Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction to Abaqus/Standard
and Abaqus/Explicit
R 6.12
Targeted audience
Simulation Analysts
Prerequisites
None
3 days
Day 1
Lesson 1
Workshop 1
Lesson 2
Workshop 2
Lesson 3
Workshop 3
Nonlinear Statics
Day 2
Lesson 4
Workshop 4
Lesson 5
Workshop 5
Lesson 6
Workshop 6
Unloading Analysis
Seal Contact
Introduction to Dynamics
Dynamics
Day 3
Lesson 7
Workshop 7
Lesson 8
Workshop 8
Lesson 9
Workshop 9
Using Abaqus/Explicit
Additional Material
Element Selection Criteria
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 1
Legal Notices
The Abaqus Software described in this documentation is available only under license from Dassault
Systmes and its subsidiary and may be used or reproduced only in accordance with the terms of such
license.
This documentation and the software described in this documentation are subject to change without
prior notice.
Dassault Systmes and its subsidiaries shall not be responsible for the consequences of any errors or
omissions that may appear in this documentation.
No part of this documentation may be reproduced or distributed in any form without prior written
permission of Dassault Systmes or its subsidiary.
Dassault Systmes, 2012.
Printed in the United States of America
Abaqus, the 3DS logo, SIMULIA and CATIA are trademarks or registered trademarks of Dassault
Systmes or its subsidiaries in the US and/or other countries.
Other company, product, and service names may be trademarks or service marks of their respective
owners. For additional information concerning trademarks, copyrights, and licenses, see the Legal
Notices in the Abaqus 6.12 Release Notes and the notices at:
http://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/portfolio/product-os-commercial-programs.
Revision Status
Lecture 1
5/12
Workshop 1
5/12
Lecture 2
5/12
Workshop 2
5/12
Lecture 3
5/12
Workshop 3
5/12
Lecture 4
5/12
Workshop 4
5/12
Lecture 5
5/12
Workshop 5
5/12
Lecture 6
5/12
Workshop 6
5/12
Lecture 7
5/12
Workshop 7
5/12
Lecture 8
6/12
Minor edits
Workshop 8
5/12
Lecture 9
5/12
Workshop 9
5/12
Appendix 1
5/12
Appendix 2
5/12
Appendix 3
5/12
Notes
Notes
L1.1
Lesson content:
Introduction
Documentation
Components of an Abaqus Model
Details of an Abaqus Input File
Abaqus Input Conventions
Abaqus Output
Example: Cantilever Beam Model
Parts and Assemblies (optional)
Workshop Preliminaries
Workshop 1: Basic Input and Output (IA)
Workshop 1: Basic Input and Output (KW)
2 hours
L1.2
Introduction (1/14)
SIMULIA is the Dassault Systmes brand that delivers a scalable portfolio of Realistic Simulation solutions
including
The Abaqus product suite for Unified FEA
L1.3
Introduction (2/14)
Course preliminaries
This course introduces Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit; basic knowledge of finite element
analysis is assumed.
This course introduces concepts in a manner that gives users a working knowledge of Abaqus as
quickly as possiblethe lecture notes do not attempt to cover all the details of Abaqus completely.
There are several sources for additional information on the topics presented in this course:
SIMULIA Home Page (available via the Internet at
http://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/overview).
Abaqus documentationall usage details are covered in the users manuals.
Extensive library of courses developed by SIMULIA on particular topics (course descriptions
available at http://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/overview).
L1.4
Introduction (3/14)
L1.5
Introduction (4/14)
Abaqus/CAE
L1.6
Introduction (5/14)
Analysis modules
Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit provide
the user with two complementary analysis
tools.*
Abaqus/Standards capabilities:
General analyses
Static stress/displacement
analysis:
I. Rate-independent response
II. Rate-dependent
(viscoelastic/creep/viscoplastic)
response
Transient dynamic stress/displacement
analysis
Transient or steady-state heat transfer
analysis
Transient or steady-state mass diffusion
analysis
Steady-state transport analysis
Articulation of an automotive
boot seal
L1.7
Introduction (6/14)
Multiphysics:
Thermal-mechanical analysis
Structural-acoustic analysis
L1.8
Introduction (7/14)
Linear perturbation analyses
Harmonic excitation
of a tire
I. Linear static
stress/displacement analysis
II. Eigenvalue buckling
load prediction
Dynamic stress/displacement analysis:
I. Determination of natural modes and frequencies
II. Transient response via modal superposition
III. Steady-state response resulting from harmonic loading
Includes alternative subspace projection method for efficient analysis of large
models with frequency-dependent properties (like damping)
IV. Response spectrum analysis
V. Dynamic response resulting from random loading
10
L1.9
Introduction (8/14)
Abaqus/Explicits capabilities:
High-speed dynamics
Quasi-static analysis
Fluid-structure interaction
L1.10
Introduction (9/14)
Comparing Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit
Abaqus/Standard
Abaqus/Explicit
11
L1.11
Introduction (10/14)
Interactive postprocessing
L1.12
Introduction (11/14)
12
L1.13
Introduction (12/14)
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis
Workshop 3: Nonlinear Staticslarge
deformation analysis of a skew plate
Simulations with Several Analysis Steps
Workshop 4:Unloading analysisunloading
of a skew plate
L1.14
Introduction (13/14)
Linear and Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
Workshop 6: Dynamicsfrequency analysis
and implicit and explicit free
vibration analysis of a cantilever beam
High-Speed Dynamics in Abaqus/Explicit
13
L1.15
Introduction (14/14)
Quasi-Static Combined Analysis in
Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit
Workshop 8 (Optional): Quasi-Static
Analysisdeep drawing of a can bottom
Workshop 9 (Optional): Import Analysis
springback analysis of formed can bottom
Nonstructural applicationssuch as heat
transfer, soils consolidation, and acoustics
are not discussed.
All Abaqus analysis techniques use the
same framework.
The knowledge gained in this course will
help in learning to use Abaqus for other
applications.
L1.16
Documentation (1/7)
14
L1.17
Documentation (2/7)
Additional reference materials
Abaqus Installation and Licensing Guide (print version available)
Installation instructions
Abaqus Release Notes
Explains changes since previous release
Advanced lecture notes on various topics (print only)
Tutorials
Getting Started with Abaqus: Interactive Edition
Getting Started with Abaqus: Keywords Edition
Programming
Scripting and GUI Toolkit manuals
SIMULIA home page
http://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/overview/
L1.18
Documentation (3/7)
HTML documentation
The documentation for Abaqus is organized into a collection, with manuals grouped by function.
Viewed through a web browser.
Can search entire collection or individual manuals
15
L1.19
Documentation (4/7)
L1.20
Documentation (5/7)
16
L1.21
Documentation (6/7)
Advanced search
Advanced search allows you to control the proximity criterion
L1.22
Documentation (7/7)
17
L1.23
The primary input to the analysis modules is an input file, which contains options from element,
material, procedure, and loading libraries.
These options can be combined in any reasonable way, allowing a tremendous variety of problems to be
modeled.
The input file is divided into two parts: model data and history data.
Model data
History data
Procedure options
Loading options
Output options
L1.24
Discretized model
geometry
nodes,elements
Material properties
18
L1.25
pin
dof 2 fixed
Fixed constraints
v0
Initial conditions
L1.26
ENCASTRE
X-symmetry
Y-symmetry
19
L1.27
L1.28
Step 3 = natural
frequency extraction
Step 1 = pretension
20
L1.29
All data are defined in option blocks that describe specific aspects of the problem definition, such as an
element definition, etc. Together the option blocks build the model.
Property reference
option block
Model
data
Material option
block
Element option
block
Contact option
block
History
data
Analysis procedure
option block
Boundary conditions
option block
Initial conditions
option block
Output request
option block
L1.30
21
L1.31
L1.32
Define the bulk data for a given option; for example, element definitions.
A keyword line may have many data lines associated with it.
Example: An element option block defines elements by specifying the element type, the element
numbers, and the nodal connectivity.
*ELEMENT,
560, 101,
564, 102,
572, 103,
:
:
TYPE=B21
102
103
104
keyword line
data lines
22
L1.33
*ELASTIC, TYPE=ISOTROPIC
200.0E4, 0.30, 20.0
150.0E3, 0.35, 400.0
keyword line
data lines
temperature
Poissons ratio
modulus of
elasticity
L1.34
Each option block belongs in either the model data or the history dataone or the otheras specified in
the users manual.
The ordering within the model data or history data is arbitrary, except for a few cases.
Examples:
*HEADING must be the first option in the input file.
*ELASTIC, *DENSITY, and *PLASTIC are suboptions of *MATERIAL. As such, they must
follow *MATERIAL directly. Suboptions have no name references of their own.
Procedure options (*STATIC, *DYNAMIC, and *FREQUENCY, etc.) must follow *STEP to
specify the analysis procedure for the step.
23
L1.35
Allow you to refer to a set all at once instead of each node or element individually.
Node set
TOPNODES contains
nodes 101,102, ...
Boundary condition
applied to all nodes in
node set TOPNODES
L1.36
24
L1.37
Abaqus reads data from an include file as if the data were directly in the Abaqus input file.
An include file can include any portion of an input file and can contain references to other include files.
www.3ds.com | Dassault Systmes
Data must be in the same format as required for input file dataall rules that apply to input file syntax
apply to data from included files.
Example: Input file referencing an include file
*HEADING
*INCLUDE, INPUT=node_and_element_numbers.txt
.
.
