WW1AlliesplayingtugofwarwithCentralPowers

141greatwarbegins
alliancesdrawlines
triplealliance
centralpowers:germanyandaustriahungary
triplealliance:Germany,AustriaHungary,andItaly
tripleentente
franceandrussiaformedalliance
1904franceandbritainaswellasrussiaandbritainsignedentente:
nonbindingagreementtofollowcommonpolicies
rivalriesandnationalismincreasetension
internationalcompetition
economically,germanyisontheriseafterindustrialization,britainfeels
threatened
franceandgermanyalsofoughtovercoloniesandterritorialcontrols
armiesandnavies,militarism(glorificationofmilitary)ledtomilitaryrace
britain'sbestnavalbutgermanyiscatchingup
nationalism
franceeagertorevengeafterprussianfrenchwar
germanyproudofownprogressindustriallyandmilitarily
ottomanempireandaustriahungaryfearbreakingdownoftheirempire
asnationalismrises
russiasponsoredpowerfulnationalism:panslavism,toprotectallslavs
powerkegignites

insarajevo,archdukefrancisferdinandofaustriahungaryassassinatedby
serbiannationalist
germanygaveaustriablankchecktoshowunconditionalsupportforawar
austriasentserbiaaultimatum:serbiamustpunishofficialsthatareantiaustrian
partialrefusalonserbiasside
austriahungarydeclaredwaronserbia1914
allianceskickin
russiaandfrancebackserbia
russiavowedtoprotectslavicnationsright,soserbiawenttorussia
germanyrespondedbydeclaringwaronrussia
russiathenappealtoally:france
francefinallyhaschancetoavengefailureinfrancoprussianwar
germanydeclaredwaronfranceinresponse
germanyinvadesbelgium
italyandbritainremaineduncommitted
sincegermanywillfaceattackfromwestandeastfromfranceandrussia,
itdecidedtojustpassthroughbelgiumtoencirclefrance
yetbritainsignedtoguaranteebelgianneutralitysobritaindeclaredwar
ongermanyafteritinvadedbelgium
reactiontowar
wartemporarilyrelievedinternaldivisionsinmanyeuropeancountries
countriesunitedcuzpatriotism

illustrationoftrenchusedduringWWI

142newkindofwar
stalemateonwesternfront
belgiumresistedmorethangermanyexpected
germanyfailedtodefeatfrancequicklyandrussiamobilizesevenfasterthan
expected
germanythuspushedback
butthenbothsidesbuildtrenchesdraggingthewarintoastalemate,neither
sidewasabletoprevail
battlelinejustremainsameforyears
technologyofmodernwarfare
poisongas
unstablecuzwindcanblowitback==
tanksairplanessubmarines
britainusestanksbutoftenbreakdowndoesn'treallychangecourseof
war
airplanesfirstintroducedtoobserveenemyprogress
butthenbothsidesstartedusingmachinegunsonplanesandplanes
wouldfightplanes
germanuboatsdestroyallymerchantships
convoys:alliesorganizedgroupsofmerchantshipsprotectedbywarships
tofightagainstuboats
russiadefeatedcuzleastindustrialized
italyalsoretreated,originallyjoinedwarcuzalliespromisedlandsonaustria
wararoundtheworld
ottomanempirejoinscentralpower
cutoffsupplylinetorussiathroughstraitconnectingblackseaand
mediterranean
alliestriestoregainthestraitunsuccessfully
somearmeniansbelongingtoottomanempirehelpedrussianarmybut
thendeportedandmassacredbyottomanempire
arabnationalistsrevoltedottomanruleandottomanlostagreatdealof
arabianlands
warandcolonies
europeansturntoowncoloniesanddominionsfortroopslaborersand
supplies
indiaforbritainandwestafricaforfrance
somecolonizedpeopleenlistvoluntarilycuzthoughtthisisachanceto
gainindependencewrongtho.


