlesa dksbZ

fi.M fdlh xzg ds xq:Rokd".kZ lhek ls ijs tk
ldrk gS- i`Foh dk iyk;u osx 11-2 fdeh @
lsd.M gSa-

yksgs dh dhy ikjs ij rSjrh gS] tcfd ikuh esa Mwc

tkrh gS D;ksfa d yksgs dk ?kuRo ikuh ls vf/kd gS
ij ikjs ls de-

yksyd ?kfM+;k xfeZ;ksa esa lqLr gks tkrh gSa

D;ksafd yksyu dh yEckbZ c<+ tkrh gS ftlls
bdkbZ nksyu esa yxk gqvk le; c<+ tkrk gS

cknyksa ds ok;qe.My esa rSjus dk dj.k mudk de

?kuRo gS-

,d vo 'kf cjkcj gksrk gS & 746 okV

oLrq dh ek=k cnyus ij ?kuRo vifjofrZr jgsxk

tc fyV Rofjr xfr ls ij tk jgh gks rc

fyV esa cSBs O;f dks viuk Hkkj vf/kd ekywe

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 21

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

CkQZ dh lM+d dh vis{kk ?k"kZ.k de gksrk gS

blfy, lM+d ij pyus dh vis{kk cQZ ij
pyuk dfBu gStc ,d iRFkj dks pkan dh lrg ls i`Foh ij
yk;k tkrk gS rks bldk Hkkj cny tk,xk ijUrq
nzO;eku esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkfdlh oLrq dk Hkkj fo"kqor js[kk dh vis{kk /kqzokksa ij
vf/kd gksrk gSA blfy, 0 fMxzh v{kkak ls c<+rs gq,
v{kkak dh rjQ tkus ij fdlh oLrq dk out c<+rk
tkrk gSA

PHYSICS

iM+sxk100 fMxzh ls- ty dh rqyuk esa 100 fMxzh lsij ok"Ik esa m"ek vf/kd gksrh gSaSA
4 vak ls- ds rki ij ikuh dk ?kuRo lokZf/kd
gksrk gS
gok ds rki ueh] vknzZrk] lapkj fu;a=.k dh fof/k
dks okrkuqdwyu dgrs gSaBaM ds fnuksa esa yksgs ds xqVds vkSj ydM+h ds
xqVds dks kr% dky esa Nwus ij yksgs dk xqVdk
BaMk yxrk gS D;kasfd ydM+h dh rqyuk esa yksgk
m"ek dk vPNk pkyd gksrk gS-

xq:Rokd"kZ.k ds lkoZHkkSe fu;e ds friknd U;wVu gStkZ laj{k.k dk ewyHkwr fl)kar gS & tkZ dk u rks
Lk`tu gksrk gS vkSj u gh foukk-

fdlh Hkh nzo dh [kqyh lrg esa de ls de

{ks=Qy ?ksjus dh o`fRr jgrh gS] ftls i`"B
ruko dgrs gSa-

LkkSj tkZ lw;Z ls kIUr gksrh gS lkSj tkZ oSdfYid

tkZ dk lcls cM+k laxzgxkj gS-

rsy ty ij Qsy tkrk gS D;kasfd rsy dk i`"B

ruko] ikuh ls de gksrk gS-

lw;Z dh tkZ ukfHkdh; lay;u }kjk mRiUu gksrh gS-

i`"B ruko ds dkj.k cRrh okys Lvkso esa dSjkslhu

cRrh ds ij ls de gksrk gS-

rkjs viuh tkZ gkbMkt

s u ds ukfHkdh; lay;u o
xq:Roh; lqdqpu ls kIr djrs gSalkSj lsy d`f=e mixzg dks fo|qr tkZ nku djrs gSauh cL= xeZ j[krs gSa D;ksfda uh oL=ksa ds jskksa ds
e/; Hkjh gqbZ ok;q m"ek dqpkyd gksrh gSskj & dqdj esa [kkuk de le; esa idrk gS- D;ksfd
vf/kd nkc ds dkj.k mcyrs ikuh dk rki DoFkukad
c<+ tkrk gSalasVhxzsV vkSj QsjugkbV rkidze & 40 vak ij ,d gh
jgrs gSa
FkeksZLVSaV rkiLFkkih VsEijspj rki fLFkj j[kus dk ,d
lk/ku gS-