Contents of include file node_and_element_numbers.txt:
*NODE, NSET=TOPNODES
101, 0.345, 0.679, 0.223
102, 0.331, 0.699, 0.234
*ELEMENT, TYPE=B21, ELSET=SEATPOST
560, 101, 102,
564, 102, 103
L1.38
Units
Abaqus uses no inherent set of units.
It is the users responsibility to use consistent units.
Example:
I. N, kg, m, s
or
II. N, 103 kg, mm, s
etc.
25
L1.39
Quantity
U.S. units
SI units
Conductivity
28.9 Btu/ft hr F
50 W/m C
2.4 Btu/in hr F
Density
7800 kg/m3
0.282 lbm/in3
Elastic modulus
30 106 psi
207 109 Pa
Specific heat
0.11 Btu/lbm F
460 J/kg C
Yield stress
30
207 106 Pa
103
psi
L1.40
Abaqus keeps track of both total time in an analysis and step time for each analysis step.
Time is physically meaningful for some analysis procedures, such as transient dynamics.
26
Time is not physically meaningful for some procedures. In rate-independent, static procedures time is
just a convenient, monotonically increasing measure for incrementing loads.
L1.41
L1.42
Use *TRANSFORM on
these nodes with YSYMM
boundary conditions
27
L1.43
L1.44
28
L1.45
L1.46
Neutral binary output can be written to the output database (.odb) file using the *OUTPUT option
and related suboptions.
Printed output can be written to the data (.dat) file.
29
L1.47
L1.48
30
Every n increments
Number of intervals
*OUTPUT, FIELD, NUMBER INTERVAL=n
Time intervals
*OUTPUT, FIELD, TIME INTERVAL=x
Time points
*OUTPUT, FIELD, TIME POINTS=t_out
*TIME POINTS, name = t_out
At user-specified time
points
L1.49
Number of increments
*OUTPUT, HISTORY, FREQUENCY=n
L1.50
If you have no output requests in your model, behavior depends on environment file (abaqus_v6.env)
settings:
31
L1.51
L1.52
These options allow tabular data to be written to an ASCII file that can be read with a text editor.
These options are available only for Abaqus/Standard.
Syntax:
32
*NODE PRINT
*EL PRINT
*ENERGY PRINT
L1.53
If a simulation stops prematurely, the restart data can be used to start the simulation from some
intermediate point without repeating any calculations.
*RESTART, WRITE
This option is discussed further in Lecture 4.
Output to the results file
The results file can be used by third-party postprocessors.
*FILE OUTPUT
*NODE FILE
*EL FILE
*ENERGY FILE
L1.54
boundary conditions
node number
element number
point load
33
L1.55
L1.56
History data
34
*STEP
APPLY POINT LOAD
*STATIC
*CLOAD
11, 2, -1200.0
*OUTPUT, FIELD, VARIABLE=PRESELECT, FREQUENCY=10
*OUTPUT, HISTORY, FREQUENCY=1
*NODE OUTPUT, NSET=END
U,
*EL PRINT, FREQUENCY=10
S, E
*NODE FILE, FREQUENCY=5
U,
*END STEP
L1.57
L1.58
material name
Poissons ratio
elastic modulus
35
L1.59
1, 2
6, 6
1, 6
ENCASTRE
L1.60
36
L1.61
*CLOAD
11, 2, -1200.0
magnitude
degree of freedom
node or node set
Many distributed loadings are also available, including surface pressure, body forces, centrifugal and
Coriolis loads, etc.
L1.62
In this case we have requested field output of a preselected set of the most commonly used output
variables.
We have also requested history output of displacements for the previously defined node set END.
Since history output is usually requested at relatively high frequencies, the sets should be as
small as possible.
Each output request includes a FREQUENCY parameter.
If the analysis requires many increments, the FREQUENCY parameter specifies how often
results will be written.
37
L1.63
Tabular output is printed to the data (.dat) file for visual inspection using the *EL PRINT option.
In this case we have requested output of the stress (S) and strain (E) components.
Binary output is written to the legacy Abaqus results (.fil) file using the *NODE FILE option; output is
used for postprocessing in other postprocessors.
In this case we have requested output of the displacement (U) components.
L1.64
ends the
analysis step
The final option in the input file is the *END STEP option for the final analysis step.
38
L1.65
Provides an inherent means of referring to distinct regions of the model. The user need not define
separate sets for this purpose.
Allows reuse of part definitions, which is valuable for creating large, complex models.
Labelsnode and element numbers, set namesneed be unique only within the level in which they are
defined.
L1.66
A part is defined by using the *PART and *END PART options, which must appear outside of the
assembly definition. Each part must have a unique name.
39
L1.67
*END PART
*PART, NAME=Rim
<positioning data>
set and surface definitions (optional)
*END INSTANCE
*INSTANCE, NAME=I_Rim, PART=Rim
<positioning data>
set and surface definitions (optional)
...
*MATERIAL, NAME=Rubber
*AMPLITUDE
*INITIAL CONDITIONS
*PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
...
*STEP
*STATIC
*BOUNDARY
I_Rim.101, 1, 3, 0.0
*CLOAD
I_Tire.514, 2, 1000.0
*OUTPUT, HISTORY, FREQUENCY=10
*NODE OUTPUT, NSET=Output
RF, CF
*END STEP
*END INSTANCE
L1.68
Part: Rim
node label:
514
40
Assembly: Tire_and_rim
L1.69
1. Objectives
a. When you complete this exercise you will be able to extract all the files necessary to complete the
demonstrations and workshops associated with this course
2. Workshop file setup (option 1: installation via plug-in)
a. From the main menu bar, select
Plug-insTools Install Courses.
b. In the Install Courses dialog box:
i. Specify the directory to which the files will be written.
ii. Chooses the course(s) for which the files will be
extracted.
iii. Click OK.
5 minutes
L1.70
This command will give the full path to the directory where Abaqus is installed, referred to here as
abaqus_dir.
b. Extract all the workshop files from the course tar file by typing
UNIX:
Windows NT:
c. The script will install the files into the current working directory. You will be asked to verify this and to
choose which files you wish to install. Choose y for the appropriate lecture series when prompted. Once
you have selected the lecture series, type q to skip the remaining lectures and to proceed with the
installation of the chosen workshops.
5 minutes
41
1.
L1.71
1 hour
1.
1 hour
42
L1.72
Notes
43
Notes
44
L2.1
Lesson content:
2 hours
L2.2
A step is any convenient phase of the historya thermal transient, a creep hold, a dynamic
transient, etc.
In its simplest form a step can be just a static analysis of a load change from one magnitude to
another.
45
L2.3
L2.4
46
L2.5
General procedures
Linear procedures
Static
Static
Direct cyclic
Eigenvalue buckling
Dynamic (transient)
Linear dynamics
Implicit
Explicit
Heat transfer
Steady-state dynamics
Mass diffusion
Coupled-field analysis
Thermal-mechanical
Thermal-electrical
Thermal-electrical-structural
Pore fluid diffusion/stress
L2.6
47
L2.7
L2.8
48
Static analysis is the only procedure that can be performed as either a general or perturbation step:
General step: response can be linear or nonlinear
*STEP
*STATIC
Perturbation step: linear response
*STEP, PERTURBATION
*STATIC
One advantage of static linear perturbation steps is that they can consider multiple load cases.
A load case defines a set of loads and boundary conditions and may contain the following:
Concentrated and distributed loads
Boundary conditions (may change from load case to load case)
Inertia relief
In addition to the static linear perturbation procedure, multiple load cases can also be used for steadystate dynamic (SSD) analysis (either direct or SIM-based modal analysis).
For SIM-based SSD analysis, base motion may also be defined
as part of a load case.
L2.9
L2.10
Element loop
(stiffness/
multiple RHS)
Element loop
(stiffness/
single RHS)
Primary factorization
(w/ possibly multiple
small factorizations)
Factorization
(or read factorized
matrix from .fct file)
Simultaneous
backsubstitution
Backsubstitution
Element loop
(simultaneous
recovery)
Element loop
(recovery)
Next *STEP
49
L2.11
L2.12
Forward Loads
Lateral Loads
Vertical Loads
50
L2.13
*Step, perturbation
*Static
*Load Case, name="Bending A"
*Boundary
right, 1, 6
*Cload
left, 3, 1.
*End Load Case
*Load Case, name="Bending B"
*Boundary
left, 1, 6
*Cload
right, 3, 1.
*End Load Case
*End Step
Bending A
Node set left
Bending B
L2.14
Load options specified outside of load cases apply to all load cases.
Base state boundary conditions propagate to all load cases.
Rules for using OP=NEW:
If used anywhere in a load case step, must be used everywhere in that step.
If used on any BOUNDARY in a load case step, propagated boundary conditions will be
removed in all load cases.
LOAD CASE options do not propagate.
51
L2.15
L2.16
52
Problem size
Combination of number of degrees of freedom and number of load cases determines problem size.
Multiple load case analyses may require more:
Memory than equivalent multiple step analyses (e.g., all right-hand sides must be kept in core
during backsubstitution).
Disk space (element and nodal databases).
If necessary, spread load cases over several steps to reduce memory/disk usage per step.
Worst case: Resort to multiple perturbation steps (again, compare solver information in data
(.dat) file).
L2.17
Output
Output requested per step (not per load case)
Available for the output database (.odb) and
data (.dat) files
For the output database file:
All output variables for a load case are
mapped to a frame.
I. Similar to the way increments are
mapped to frames.
Frame contains load case name.