Britishpropagandafortotalwar
143winningthewar
wagingtotalwar
totalwarmeansputtingcountrysentireresourceandeffortintothewar
requiresthatgovernmenttakesactiverole
forcedconscriptionandlabor
taxation
economicwarfaresuchasblockadewasusedbybritainongermany
contraband,suppliesnecessaryformakingofmilitarygoods,wasallowedtobe
blockadedaccordingtointernationallawbutbritishnavalblockedothershipsall
togetheranyways
propagandawasalsousedtourgepeopletoloanmoneytogovtandtoprompt
upenemysbrutality
womenplayedcrucialrole
asnurses
gainedsocialstanding
politicalrights?
moralecollapses
casualtiesandbankruptcyweardownbritainandrussia
russiansoldiersgobackhomeandstagerevolution
tsarmonarchytoppled
lenincomesintopowerandwithdrewrussiafromwar

nowgermanyhaspowerpowerpower
USdeclarewar
joinedalliesduetoculturaltieswithUK
antigermanyasaleakedtelegraphrevealedthatgermanyintendedtohelp
mexicoregainformermexicanterritorythatisnowtheUS
victory
germanywantedtowininwesternfrontbeforeamericantroopsarrived
yetthisonlyexhaustedgermanforceandbythetimeamericantroopsarrived
theyeasilycrushedthegermans
germansoughtarmisticein1918

GermandelegatesinVersailles

144makingthepeace
reconstructioncomesatgreatcost
financiallydifficulttosustain
pandemicstruckeurope
politicalturmoilasrussia,germany,austria,ottomanempirebreakdown
politically
radicalstakepowerdreamingtocreatecommunistsociety

germanyandcentralpowerblamedandwererequiredtopayreparation
parispeaceconference
alliesmettodiscusseuropeandottomanempirefate
wilsonwannakeephisfourteenpointsandselfdeterminism,wherepeople
decidethemselves
wilsonwannakeeppeacewithoutvictorywhileotherswannadepletegermanyto
thefullest
italywantthelandsofaustriathatwassecretlypromised
formerlandsofaustriawantedindependenceyettheirterritoryoverlaps
treatyofversailles
mostlyjusttoweakengermany
newnationstatesriseineasterneurope,includingpoland,latvia,lithuania,
estonia,[czechoslovakia,austria,hungary],yugoslavia
colonieslooktopeaceconferencehopingforselfdeterminationtobeappliedin
coloniesaswell,butnope
systemofmandateswherewesternpowersgettoadministerterritories
supposedlyterritoriesareheldundermandateuntiltheyareabletostand
alone,buttheyjustbecomecoloniesreally
leagueofnationalsoarisesfrompeaceconference
yetwilsonssenatedoesntwannajoin,doesnotratify
fail

145revolutionandcivilwarinrussia
marchrevolution
feudalism
electeddumanorealpower
tsarsrelyonsecretpolicetoenforcehiswill
marxiststhentrytoigniterevolutionamongproletariat(workers)
impactofWWI
nationalismandunitedrussia
tsardecisionsworsenpostwarrussiansituation
march1917tsarstepsdown
workersstrike
provisionalgovernmentwassetbydumapolitician
setupsoviets:councilsofworkersandsoldiersthatworkdemocraticallywithin
government
radicalsocialistgroupthentookchargeandlenincomesout
leninandbolsheviks
sincerussiadoesn'thavelargeurbanworkerpopulation
leninmobilizedurbanelitesthatsharesocialistthoughtsandnamethemas
majorityeveniftheyarenot
novemberrevolution
provisionalgovtfailtolandreformorwithdrawfromwar

bolshevikstakeoverfromexile
blastedlocalgovernmentouttakremlin
russiancivilwar
communist(red)vs.counterrevolutionary(whites)
whitemadeupoftsaristimperialofficers,democrats,andabunchofothers
alliessupportedthewhite
brutal
communistuseownsecretpolicetocheckonownpeople
laterwhitewasdefeated
buildingcommunistsovietunion
unitedoldrussianempireintoUSSR
electedlegislatureknownassupremesoviet
communistpartynonethelessremainedsupreme
leninseconomicpoliciesfailed
adoptedtheNewEconomicPolicyNEPallowingcapitalistventures,economy
finallyrecovers
stalinstalinstalin
trotskyvs.stalin:struggleforpower
trotskywantedworldwiderevolutionforcommunismandstalinwanna
focusondomesticissuesfirst
stalinhadpeoplemurderedtrotskylateron
leninwarnedaboutstalin