rjaxksa esa jsfM;ks rjaxksa dh rjax yEckbZ lcls

vf/kd gksrh gSnwjnkZu ds ladsr ,d fufpr nsjh ds ckn ugh
fey ldrs D;ksafd i`Foh dh lrg odzkdkj gSvUrfj{k ;k=h dks vkdkk dkyk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS,d NM+h dks ty esa frjNh fLFkfr esa Mqcks;k
x;k gS] ;fn cxy ls ns[kk tk,- rks NM+h NksVh
vkSj ty dh lrg ij >qdh gqbZ rhr gksrh gS,slk dkk ds viorZu ds dkj.k gksrk gSjsfxLRkku esa ok;q xeZ gksdj ij mBrh gS
ftlls uhps dh ok;q fojy ,oa ij l?ku
ek/;e dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA fdj.ksa tc l?ku
ls fojy ok;q esa osk djrh gS rks mudk iw.kZ
vkUrfjd ijkoZru gksrk gS vkSj Fky ds LFkku
ij ty dk Hkze gksrk gSA bls gh e`x

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 22

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

vkisf{kdrk fl)kar fjysfVfojh F;ksjh

^fujis{k xfr^ vkbaLVhu .khr vkisf{kdrk
fl)kar ds nks Hkkx gSa %
1- fofk"V vkisf{kdrk fl)kar vkSj
2- lkekU; vkisf{kdrk fl)karA

PHYSICS

ejhfpdk Mirage dgk tkrk gS- iw.kZ

vkarfjd ijkorZu oLrqr% viorZu ds dkj.k
dh gh fof"V ?kVuk gS-

fofdj.k ds dkj.k lkQ jkr es?kh; jkrksa dh vis{kk vf/kd

BaMh gksrh gSLkkcqu ds irys >kx esa pednkj jaxksa dk cuuk cgqfyr
ijkorZu vkSj O;frdj.k dk ifj.kke gSikuh esa gok dk cqycqyk oSls gh dke djsxk tSls vory
ysl
a djrk gS[krjs ds ladsrksa ds fy, yky dkk dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS D;ksafd bldk dh.kZu lcls de gksrk gSdkk rUrq Optical Fibre iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkoZru ds
fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gS] dkk rUrq lapkj ra= esa tkZ
mi;ksx cgqr de gksrk gS] ;g jsfM;ks vko`fRr vojks/k
ls eq gksrk gSdkj pykrs le; vius ihNs ds ;krk;kr dks ns[kus ds fy,
mRry niZ.k Convex Mirror dk mi;ksx djrs gSavkdkk uhyk rhr gksrk gS] D;ksafd okrkoj.k esa ok;q ds
d.k lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dks dhf.kZr djrs gSaghjs dk viorZukad cgqr vf/kd 2-42 gksus ds dkj.k bldk
dzzkfUrd dks.k de gksrk gS] blfy, ghjs ds vanj dkk dk
iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu gksrk gS vkSj ghjk gesa pednkj
fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSek/;e esa /kwy o vU; lw{e d.kksa ls dkk ds xqtjus
ij fofHkUu fnkkvksa esa lkfjr gksus dh fdz;k dks dh.kZu
Scatring dgrs gS-a

y?kq rjax nh?kZ rjaxksa dh vis{kk ok;qe.My }kjk

vf/kd dh.kZ gksrh gSa vr% vkdkk uhyk fn[krk
gSnk<+h cukus ds fy, vory niZ.k Concave
Mirror ;q gksrk gSIk<+us esa dke vkus okys Xyksll
s mRry ysUl ls
curs gSaes?kkPNkfnr jkrksa es]a i`Foh ls ijkofrZr dh x;h
"ek dks es?kksa }kjk i`Foh dh vksj iqu% ijkofrZr
dj nh tkrh gS ftlls es?kkPNUu jkrsa xje
jgrh gSaok;qe.My esa dkk ds folj.k ;k dhZ.ku dk
eq[; dkj.k /kwfy & d.k ,oa ty ok"I gSjeu Hkko dk dkk dh mu fdj.kksa ls lac/k
gS tks lHkh ikjnkhZ ek/;e ds vkjikj tkrh gStc yky] uhys rFkk gjs dkk dk iqat ,d
LFkku ij iM+rk gS rks cuus okys frfcEcksa dh
la[;k vuUr gksrh gStc nks lekUrj niZ.kksa ds chp dksbZ oLrq j[k
nh tkrh gS rks cuus okys frfcEcksa dh la[;k
vuUr gksrh gSVsyhfotu ds fjeksV daVksy esa voj dkk rjaxksa
dk mi;ksx gksrk gS-