Field output only (no history output).
L2.18
53
L2.19
L2.20
Examples (1/5)
Square plate benchmark
Model
54
# nodes/edge
# variables
(# dof)
101
61206
201
242406
501
1506006
751
3384006
Changing BCs
L2.21
Examples (2/5)
Performance results: Total CPU time
4.E+04
8 Steps
8 Load Cases
3.E+04
16 Steps
16 Load Cases
2.E+04
1.E+04
0.E+00
0.E+00
1.E+06
2.E+06
3.E+06
4.E+06
Number of variables
L2.22
Examples (3/5)
Performance: Details for 751 751 model
Solver
7.52
14.3
Total
5.04
7.48
55
L2.23
Examples (4/5)
Modify 501 501 model
8 load cases
Boundary conditions on opposite edges
changing per load case
Changing BCs
L2.24
Examples (5/5)
56
60 steps (projected
based on 1 step)
60 load cases
Solver
1290 60 = 77,400
Total
1965 60 = 117,600
L2.25
Objectives
Force-X
Force-Y
Force-Z
Moment-X
Moment-Y
Moment-Z
1 hour
L2.26
Objectives
Force-X
Force-Y
Force-Z
Moment-X
Moment-Y
Moment-Z
1 hour
57
58
Notes
59
Notes
60
L3.1
Lesson content:
2 hours
L3.2
Sources of nonlinearity
Material nonlinearities:
Nonlinear elasticity
Plasticity
Material damage
Failure mechanisms
Etc.
61
L3.3
Boundary nonlinearities:
Contact problems
I. Boundary conditions change
during the analysis.
II. Extremely discontinuous form of
nonlinearity.
L3.4
Geometric nonlinearities:
Large deflections and deformations
Large rotations
Structural instabilities (buckling)
Preloading effects
62
L3.5
Generally, the nonlinear equations for each degree of freedom are coupled.
L3.6
P I 0.
Dynamic equilibrium
The major difference between a static and a dynamic analysis is the inclusion of the inertial forces Mu :
P I Mu,
where M is the mass and u is the acceleration of the structure.
This equation is simply Newtons second law of motion.
63
L3.7
L3.8
The state at the end of the increment depends solely on the state at the beginning of the
increment
I. No iteration required.
This method is used by Abaqus/Explicit and will be discussed in a later lecture.
64
L3.9
L3.10
Additional iterations
not shown
Residual
Internal force
Small corrections
Correction
65
L3.11
L3.12
66
L3.13
(t )
M 1 ( P I )
(t ) .
L3.14
67
L3.15
suggested initial
time increment
major differences
from linear input
minimum time
increment
maximum time
increment
*CLOAD, AMPLITUDE=RAMP
11, 2, -1200.
*END STEP
major differences
from linear input
previously defined
amplitude function for
load application
L3.16
68
L3.17
Similar time incrementation data exist for all transient procedures, which include
*STATIC
*DYNAMIC
*HEAT TRANSFER
*VISCO
*COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT
*SOILS
*MODAL DYNAMIC (allows only fixed time incrementation)
*COUPLED THERMAL-ELECTRIC
Physical or normalized time scale depending on the procedure and the presence of time-dependent or
rate-dependent behavior.
L3.18
Status File
Status (.sta) file
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
2
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
4
2
TOTAL
TIME/
FREQ
0.100
0.200
0.350
0.575
0.913
1.00
STEP
TIME/LPF
0.100
0.200
0.350
0.575
0.913
1.00
INC OF
TIME/LPF
DOF
IF
MONITOR RIKS
0.1000
0.1000
0.1500
0.2250
0.3375
0.08750
69
L3.19
Message File
L3.20
S T E P
S T A T I C
A N A L Y S I S
70
0.100
1.00
1.000E-03
1.00
DIRECT SPARSE
5.000E-03
1.000E-02
1.000E-02
2.000E-02
1.000E-05
1.000E-05
1.000E-03
1.000E-08
1.00
1.000E-05
1.000E-08
L3.21
5.000E-03
1.000E-02
1.000E-02
2.000E-02
1.000E-05
1.000E-05
1.000E-03
1.000E-08
1.00
1.000E-05
1.000E-05
1.000E-05
1.000E-05
5.000E-03
0.100
1.00
1.000E-05
1.000E-05
L3.22
4
8
9
16
10
4
50
5
50
71
L3.23
INCREMENTS
INCREMENTS
25
40.0
INCREMENTS
L3.24
INCREMENT
1, TIME INCREMENT
72
0.100
1
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
1.251E+03
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
-4.637E+03
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-1.84
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
-1.84
AT NODE
11
FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM NOT ACHIEVED WITHIN TOLERANCE.
1.251E+03
DOF 1
DOF 2
0.005
DOF 2
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
MOMENT
7.200E+03
TIME AVG. MOMENT
7.200E+03
RESIDUAL MOMENT
28.8
AT NODE
9
DOF 6
INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-1.382E-02
AT NODE
11
DOF 6
CORRECTION TO ROTATION
-1.382E-02
AT NODE
11
DOF 6
0.005
ROTATION CORRECTION TOO LARGE COMPARED TO ROTATION INCREMENT .
36
CONVERGENCE CHECKS FOR EQUILIBRIUM ITERATION
2
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
37.8
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
0.215
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-1.84
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
-1.007E-02
AT NODE
11
FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM NOT ACHIEVED WITHIN TOLERANCE.
37.8
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 1
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
MOMENT
7.200E+03
TIME AVG. MOMENT
RESIDUAL MOMENT
-0.346
AT NODE
5
INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-1.382E-02
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO ROTATION
5.898E-07
AT NODE
11
THE MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
7.200E+03
0.005
DOF 6
DOF 6
36
DOF 6
6.25
0.005
0.2
L3.25
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
37.7
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
-2.281E-06
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-1.84
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
3.349E-05
AT NODE
11
THE FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
37.7
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 2
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
MOMENT
7.200E+03
TIME AVG. MOMENT
RESIDUAL MOMENT
1.523E-05
AT NODE
7
INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-1.382E-02
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO ROTATION
3.637E-07
AT NODE
11
THE MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
7.200E+03
0.005
DOF 6
DOF 6
36
DOF 6
0.005
0.2
0.100
0.100
,
,
4 or fewer
iterations
(do this again
and Dt
can increase)
0.100
0.100
L3.26
INCREMENT
1, TIME INCREMENT
0.100
no increase
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
75.6
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
0.861
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-1.84
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
-2.013E-02
AT NODE
11
FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM NOT ACHIEVED WITHIN TOLERANCE.
56.7
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 1
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
MOMENT
1.440E+04
TIME AVG. MOMENT
RESIDUAL MOMENT
-1.38
AT NODE
5
INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-1.382E-02
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO ROTATION
3.914E-06
AT NODE
11
THE MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
1.080E+04
DOF 6
DOF 6
DOF 6
73
L3.27
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
144.
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
-6.928E-05
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-1.84
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
1.701E-04
AT NODE
11
THE FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
90.9
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 2
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
MOMENT
1.600E+04
TIME AVG. MOMENT
1.160E+04
RESIDUAL MOMENT
1.218E-04
AT NODE
7
DOF 6
INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-1.382E-02
AT NODE
11
DOF 6
CORRECTION TO ROTATION
1.804E-06
AT NODE
11
DOF 6
THE MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
2 consecutive increments with
TIME INCREMENT MAY NOW INCREASE TO
0.150
4 or fewer iterations: Dt = 1.5Dtold
ITERATION SUMMARY FOR THE INCREMENT:
2 TOTAL ITERATIONS, OF WHICH
0 ARE SEVERE DISCONTINUITY ITERATIONS AND 2 ARE EQUILIBRIUM ITERATIONS.
TIME INCREMENT COMPLETED
STEP TIME COMPLETED
0.100
0.200
,
,
0.200
0.200
L3.28
INCREMENT
1, TIME INCREMENT
74
0.150
Dt = 1.5Dtold
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
133.
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
3.02
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-2.75
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
-3.764E-02
AT NODE
11
FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM NOT ACHIEVED WITHIN TOLERANCE.
105.
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 1
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
MOMENT
2.518E+04
TIME AVG. MOMENT
RESIDUAL MOMENT
-4.47
AT NODE
5
INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-2.071E-02
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO ROTATION
1.722E-05
AT NODE
11
THE MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
1.613E+04
DOF 6
DOF 6
DOF 6
L3.29
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
252.
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
-7.965E-04
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-2.75
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
5.629E-04
AT NODE
11
THE FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
145.
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 2
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
MOMENT
2.798E+04
TIME AVG. MOMENT
RESIDUAL MOMENT
7.461E-04
AT NODE
7
INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-2.070E-02
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO ROTATION
5.967E-06
AT NODE
11
THE MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
TIME INCREMENT MAY NOW INCREASE TO
0.225
1.706E+04
DOF 6
DOF 6
DOF 6
0.150
0.350
,
,
AFTER INCREMENT
4 or
fewer
0.350
0.350
3
L3.30
INCREMENT
1, TIME INCREMENT
0.225
Dt = 1.5Dtold
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
1.528E+03
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
-4.550E+03
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-5.95
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
-1.82
AT NODE
11
FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM NOT ACHIEVED WITHIN TOLERANCE.
490.
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 2
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
MOMENT
4.853E+04
TIME AVG. MOMENT
RESIDUAL MOMENT
-344.