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 23

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

fdlh vikjnkhZ oLrq dk jax ml jax ds dkj.k gksrk

gS ftls og ijkofrZr djrh gSa-

fuokZr ls /ofu ikj ugha tk ldrh gS] /ofu ;kaf=d

rjaxsa gSa blds xeu ds fy, ek/;e vko;d gS-

lw;Z ls i`Foh rd dkk vkus esa yxHkx 8 feuV

yxrk gS-

vyx & vyx /ofu cyrk lkekU;r% fuEukuqlkj

gksrh gS &

lcls de rjaxnS/;Z cSzxuh ,oa lokZf/kd yky jax

dk gS- LisDVe VIBGYOR c<+rs rjzxnS/;Z
ij vk/kkfjr gSuhyk] gjk vkSj yky rhu jax ewy jax gS-a
,d jaxhu Vsyhfotu esa jax rhu vk/kkjHkwr
jaxksa yky] gjk rFkk uhyk ds feJ.k ls curk gS-

'kksj 'kjkcs okyh xyh 90 ls 95 Mslhcy rFkk

;a= dkj[kkuk 100 & 105 Mslhcy-

lqukbZ Hkj nsus okyh vkokt 15& 20 Mslhcy] lkekU;

okrkZyki 40 &60 Msflcy/ofu

cyrk

lkekU; 'okl
10 db
ean QqlQqlkgV
30 db
lkekU; ckrphr
60 db
O;Lr ;krk;r
70 db
VkSlr QSDVjh
80 db
80 db ls vf/kd cy 'kksj 'kjhj ds fy, d"Vnk;d
gksrk gSA
M~;wVsfj;e vkWDlkbM dks xq:ty Heavy Water
dgrs gSa-

euq";ksa ds fy, /ofu dh lg lhek djhc &

djhc 85 & 90 MslhcYl gksrh gSa-

jsfM;ks/kehZ inkFkZ vYQk] chVk] ,oa xkek fdj.k mRlftZr

djrk gS-

rkieku ,oa vknZzrk ds c<+us ij ok;q dk osx

c<+rk gSa-

fdlh ijek.kq ukfHkd dk vkblksVksi og ukfHkd gS- ftleas

ksVkWuksa dh la[;k ogh gksrh gS] ijUrq U;wVkWuksa dh la[;k fHkUu
gksrh gSa-

VkalQkeZj ls fo|qr oksYVst dks c<+k;k ;k

?kVk;k tkrk gSVjckbu o Mkbuseks ls fctyh kIr djus eas
Eksdsfudy tkZ dks fo|qr esa ifjofrZr djrs gSa100 okV dk fctyh dk cYc ;fn 10 ?k.Vs tys
rks 1 bdkbZ fctyh [kpZ gksxh 100 X 10 = 1000
esUt fo|qr nk; esa ;wt dk ;ksx ,d lqj{kk
;qf ds :i esa gksrk gS] blesa yxs rkj dk
frjks/k mPp ,oa xyukad fuEu gksuk vko;d
gS rkfd ;fn vf/kd /kkjk okfgr gksrh gks rks
;g fi?ky dj /kkjk vo:) dj ns vkSj midj.k

U;wDyh;j fj,DVj esa 'khryd Coolant ds :i esa nzo &

lksfM;e ,oa Hkkjh ikuh dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gSFkksfj;e] IywVksfu;e rFkk ;wjsfu;e ijek.kq bZa/ku gSijek.kq fj,DVj v.kkfod HkV~Vh gSigys tujy ijil bysDVkfud dEI;wVj ds fuekZ.k dk Js;
ts- ih- ,dVZ ,oa ekslys dk tkrk gS ftUgksus ENIAC dk
fuekZ.k fd;kdEI;wVjksa dh Le`fr dks lkekU;r% fdyksckbV] esxkckbV
;k xhxkckbV ds :i esa O; fd;k tkrk gS] ckbV vkB