AT NODE
9
INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-4.477E-02
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO ROTATION
-1.371E-02
AT NODE
11
MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM NOT ACHIEVED WITHIN TOLERANCE.
2.493E+04
DOF 6
DOF 6
DOF 6
75
L3.31
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
281.
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
0.349
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-5.94
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
-9.348E-03
AT NODE
11
THE FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
179.
DOF 2
DOF 2
DOF 1
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
MOMENT
4.847E+04
TIME AVG. MOMENT
RESIDUAL MOMENT
-2.26
AT NODE
5
INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-4.471E-02
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO ROTATION
5.353E-05
AT NODE
11
THE MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
TIME INCREMENT MAY NOW INCREASE TO
0.338
2.491E+04
DOF 6
DOF 6
DOF 6
0.225
0.575
,
,
0.575
0.575
L3.32
INCREMENT
1, TIME INCREMENT
76
0.338
Dt = 1.5Dtold
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
1.248E+04
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
-3.911E+04
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-14.2
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
-5.31
AT NODE
11
FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM NOT ACHIEVED WITHIN TOLERANCE.
2.638E+03
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 2
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
MOMENT
1.049E+05
TIME AVG. MOMENT
RESIDUAL MOMENT
-4.323E+03
AT NODE
9
INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-0.107
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO ROTATION
-4.037E-02
AT NODE
11
MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM NOT ACHIEVED WITHIN TOLERANCE.
4.090E+04
DOF 6
DOF 6
DOF 6
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
556.
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
16.6
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-14.2
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
-8.119E-02
AT NODE
11
FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM NOT ACHIEVED WITHIN TOLERANCE.
254.
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 1
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
MOMENT
1.044E+05
TIME AVG. MOMENT
RESIDUAL MOMENT
-42.5
AT NODE
5
INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-0.107
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO ROTATION
1.095E-04
AT NODE
11
THE MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
4.080E+04
DOF 6
DOF 6
DOF 6
L3.33
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
INCREMENT OF DISP.
CORRECTION TO DISP.
FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM NOT
559.
TIME AVG. FORCE
-28.9
AT NODE
11
-14.1
AT NODE
11
0.130
AT NODE
11
ACHIEVED WITHIN TOLERANCE.
255.
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 2
AVERAGE MOMENT
1.153E+05
TIME AVG. MOMENT
4.299E+04
LARGEST RESIDUAL MOMENT
3.833E-02
AT NODE
5
DOF 6
LARGEST INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-0.106
AT NODE
11
DOF 6
LARGEST CORRECTION TO ROTATION
1.112E-03
AT NODE
11
DOF 6
ESTIMATE OF ROTATION CORRECTION
-1.004E-06
MOMENT
EQUILIB. ACCEPTED BASED ON SMALL RESIDUAL AND ESTIMATED CORRECTION
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
4.299E+04
DOF 6
DOF 6
DOF 6
0.338
0.913
,
,
0.913
0.913
L3.34
INCREMENT
1, TIME INCREMENT
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
8.750E-02
FORCE
641.
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
74.0
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-3.55
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
-0.180
AT NODE
11
FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM NOT ACHIEVED WITHIN TOLERANCE.
402.
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 1
AVERAGE MOMENT
1.179E+05
TIME AVG. MOMENT
5.547E+04
LARGEST RESIDUAL MOMENT
-99.4
AT NODE
5
DOF 6
LARGEST INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-2.702E-02
AT NODE
11
DOF 6
LARGEST CORRECTION TO ROTATION
5.186E-04
AT NODE
11
DOF 6
ESTIMATE OF ROTATION CORRECTION
-1.594E-05
MOMENT
EQUILIB. ACCEPTED BASED ON SMALL RESIDUAL AND ESTIMATED CORRECTION
CONVERGENCE CHECKS FOR EQUILIBRIUM ITERATION
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
FORCE
695.
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
-0.505
AT NODE
11
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-3.53
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO DISP.
1.386E-02
AT NODE
11
THE FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
411.
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 2
AVERAGE
LARGEST
LARGEST
LARGEST
MOMENT
1.309E+05
TIME AVG. MOMENT
RESIDUAL MOMENT
8.716E-02
AT NODE
7
INCREMENT OF ROTATION
-2.687E-02
AT NODE
11
CORRECTION TO ROTATION
1.493E-04
AT NODE
11
THE MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
5.764E+04
DOF 6
DOF 6
DOF 6
77
L3.35
8.750E-02,
1.00
,
AFTER INCREMENT
1.00
1.00
6
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
TOTAL OF
6
0
15
15
15
Look here for warning
0
and error messages.
1
Search the message
0
file and data file to
0
determine the causes
3
of these messages.
0
0
0
0
INCREMENTS
CUTBACKS IN AUTOMATIC INCREMENTATION
ITERATIONS INCLUDING CONTACT ITERATIONS IF PRESENT
PASSES THROUGH THE EQUATION SOLVER OF WHICH
INVOLVE MATRIX DECOMPOSITION, INCLUDING
DECOMPOSITION(S) OF THE MASS MATRIX
REORDERING OF EQUATIONS TO MINIMIZE WAVEFRONT
ADDITIONAL RESIDUAL EVALUATIONS FOR LINE SEARCHES
ADDITIONAL OPERATOR EVALUATIONS FOR LINE SEARCHES
WARNING MESSAGES DURING USER INPUT PROCESSING
WARNING MESSAGES DURING ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS WARNINGS ARE NUMERICAL PROBLEM MESSAGES
ANALYSIS WARNINGS ARE NEGATIVE EIGENVALUE MESSAGES
ERROR MESSAGES
L3.36
78
L3.37
1. Workshop tasks
1. Define alternate material directions
corresponding to the skew angle of the plate.
2. Analyze the deformation of the skew plate with and
without considering nonlinear geometric effects.
3. Include plasticity in the material definition.
4. View the results using Abaqus/Viewer.
1 hour
1. Workshop tasks
1. Define alternate material directions
corresponding to the skew angle of the plate.
2. Analyze the deformation of the skew plate with and
without considering nonlinear geometric effects.
3. Include plasticity in the material definition.
4. View the results using Abaqus/Viewer.
L3.38
1 hour
79
80
Notes
81
Notes
82
L4.1
Lesson content:
Multistep Analyses
Restart Analysis in Abaqus
Workshop 4: Unloading Analysis (IA)
Workshop 4: Unloading Analysis (KW)
1 hour
L4.2
83
L4.3
L4.4
84
L4.5
Step
Action
Step type
Stretch cable
Frequency
extraction
More stretching
Another frequency
extraction
L4.6
Step
Action
Stretch cable
85
L4.7
History definition:
*STEP, NLGEOM
STEP 1: STRETCH CABLE
*STATIC
*CLOAD
This load remains throughout
13, 1, 500.
the analysis unless it is
*RESTART, WRITE
explicitly modified or removed.
*NODE FILE
U
*EL PRINT
S, MISES, E
*NODE PRINT
U, RF, CF
*END STEP
**
*STEP, NLGEOM
STEP 2: DEFLECT MIDPOINT
*STATIC
.1, 1.
*BOUNDARY, OP=MOD The midpoint deflection is added to the
other boundary conditions specified in the
7, 2, 2, -1.
model definition.
*END STEP
L4.8
86
**
*STEP, NLGEOM, INC=200
STEP 3:RELEASE & SEE VIBRATE
*DYNAMIC
** use fixed time incs for
** this example
** dtinit, ttot, dtmin, dtmax
.0002, .04
*BOUNDARY, OP=NEW
All previously specified boundary conditions are
1, 1, 2
removed, and the pin and roller conditions are
13, 2
redefined. The midpoint deflection is removed
*PRINT, FREQUENCY=100
since it is not redefined.
*EL PRINT, FREQUENCY=0
*NODE PRINT, FREQUENCY=0
*END STEP
L4.9
L4.10
87
L4.11
L4.12
*RESTART, READ, STEP= , INC= , END STEP, WRITE, FREQUENCY | NUMBER INTERVAL= ,
TIME MARKS=, OVERLAY
88
Used to specify that restart data from a previous analysis should be read at
a particular step and increment. (The default is to read from the last
available restart data.)
END STEP
WRITE, FREQUENCY,
NUMBER INTERVAL,
Control when restart data are written during an analysis. Restart data and
TIME MARKS are always written at the end of a step if WRITE is specified.
OVERLAY
Causes Abaqus to save only the last set of restart data. (There will be only
one set of restart data per step.)
L4.13
L4.14
89
L4.15
Analysis Job 1
Step 1
Apply tension
Write restart data
Analysis Job 2
Step 2
Step 3
L4.16
90
*HEADING
READ SOLUTION AT END OF STEP 1 AND
CONTINUE
THE VIBRATING CABLE SIMULATION
*RESTART, READ, STEP=1, INC=1
**
*STEP, NLGEOM
STEP 2: DEFLECT MIDPOINT
*STATIC
.1, 1.
*BOUNDARY, OP=MOD
7, 2, 2, -1.
*END STEP
**
*STEP, NLGEOM, INC=200
STEP 3: RELEASE & SEE VIBRATE
*DYNAMIC
.0002, .04
*BOUNDARY, OP=NEW
1, 1, 2
13, 2
*END STEP
L4.17
2
3
1.
L4.18
30 minutes
91
1.