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 24

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

PHYSICS

lqjf{kr jgs-

fcV f} & vk/kkjh 0 ,oa 1 ls curk gS-

v/kZ pkyd dh pkydrk 'kwU; fMxzh dsfYou rki

ij 'kwU; gksrh gS-

yslj che ds }kjk lhMh esa /ofu dk iqu:Rikn] fp=]

MkVk laxzg vkfn fd;k tkrk gS-

rfM+r pkyd vkosk dks i`Foh rd Hkst nsrs gsa

ftlls bekjrksa dk fctyh ls cpko gksrk gS-

tc ,d lhMh vkfM;ksa ,oa ohfM;ks .kkfy;ksa esa ;q gksus

okyh fMLd dks lw;Z ds dkk esa ns[kk tkrk gS] rks ijkorZu
foorZu ds dkj.k bUnz/kuq"k ds leku jaxhu fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS,d pyfp= esa ,d fls ls nw;js fljs rd lkekU;r% 24 Qzse
fr lsd
sa M {ksfir gS-

QsjkeSXusfVd ikmMj ls Vsi fjdkMZj dh Vsi

ysfir jgrh gSijek.kq ce dk dk;Zdkjh fl)kar ;wjsfu;e
dk ukfHkdsh; fo[k.Mu gS vkSj gkbMkstu
ce dk dk;Zdkjh fl)kUr ukfHkdh; lay;u
gS- Hkkjh v.kqvksa dks rksM+ dj gYds ijek.kq
Hkkj ijek.kqvksa ds fuekZ.k dh fdz;k
fo[k.Mu gSA

ije Hkkjr }kjk fodflr lqij LVkj dEI;wVj dk uke iq.ks

ds lasVj QkWj MsoyiesaV vkWQ ,Mokal dEI;wfVax uke laLFkk
us Hkkjr ds igys lqij ije^ dk fuekZ.k fd;k-

dzk;kstsfuDl
nks U;wfDy;l feydj cM+s ukfHkd fuekZ.k dh
fdz;k lay;u Fusion dgykrh gS- lw;Z dh
tk dk L=ksr lgh fdz;k gSUkfHkdh; fj;sDVj vkSj ijek.kq ce esa eq[k varj
;g gS fd ukfHkdh; fj;sDVj esa Ja[kyk dk
vfHkfdz;kUo;u fu;af=r gksrk gS- tcfd ce esa
J`a[kyk vfHkfdz;k fu;af=r ugh gksrk gSA
dEI;wVj ok;jl fo}s"kiw.kZ dk;dze gksrs gSavkbZ- lh- fpi flfydk ls cuk midj.k gksrk gSftldk mi;ksx dEI;wVj gkMZos;j esa fd;k tkrk gSlax.kdksa dEI;wVj ds vkbZ- lh- fpi esa k;% flfydkWu
ls cuk;s tkrs gsa-

& 150 fMxzh ls de rkieku esa inkFkksaZ ds O;ogkj dk

v/;;u dzk;kstsfuDl dgykrk gS- dzk;kstsfuDl dk
vuq;ksx varfj{k ;k=k] 'kY;dzeZ ,oa pqEcdh; kFkkiu esa
gksrk gS] bl kS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx Hkw & fLFkj mixzg
:i esa nzo vkWDlhtu ,oa nzo gkbMkt
s u dk ;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSvesfjdk ds uhy vkeZLVkx
a vikyks ;ku }kjk 16 tqykbzZ
1969 dks panzek ij igqapus okys Fke ekuo Fks] buds
lkFk ,Mfou ,yfMu Hkh FksrqY;dkyh ;k Hkw & fLFkj mixzg yxHkx 36000 fdeh- dh apkbZ ij LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSeaxy ij o"kZ 2002 esa Hkkjr us eSVlsV {kfir fd;k-

fczfVk HkSfrdkkL=h ,o dEI;wVj foks"kK fVe cuZlZ yh

us foo O;kih latky McY;w- McY;w- McY;w dk
vfo"dkj ,oa orZu fd;kdEI;wVj ds lanHkZ esa RAM dk iwjk uke jsUMe ,Dlsl
eseksjh gSog ;qf ftlds }kjk vkadM_ksa dks VsfyQksu ds
ek/;e ls ckbujh flXuyksa dh lkg;rk ls Hkstk

flracj] 2004 dks ,MwlSV dk {kfir fd;k x;k]