30 minutes
92
L4.19
Notes
93
Notes
94
L5.1
Lesson content:
Constraints
Tie Constraints
Rigid Bodies
Shell-to-solid Coupling
Contact
Defining General Contact
Defining Contact Pairs
Contact Pair Surfaces
Local Surface Behavior
Relative Sliding of Points in Contact
Adjusting Initial Nodal Locations for Contact
Contact Output
Workshop 5: Seal Contact (IA)
Workshop 5: Seal Contact (KW)
L5.2
Constraints (1/4)
What are constraints?
Constraints allow you to model kinematic relationships between points.
These relationships are defined between degrees of freedom in the model.
Examples:
Tie constraints
Rigid body constraints
Shell-to-solid coupling
Multi-point constraints
95
L5.3
Constraints (2/4)
Tie constraints
Allow you to fuse together two regions even though the meshes created on the surfaces of the
regions may be dissimilar.
L5.4
Constraints (3/4)
Shell-to-solid coupling
Couples the motion of a shell edge to
the motion of an adjacent solid face
96
L5.5
Constraints (4/4)
Multi-point constraints (MPCs)
Linear or nonlinear constraints between nodes.
Linear equations are a form of MPC
i th node
u1i u1bot 0
This linear equation
constraint is applied to all
nodes on the right-hand
edge of the model to
impose generalized plane
strain conditions.
bot
L5.6
Tie constraints
97
L5.7
L5.8
A warning is issued in the printed output file for slave nodes in tie constraints that are not in
contact.
By default, both translational and rotational degrees of freedom are constrained.
Use the NO ROTATION parameter if rotation degrees of freedom should not be constrained.
Do not apply boundary conditions, equations, or MPCs to the slave nodes of a tie constraint; this will
cause the nodes to be overconstrained, resulting in errors in the analysis.
Symptoms:
I. Zero pivot warnings in the message (.msg) file in Abaqus/Standard
II. Deformation wave speed errors in Abaqus/Explicit
98
L5.9
L5.10
99
L5.11
L5.12
100
L5.13
L5.14
rigid
tie node
pin node
deformable
Initial configuration
101
L5.15
For example, if a node is attached to both CPE3 and B21 elements, the node will be a tie node by
default.
Default node types can be overridden by including the same node in a pin or tie node set.
*RIGID BODY, REF NODE=node, ELSET=element set, PIN NSET=node set,
TIE NSET=node set
thickness
L5.16
Three types of analytical surfaces are available using the *SURFACE option:
Use TYPE=SEGMENTS to define a two-dimensional rigid surface.
Use TYPE=CYLINDER to define a three-dimensional rigid surface that is extruded infinitely in the
out-of-plane direction.
Use TYPE=REVOLUTION to define a three-dimensional surface of revolution.
102
Analytical rigid surfaces are not smoothed automatically. Contact calculations are easier with smoothed
surfaces, however.
Use the FILLET RADIUS parameter to provide the radius used to smooth segments of the
analytical rigid surface.
Use the *RIGID BODY option to assign the surface to a rigid body and assign the reference node.
L5.17
TYPE=SEGMENTS
L5.18
103
L5.19
If the reference node is relocated at the center of mass of the rigid body, the new coordinates of the
reference node are also printed out at the end of the printed output file.
Syntax:
*RIGID BODY, REF NODE=node, ELSET=element set,
POSITION=CENTER OF MASS
L5.20
104
L5.21
L5.22
105
L5.23
solid_surface (face)
shell_surface (edge)
L5.24
Contact (1/12)
What is contact?
When two solid bodies touch, force
is transmitted across their common
surface.
106
If friction is present, a limited amount of force tangent to the contact surfaces also can be
transmitted.
I. Frictional forces cause shear stresses along the contact surfaces.
General objective: Determine contacting areas and stress transmitted.
Contact is a severely discontinuous form of nonlinearity.
Either a constraint must be applied (that the surfaces cannot interpenetrate) or the constraint is
ignored.
L5.25
Contact (2/12)
Contact examples
Gap contact
Point contact is modeled as node-to-node contact.
L5.26
Contact (3/12)
Hertz contact
Small displacements of the contact surfaces relative to each other.
Contact over a distributed surface area.
Typical Examples: bearing design, hard gaskets, and shrink fits. The
example shown here comes from Coolant manifold cover gasketed
joint, Example Problem 5.1.4 in the Abaqus Example Problems
Manual.
107
L5.27
Contact (4/12)
Large-sliding contact between deformable
bodies
This is the most general category of
contact.
Example: threaded connector.
These problems typically involve an
initial interference fit (because of the
tapered thread), followed by finite
sliding between bodies made of
similar strength materials.
Contact pressure
distribution due to
interference
resolution
This example is loosely based on Axisymmetric analysis
of a threaded connection, Example Problem 1.1.20 in the
Abaqus Example Problems Manual.
L5.28
Contact (5/12)
Self-contact
Self-contact is contact of a single
surface with itself. It is available in twoand three-dimensional models in
Abaqus.
It is convenient when a surface will
deform severely during the analysis and
it is not possible, or it is very difficult, to
determine individual contacting regions
in advance.
Self-contact is defined by specifying a
single contact surface as a contact pair
instead of two different surfaces.
SURF1
(rigid)
SURF2
108
L5.29
Contact (6/12)
Deformable to rigid
body contact
Finite sliding between
the surfaces (large
displacements).
Finite strain of the
deforming components.
Typical examples:
I. Rubber seals
II. Tire on road
III. Pipeline on seabed
IV. Forming simulations
(rigid die/mold,
deformable component).
L5.30
Contact (7/12)
Abaqus provides two approaches for modeling
surface-based contact:
General contact allows you to define contact
between many or all regions of a model with a
single interaction.
The surfaces that can interact with one
another comprise the contact domain
and can span many disconnected
regions of a model.
Contact pairs describe contact between two
surfaces.
Requires more careful definition of
contact.
I. Every possible contact pair
interaction must be defined.
Has many restrictions on the types of
surfaces involved.
109
L5.31
Contact (8/12)
The general contact algorithm
The contact domain spans multiple bodies
(both rigid and deformable)
Default domain is defined automatically
via an
all-inclusive element-based surface
The method is geared toward models with
multiple components and complex topology
Greater ease in defining contact model
L5.32
Contact (9/12)
110
L5.33
Contact (10/12)
The choice between general contact and contact pairs is largely a trade-off between ease of defining contact
and analysis performance
Robustness and accuracy of both methods are similar
In some cases, the contact pair approach is required in order to access specific features not available with
general contact.
These include:
Analytical rigid surfaces (Abaqus/Standard)
Two-dimensional models (Abaqus/Explicit)
Node-based surfaces
Small sliding
Rough or Lagrange friction (Abaqus/Standard)
See the Abaqus Analysis Users Manual for a complete list of general contact limitations
L5.34
Contact (11/12)
Some additional details
Abaqus/Standard
Contact pairs: "Node-to-surface" contact
discretization is used by default:
I. Nodes on one surface
(the slave surface) contact the discretized
segments on the other surface (the master surface).
II. Also known as a strict master/slave formulation
General contact: Surface-to-surface" contact discretization
I. Contact is enforced in an average sense.
II. This form of contact discretization may also be used with contact pairs
Abaqus/Explicit
A balanced master/slave formulation is used in most cases.
I. The contact constraints are applied twice and averaged, reversing the master and slave
surfaces on the second application.
II. Decreases potential contact penetrations.
Shell thickness in contact
By default, Abaqus considers shell thickness in contact calculations with the exception of finitesliding, node-to-surface contact in Abaqus/Standard.
To ignore thickness effects, use the NO THICKNESS parameter on the *CONTACT PAIR option.
111
L5.35
Contact (12/12)
Contact pairs in Abaqus/Standard
The default strict master/slave formulation
used in Abaqus/Standard has certain
implications.
Slave nodes cannot penetrate master
surface segments.
Nodes on the master surface can
penetrate slave surface segments.
The contact direction is always normal
to the master surface.
I. The contact condition is checked
along the normal to the master
surface.
II. Normal contact forces are
transmitted along the normal
direction.
III. Frictional forces are transmitted
tangent to the contacting surfaces.
L5.36
*CONTACT
*CONTACT INCLUSIONS, ALL EXTERIOR
Automatic contact for entire model
The contact definition can gradually become more detailed, as called for by the analysis
112
L5.37
*CONTACT
Suboptions
Commonly used:
*CONTACT INCLUSIONS
*CONTACT PROPERTY ASSIGNMENT
Less commonly used:
*SURFACE PROPERTY ASSIGNMENT
*CONTACT EXCLUSIONS
L5.38
*CONTACT
*CONTACT INCLUSIONS, ALL EXTERIOR
*CONTACT PROPERTY ASSIGNMENT
, , prop_1
alum_surf, steel_surf, prop_2
alum_surf, alum_surf, prop_3
113
L5.39
L5.40
*SURFACE, NAME=ASURF
SLIDER, S1
*SURFACE, NAME=BSURF
BLOCK, S3
*CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION=FRIC1
ASURF, BSURF
*SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=FRIC1
1.0,
*FRICTION
0.4,
114
L5.41
Defining surfaces
The surfaces are defined using the *SURFACE option.
The faces of each element set are specified using face label identifiers.
Either element set names or element numbers can be used to specify surfaces.
*SURFACE, NAME=ASURF
SLIDER, S1
*SURFACE, NAME=BSURF
BLOCK, S3
L5.42
115
L5.43
properties as suboptions of
*SURFACE INTERACTION
L5.44
Allow Abaqus to automatically determine the free surfaces of a body of continuum elements
116
Use the *SURFACE, TYPE=[SEGMENTS | CYLINDER | REVOLUTION] option with the *RIGID BODY
option to define analytical rigid surfaces.
Discussed earlier in the context of rigid bodies
Use the *SURFACE, TYPE=NODE option to specify individual nodes that may experience contact.
L5.45
L5.46
117
L5.47
L5.48
118
*SURFACE, NAME=SURF1
BEAMS, SPOS
*SURFACE, NAME=SURF1
BOTTOM, SPOS
TOP, SNEG
L5.49
previously defined
surface
L5.50
119
L5.51
L5.52
120
L5.53
Pressure-clearance relationship
(Abaqus/Standard)
(Abaqus/Explicit)
(Abaqus/Standard only)
L5.54
121
L5.55
Frictional shear stresses, , may develop at the interface between contacting bodies.
If the magnitude reaches a critical value, the bodies will slip; otherwise they will stick.
L5.56
122
Using UNSYMM=NO will give slower convergence, but the solution will be correct (if obtained). It
may also use less disk space.
This behavior is not an issue with Abaqus/Explicit, where there are no systems of equations to
solve.
L5.57
cr = p.
Basic syntax:
*FRICTION
The friction coefficient, , can be a function of the relative slip velocity, pressure, temperature,
and field variables ( eq , p, , f i ).
For computational reasons the default friction model in Abaqus/Standard uses an approximation
to the ideal behavior, allowing a small amount of elastic slip before nonrecoverable slip occurs:
p2
p1
G2
G1
cr
L5.58
123
L5.59
Small-sliding
*CONTACT PAIR,
SMALL SLIDING
L5.60
124
L5.61
Contact
lines
L5.62
125
L5.63
L5.64
126
L5.65
Overclosed slave nodes not in the node set will remain overclosed and will cause strains when
forced back onto the contact surface during the analysis.
L5.66
Symbol plot of
STRAINFREE
Initial configuration
without contact
127
L5.67
x = xo + u
Abaqus/Explicit adjusts u
Abaqus/Standard adjusts xo
Technique in Abaqus/CAE
Abaqus/Standard model
Abaqus/Explicit model
Adjusted configuration
Configuration prior to
adjustments
Undeformed shape
L5.68
128
L5.69
Description
CAREA
CFN
CFS
Total force vector due to contact pressure and frictional shear stress of slave
surface, respectively
CMN
CMS
Total moment vector about the origin due to contact pressure and frictional
shear stress of slave surface, respectively
CFT
CMT
XN
Coordinates of a point about which the total moment due to the contact
pressure on a slave surface is equal to zero
XS
Coordinates of a point about which the total moment due to the frictional stress
on a slave surface is equal to zero
XT
Coordinates of a point about which the total moment due to the contact
pressure and frictional stress on a slave surface is equal to zero
L5.70
129
L5.71
Two other options exist for generating printed output relevant to Abaqus/Standard contact analyses:
*PREPRINT, CONTACT=YES:
I. Controls output to the printed output file during preprocessing
II. Gives details of internally generated contact elements
III. Recommended for small-sliding contact problems to verify master-slave node interaction
IV. Use to check that surface definitions and interactions are correct
*PRINT, CONTACT=YES:
I. Controls output to the message file during the analysis phase
II. Gives details of the iteration process
III. Use to understand where difficulties are occurring during contact
1.
Workshop tasks
1. Evaluate a hyperelastic material model.
2. Define contact
1. Contact pairs
2. General contact
3. Apply boundary conditions
4. Perform large displacement analysis
5. Visualize the results.
1 hour
130
L5.72
1.
Workshop tasks
1. Evaluate a hyperelastic material model.
2. Define contact
1. Contact pairs
2. General contact
3. Apply boundary conditions
4. Perform large displacement analysis
5. Visualize the results.
L5.73
1 hour
131
132
Notes
133
Notes
134
L6.1
Lesson content:
2 hours
L6.2
Inertial forces are proportional to the acceleration of the mass in the structure.
Solving a dynamic problem may require the integration of the equations of motion in time.
135
L6.3
Mu I P 0
Assumptions:
L6.4
136
L6.5
Studies of the vibration characteristics of a structural system often begin with a natural frequency (or
eigenvalue) analysis.
The *FREQUENCY procedure in Abaqus/Standard extracts eigenvalues of an undamped system:
www.3ds.com | Dassault Systmes
Mu Ku 0
Eigenvalues and mode shapes describe the free vibration or the frequency content of the structure.
Any preload applied prior to calculation of the eigenvalues will affect the results if nonlinear geometry is
used.
Setting NLGEOM=YES on the *STEP option causes Abaqus to consider nonlinear geometry
effects, including preloads (preloads contribute to K).
L6.6
Lanczos (default)
I. For very large models, use SIM architecture*
Subspace iteration
The structure may be unconstrained or constrained.
If constrained, preload effects may be included.
137
L6.7
Steel
The structure is unrestrained.
L6.8
# modes
requested
Natural frequency
extraction procedure
*STEP
*FREQUENCY,EIGENSOLVER=LANCZOS, SIM
100, 1., ,
Set equal to LANCZOS to invoke the
LANCZOS eigensolver.
Note: It is not necessary to specify the number of modes; simply specify a maximum frequency of
interest
138
L6.9
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 4
Mode 7
Mode 3
Mode 5
Mode 8
Mode 6
Mode 9
Mode 10
L6.10
The eigenmodes of a structure can be used in several different mode-based procedures to study its
linear dynamic response:
Modal dynamics
Random response
I. Predicts response to random continuous excitation
139
L6.11
When a damped structure is excited with a harmonic load, it has a transient response that disappears
rather quickly and is rarely of much interest.
Eventually the structure reaches a steady state that is characterized by a harmonic response.
The STEADY STATE DYNAMICS procedure provides the solution to the linear dynamic equations of
motion when the loading is harmonic.
Three options are available for steady-state dynamic analysis:
Direct
Mode-based
Subspace projection
L6.12
140
L6.13
Static preload
(footprint step)
L6.14
Frequency
extraction
Frequency
range
*STEP
*FREQUENCY,EIGENSOLVER=LANCZOS
20
Subspace-based steady-state
*END STEP
dynamics procedure
*STEP,NLGEOM=YES
*STEADY STATE DYNAMICS,
SUBSPACE PROJECTION=ALL FREQUENCIES,
INTERVAL=EIGENFREQUENCY, FREQUENCY SCALE=LINEAR
80, 130, 3
*CLOAD
The load is purely inROAD, 3, 200.
phase:
*END STEP
Fz 200cos t
141
L6.15
Results
L6.16
142
Overview
Abaqus/Standard
Uses implicit time integration to calculate the transient dynamic or quasi-static response of a
system.
Three application types:
I. dynamic responses requiring transient fidelity and involving minimal energy dissipation;
II. dynamic responses involving nonlinearity, contact, and moderate energy dissipation; and
III. quasi-static responses in which considerable energy dissipation provides stability and
improved convergence behavior for determining an essentially static solution.
Abaqus/Explicit
Uses explicit time integration scheme to calculate the transient dynamic or quasi-static response
of a system.
L6.17
The spatial discretization (finite element approximation) turns the partial differential equations describing
dynamic equilibrium into a set of coupled, nonlinear, ordinary differential equations in time.
Time integration is needed to solve this system of ordinary differential equations.
The methods used to integrate these equations through time distinguish Abaqus/Standard and
Abaqus/Explicit.
L6.18
Uses a second-order accurate, implicit scheme called the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) rule unless
the application type is quasi-static.
143
L6.19
L6.20
Application
Transient fidelity
Default incrementation
scheme
Default
half-increment residual
tolerance*
Time integration
method
HHT
a 0.05
b 0.275625
g 0.55
HHT
a 0.41421
b 0.5
g 0.91421
Not considered
Backward Euler
N/A
Conservative:
a. Same rules as for
static analyses
b. Dtmax0.01*Tstep
c. Limit on half
increment residual
Moderate
dissipation
Quasi-static
Aggressive:
a. Same rules as for
static analyses
10000*time average
force (with contact)
144
Integration
parameters
L6.21
The stability limit is given in terms of the highest eigenvalue in the model max and the fraction of critical
damping ( ) in the highest mode:
Dtmin
max
( 1 2 ).
L6.22
The concept of a stable time increment is explained easily by considering a one-dimensional problem.
One-dimensional problem
The stable time increment is the minimum time that a dilatational wave takes to move across any
element in the model.
A dilatational wave consists of volume expansion and contraction.
The dilatational wave speed, cd , can be expressed for a one-dimensional problem as
cd
145
L6.23
Dt
Le
.
cd
Decreasing Le and/or increasing cd will reduce the size of the stable time increment.
www.3ds.com | Dassault Systmes
L6.24
Abaqus/Standard
146
Abaqus/Explicit
L6.25
Abaqus/Explicit
Ideal for high-speed dynamic simulations
Require very small time increments; implicit dynamics
inefficient.
Usually more reliable for problems involving
discontinuous nonlinearities.
Contact behavior is discontinuous and involves
impacts, both of which cause problems for implicit
time integration.
Other sources of discontinuous behavior include
buckling and material failure.
L6.26
147
L6.27
Reference: Double cantilever elastic beam under point load, Section 1.3.2 in the Abaqus Benchmarks
Manual.
L6.28
148
*HEADING
NONLINEAR ELASTIC BEAM
*NODE
1, 0.
6, 10.