'kS{kf.kd xfrfof/k;ksa ls lacaf/kr ;g foo esa viuh rjg
dk vuwBk mixzg gSmPposx dh bdkbZ eSd] rjaxnS/;Z dh bdkbZ ,sXa Vke] nkc
dh bdkbZ ikLdy rFkk tkZ dh bdkbZ twy gS]
dk;Z dk ek=d twy gS-

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 25

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY

tkrk gS] eksMse dgykrk gSifpe nskksa esa dkWijfudl us igyh ckj dgk Fkk
fd i`Foh lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkrh gS vkSj
i`Foh czEgk.M dk dsUnz fcUnq ugh gSukjs dk jax mlds rki dk lwpd gS-

PHYSICS

ikLdy nkc bdkbZ gS,d ekbdzkWu 1 @1000 feyhehVj ds cjkcj gS,Eih;j fo|qr djUV ukius dh bdkbZ gSpkyd dh oS|qr frjks/kdrk bdkbZ vkse gS-

^CySad gksy^ varfj{k dk ,slk fi.M gS ftldk

/kuRo cgq mPp gksrk gS bl xq.k ds dkj.k og
fdlh dkj dk fofdj.k ckgj ugh vkus nsrkog lhek ftlds ckgj rkjs vkUrfjd e`R;q
ls xaflr gksrs gSa] pUnzks[kj lhek
dgykrh gS-

dkk o"kZ nwjh dh bdkbZ gSA dkk ,d o"kZ esa ftruh

nwjh r; djrk gS og nwjh ,d dkk o"kZ gksrh gSikjlsd nsjh dh bdkbZ gS tks 3-26 dkk o"kZ ds cjkcj
gksrk gS] ;g nwjh dk lcls cM+k ek=d gS-

vkdkk xaxk dk Lo:i likZdkj gS-

Mslhcy okrkoj.k esa /ofu ukius ds fy;s ;ksx esa yk;k

tkrk gS-

i`Foh ds fudVre nsjh ij fLFkr xzg 'kqdz gSa-

cSjkehVj ls ok;qe.Myh; nkc dh eki dh tkrh gS-

,d thok/kkjh ds :i esa i`Foh dk oSKkfud

uke xzhu IysusV gS-

gkbMksehVj ls nzoksa ds visf{kd ?kuRo dh eki dh

tkrh gS-

d`f=e mixzg geskk i`Foh ls iwohZ fnkk esa NksM+s

tkrs gsa D;ksfa d i`Foh ifpe ls iwoZ dh vksj
pDdj yxkrh gS] blfy, mixzg dk fudkl
osx fey tkrk gS-

gkbMksehVj ls ok;q dh vknzrk ekih tkrh gS,uheksehVj & ok;q dh pky ekius dk ;a= gSvehVj & fo|qr /kkjk ekius dk ;a= gS-

lh vkWQ VkafDofyVh pUnzek ij og LFkku

gS tgka ekuo us loZFke inkiZ.k fd;k Fkkgs&y ckWi^ ,d iqPNy rkjk ;k /kwedsrq gS-

VSfd;ksehVj & xfr ekius dk ;a= gSik;jksehVj & mPp rki ekius dk ;a= gS-

gksyksxzkQh & f= & vk;ke esa yslj fdj.k

dh lkg;rk ls Nk;kfp= cukus dh rduhd gSxsYosuksehVj de ek=k dh fo|qr /kkjkvksa ekius
dk ;a= gSjsMkj dk ;ksx jsfM;ks rjaxksa }kjk oLrqvksa
dh mifLFkfr rFkk vofLFkfr Kkr djus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSlksukj ls egklkxj esa Mwch gqbZ oLrqvksa dh fLFkfr tkrk tk ldrk gS-

GOUTAM IAS ACADEMY , WRIGHT TOWN JABALPUR , MP , 9300080006

Page 26