*NGEN
1, 6
*NSET, NSET=NFIL
6,
*ELEMENT, TYPE=B23
1, 1, 2
*ELGEN, ELSET=BEAM
1, 5
*BEAM SECTION, ELSET=BEAM,
SECTION=RECT, MATERIAL=A1
1., .125
0., 0., -1.
3
*MATERIAL, NAME=A1
*ELASTIC
30.E6,
*DENSITY
2.5362E-4,
*RESTART, WRITE, FREQUENCY=10
L6.29
1.
L6.30
1 hour
149
1.
1 hour
150
L6.31
Notes
151
Notes
152
L7.1
Lesson content:
2 hours
L7.2
From a user standpoint the distinguishing characteristics of the explicit and implicit methods are:
Explicit methods require a small time increment size.
Depends solely on the highest natural frequencies of the model.
153
L7.3
L7.4
u1
u
P
u1 u1dt el1 1 d el1 el1dt
M1
l
154
L7.5
u1
P Fel1
u1 u1old u1dt
M1
u2
Fel1
u 2 u2 dt
M2
el1
u 2 u1
d el1 el1dt
l
el1 1 d el1
el1 E el1
L7.6
155
L7.7
Hydroforming
Uses fluid pressure to form a component.
Abaqus/Explicit captures the unstable
wrinkling of excess blank material.
A draw cap is
added to
decrease the
wrinkling effects.
L7.8
An Abaqus/Explicit analysis is performed when the input file contains the *DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT procedure
option.
156
In the majority of Abaqus/Explicit analyses you provide just the total step time and the time increment size is
chosen automatically so that it always satisfies the stability limit.
*STEP
*DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT
, 70.E-3
Options for controlling the time increment size are available for special circumstances.
L7.9
L7.10
Analysis
procedures
Material
157
L7.11
Rigid Bodies
As noted previously, Abaqus has a general rigid body capability.
Two additional points are relevant when using this capability with Abaqus/Explicit.
The elements in a rigid body do not affect the stable time increment.
It is possible to define the thickness and density of rigid elements on the *RIGID BODY option.
*RIGID BODY, REF NODE=node, ELSET=element set, DENSITY=#
thickness
A constant thickness can be specified as a value on the data line following the *RIGID BODY
option.
A variable thickness can be specified by using the NODAL THICKNESS parameter on the *RIGID
BODY option.
1. Workshop tasks
a. Define general contact between
the two pipes.
b. Assign boundary conditions and initial velocities.
c. Perform impact analysis.
d. View deformation and energy histories.
1 hour
158
L7.12
1. Workshop tasks
a. Define general contact between
the two pipes.
b. Assign boundary conditions and initial velocities.
c. Perform impact analysis.
d. View deformation and energy histories.
L7.13
1 hour
159
160
Notes
161
Notes
162
L8.1
Lesson content:
Introduction
Solution Strategies
Quasi-Static Simulations Using Explicit Dynamics
Energy Balance
Example: Load Rates
Example: Mass Scaling
Adaptive Meshing
Summary
Workshop 8: Quasi-Static Analysis (IA)
Workshop 8: Quasi-Static Analysis (KW)
2 hours
L8.2
Introduction (1/3)
In the previous lectures we discussed how to solve nonlinear static and dynamic problems using
Abaqus.
We now revisit the subject of nonlinear static problems with a particular focus on problems involving:
Very complex contact conditions
Very large deformations
I. Mesh distortion possible
Typical application: metal forming simulations
Bulk forming (drawing, rolling, extrusion, upsetting, etc.)
Sheet metal forming (stretching, drawing)
163
L8.3
Introduction (2/3)
Upsetting
Rolling
L8.4
Introduction (3/3)
Hydroforming
Uses fluid pressure to form a component.
Unstable wrinkling of excess blank material.
A draw cap is
added to
decrease the
wrinkling effects.
164
L8.5
L8.6
blank holder
punch
die
blank
165
L8.7
L8.8
Le
.
cd
166
L8.9
L8.10
167
L8.11
L8.12
jetting
168
L8.13
L8.14
Localized effect
0.1 m
Velocity 25 m/s:
169
L8.15
During this period, the rigid cylinder is pushed into the beam d = 0.1 m.
Thus, the velocity v is estimated to be v = d / t = 0.1/0.004 = 25 m/sec.
Recall, the wave speed of metals is about 5000 m/sec, so the impact velocity 25 m/sec is about 0.5% of
the wave speed.
The impact velocity should be limited to less than 1% of the wave speed of the material.
A more accurate solution could be obtained by ramping up the velocity smoothly from zero over the
analysis step.
L8.16
170
L8.17
L8.18
where
EKE
EI
is the internal energy (both elastic and plastic strain energy and the artificial energy associated
with hourglass control),
EV
EFD
EW
ETOT
171
L8.19
L8.20
172
L8.21
L8.22
173
L8.23
Punch speed
(m/s)
Time increments
3 (1X)
27929
1.0
30 (10X)
2704
0.097
150 (50X)
529
0.019
L8.24
Vpunch = 30 m/s
Vpunch = 3 m/s
174
L8.25
At punch speeds of 3 m/s and 30 m/s the kinetic energy is only a small fraction of the internal energy
over the majority of the forming process history.
L8.26
175
L8.27
Mass
scaling
factor
25
10000
Contours of PEEQ
L8.28
Motivation
In many nonlinear simulations the material in the structure or process undergoes very large
deformations.
These deformations distort the finite element mesh, often to the point where the mesh is unable
to provide accurate results or the analysis terminates prematurely for numerical reasons.
In such simulations it is necessary to use adaptive meshing tools to minimize the distortion in the
mesh periodically.
176
Note: In this course we restrict our attention to the ALE adaptive meshing capability available in
Abaqus/Explicit.
The adaptive remeshing capability available in Abaqus/Standard and the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian
capability available in Abaqus/Explicit are not discussed here.
L8.29
L8.30
177
L8.31
ALE
Mesh motion is constrained to the material motion only where necessary (at free
boundaries), but otherwise material motion and mesh motion are independent.
L8.32
178
L8.33
Undeformed model
L8.34
By using the adaptive meshing capability, a high-quality mesh can be maintained throughout the entire
forging process.
179
L8.35
In a transient (Lagrangian-type) problem, such as this forging simulation, minimal additional input is
required to invoke the adaptive meshing capability.
*HEADING
....
*ELSET, ELSET=BLANK
....
*STEP
*DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT
....
*ADAPTIVE MESH, ELSET=BLANK [, FREQUENCY=..., MESH SWEEPS=...]
....
*END STEP
Adaptive meshing is available for all first-order, reduced-integration continuum elements.
Other element types may exist in the model.
L8.36
Summary
180
Excessive loading rates can produce solutions with significant inertia effects.
A general guideline is to restrict loading rates so that, for example, tool speeds are less than 1% of the
material wave speed.
Ramping loads up from zero also promotes a quasi-static response.
Use the SMOOTH STEP amplitude definition.
Mass scaling can be used for problems with rate-dependent material behavior, allowing the process to
be modeled in its natural time period.
The energy balance can be used to assist in evaluating whether a given solution represents a quasistatic response to applied loads.
Since results can depend strongly on the process speed (real or artificially adjusted by mass scaling), it
is vital to ensure that unrealistic results are not being generated by excessive artificial process speed
scaling.
To confirm that the Abaqus/Explicit results are realistic, it may be useful to study a simplified
version of the problem as a static analysis in Abaqus/Standard for comparison.
The easiest way to create a suitable simplified test case for this purpose is often to define a twodimensional version of part of the problem.
Adaptive meshing is used to maintain a high-quality mesh in the presence of very large deformations.
2.
L8.37
1 hour
2.
L8.38
1 hour
181
182
Notes
183
Notes
184
L9.1
Lesson content:
Introduction
Abaqus Usage
Springback Calculation Using Abaqus/Standard
Workshop 9: Import Analysis (IA)
Workshop 9: Import Analysis (KW)
1 hour
L9.2
Introduction (1/3)
Abaqus provides a capability to transfer a deformed mesh and an associated state between an
Abaqus/Explicit analysis and an Abaqus/Standard analysis.
This capability provides great flexibility, for example, in modeling springback in metal forming processes.
The deformed model can be transferred from Abaqus/Explicit to Abaqus/Standard to, for example:
Obtain the final static configuration after a dynamic event.
Simulate springback after a metal forming operation.
Perform eigenvalue or buckling simulations on a formed part.
Simulate the movement of rigid tools more efficiently.
The deformed model can be transferred from Abaqus/Standard to Abaqus/Explicit to, for example:
Simulate additional forming steps after an intermediary springback phase.
Simulate forming processes that occur after a part cools down from a heat treatment phase (thermal
stresses are calculated in Abaqus/Standard).
Continue a simulation following a phase of the analysis that was done more efficiently in
Abaqus/Standard.
Follow the steady-state rolling of a tire in Abaqus/Standard with a transient rolling along a bumpy road in
Abaqus/Explicit.
185
L9.3
Introduction (2/3)
Import summary
The ability to import the material state and the nodal positions is the main requirement of importing
results between the analysis modules.
The following table summarizes the import capabilities:
Can be imported
Need to be respecified
Cannot be imported
Material state *
Boundary conditions
Some materials *
Nodal positions
Loads
Contact definitions
Output requests
Temperatures
Multi-point constraints
Nodal transformations
Amplitude definitions
L9.4
Introduction (3/3)
186
L9.5
L9.6
During an Abaqus/Explicit or Abaqus/Standard simulation, a restart file must be written at the time when
transfer of the models state is desired.
Using the Abaqus driver, set the job parameter to the new job name and set the oldjob parameter to the
job name associated with the restart file from the previous analysis stage.
abaqus job=new_jobname oldjob=previous_jobname
187
L9.7
Specify the element sets that are to be imported on the data line of the *IMPORT option.
*IMPORT, STEP=step
L9.8
By default, the material state (for supported materials) is imported in an import analysis (STATE=YES on
the *IMPORT option).
For the analysis to continue without resetting the reference configuration, set UPDATE=NO on the
*IMPORT option:
*IMPORT, UPDATE=NO
In some cases it may be desirable to obtain springback displacements and strains relative to the
geometry at the start of the springback analysis (reset to zero at the start of the springback step). Set
UPDATE=YES on the *IMPORT option:
*IMPORT, UPDATE=YES
UPDATE=YES should not be used if additional forming stages will follow because the reference
configuration will not be consistent.
Other combinations of the STATE and UPDATE parameters are available but are not discussed here.
The setting of NLGEOM is imported and becomes the setting for the new analysis.
188
L9.9
L9.10
Generally, the forming process is simulated using Abaqus/Explicit because it is more efficient for such
analyses.
The deformed mesh of the blank and its associated material state at the end of the forming process are
imported into an Abaqus/Standard model to analyze springback.
189
L9.11
Upon importing the deformed blank and its current state into Abaqus/Standard, the model is not in static
equilibrium. Dynamic forces, contact forces, and boundary conditions that exist in Abaqus/Explicit but
not in Abaqus/Standard contribute to this condition:
Dynamic forces:
The forming process is simulated using a dynamic procedure, so the deformed blank is in a state
of dynamic equilibrium. Inertia and damping forces are present.
In a quasi-static forming simulation the state of dynamic equilibrium is relatively close to a state of
static equilibrium.
L9.12
When the deformed blank is imported with the material state into Abaqus/Standard, a set of artificial
internal stresses are automatically applied that equilibrate the imported stresses so that static
equilibrium is obtained at the start of the analysis.
These artificial stresses are ramped off during the springback calculation step.
190
As these stresses are removed, the blank deforms further (referred to as springback) as a result of
redistribution of internal forces.
The final configuration following springback is achieved after complete removal of the artificial stresses
or initial out-of-balance forces.
L9.13
*HEADING
Springback Calculation
*IMPORT, STEP=1, INTERVAL=10, UPDATE=YES, STATE=YES
BLANK,
*STEP, NLGEOM
*STATIC
0.1, 1.
*BOUNDARY
NodeX, XSYMM
Must have sufficient boundary conditions to
NodeY, YSYMM
1, 3, 3, 0.0 prevent rigid body motion
*RESTART, WRITE, FREQUENCY=5
*EL PRINT, ELSET=BLANK, FREQUENCY=99
S,
*END STEP
L9.14
Node set definitions NodeX and NodeY are imported and subsequently used to define symmetry
boundary conditions.
The z-translation of node 1 is restrained to preclude rigid body motion of the deformed blank.
The NLGEOM parameter must be used with the *STEP option, since Abaqus/Explicit includes nonlinear
geometry by default.
The *STATIC procedure is carried out incrementally.
The initial out-of-balance forces are ramped down in accordance with the time incrementation.
191
L9.15
The configuration after springback is shown in the figure. A magnification factor of 10 is applied to the
displacements for visualization purposes.
L9.16
2.
1.
30 minutes
192
L9.17
2.
1.
30 minutes
193
194
Notes
195
Notes
196
A1.1
Lesson content:
Elements in Abaqus
Structural (Shells and Beams) vs. Continuum Elements
Modeling Bending Using Continuum Elements
Stress Concentrations
Contact
Incompressible Materials
Mesh Generation
Solid Element Selection Summary
1.5 hours
A1.2
197
A1.3
Family
A family of finite elements is the broadest category used to classify elements.
Elements in the same family share many basic features.
There are many variations within a family.
shell elements
membrane elements
rigid elements
beam elements
truss elements
special-purpose
elements like springs,
dashpots, and masses
infinite elements
A1.4
First-order
interpolation
198
Second-order
interpolation
A1.5
A1.6
Formulation
The mathematical formulation used to describe the behavior of an element is another broad category
that is used to classify elements.
Examples of different element formulations:
Plane strain
Small-strain shells
Plane stress
Finite-strain shells
Hybrid elements
Thick-only shells
Incompatible-mode elements
Thin-only shells
Integration
The stiffness and mass of an element are calculated numerically at sampling points called integration
points within the element.
The numerical algorithm used to integrate these variables influences how an element behaves.
199
A1.7
Full
integration
Reduced
integration
Firstorder
interpolation
2x2
1x1
3x3
2x2
Secondorder
interpolation
A1.8
CAX8R: Continuum,
AXisymmetric, 8-node,
Reduced integration
200
A1.9
Both programs have essentially the same element families: continuum, shell, beam, etc.
Abaqus/Standard includes elements for many analysis types besides stress analysis: heat transfer, soils
consolidation, acoustics, etc.
Acoustic elements are also available in Abaqus/Explicit.
Abaqus/Standard includes many more variations within each element family.
Abaqus/Explicit includes mostly first-order reduced-integration elements.
Exceptions: second-order triangular and tetrahedral elements; second-order beam elements;
first-order fully-integrated brick (including incompatible mode version), shell, and membrane
elements.
Many of the same general element selection guidelines apply to both programs.
A1.10
If appropriate, structural elements (shells and beams) should be used for a more economical solution.
A structural element model typically requires far fewer elements than a comparable continuum element
model.
For structural elements to produce acceptable results, the shell thickness or the beam cross-section
dimensions should be less than 1/10 of a typical global structural dimension, such as:
The distance between supports or point loads
The distance between gross changes in cross section
The wavelength of the highest vibration mode
201
A1.11
3-D continuum
surface model
A1.12
3-D continuum
line model
202
A1.13
xx
A1.14
203
A1.15
integration point
A1.16
204
A1.17
Hourglassing can propagate easily through a mesh of first-order reduced-integration elements, causing
unreliable results.
Hourglassing is not a problem if you use multiple elementsat least four through the thickness.
Each element captures either compressive or tensile axial strains but not both.
The axial strains are measured correctly.
The thickness and shear strains are zero.
Cheap and effective elements.
A1.18
205
A1.19
internal energy
internal energy
artificial energy
artificial energy
A1.20
206
A1.21
Parallel distortion
Trapezoidal distortion
A1.22
xx
yy
xy
Physical behavior
Second-order
Element type
First-order, reduced
integration
Incompatible mode
Notes
OK
Shear locking
207
A1.23
Second-order elements clearly outperform first-order elements in problems with stress concentrations and are
ideally suited for the analysis of (stationary) cracks.
Both fully-integrated and reduced-integration elements work well.
Reduced-integration elements tend to be somewhat more efficientresults are often as good or better
than full integration at lower computational cost.
A1.24
Second-order elements capture geometric features, such as curved edges, with fewer elements than
first-order elements.
Physical model
208
A1.25
Both first- and second-order quads and bricks become less accurate when their initial shape is distorted.
First-order elements are known to be less sensitive to distortion than second-order elements and,
thus, are a better choice in problems where significant mesh distortion is expected.
Second-order triangles and tetrahedra are less sensitive to initial element shape than most other
elements; however, well-shaped elements provide better results.
ideal
undistorted
okay
bad
distorted
A1.26
elliptical shape
209
A1.27
First-order elements (including incompatible mode elements) are relatively poor in the study of stress
concentration problems.
Element
s yy at D (Target=100.0)
type
Coarse mesh Fine mesh
CPS3
55.06
76.87
CPS4
71.98
91.2
CPS4I
63.45
84.37
CPS4R
43.67
60.6
CPS6
96.12
101.4
CPS8
91.2
100.12
CPS8R
92.56
97.16
A1.28
Second-order elements such as CPS6, CPS8, and CPS8R give much better results.
Well-shaped, second-order, reduced-integration quadrilaterals and hexahedra can provide high
accuracy in stress concentration regions.
Distorted elements reduce the accuracy in these regions.
210
A1.29
Contact
If the surface-to-surface contact discretization is used:
No fundamental issues or element type restrictions
Abaqus/Standard always uses this formulation for general contact
If the node-to-surface contact discretization is used:
Best to avoid having second-order tetrahedral elements (C3D10, C3D10I) underlying the slave surface
with this contact discretization
Susceptible to poor convergence and extreme contact pressure noise
Use modified versions of these elements (C3D10M) instead
Sometimes C3D10 or C3D10I elements work fine if penalty enforcement of contact is specified
Abaqus automatically activates supplementary constraints for this combination of features
But the extra (supplementary) constraints can be another source of convergence problems
A1.30
Many nonlinear problems involve incompressible materials ( = 0.5) and nearly incompressible materials
( > 0.475).
Rubber
Metals at large plastic strains
Conventional finite element meshes often exhibit overly stiff behavior due to volumetric locking, which is
most severe when these materials are highly confined.
correct behavior of an
elastic-plastic material
211
A1.31
A1.32
Fully incompressible materials modeled with solid elements must use the hybrid formulation (elements
whose names end with the letter H).
In this formulation the pressure stress is treated as an independently interpolated basic solution
variable, coupled to the displacement solution through the constitutive theory.
Hybrid elements introduce more variables into the problem to alleviate the volumetric locking
problem. The extra variables also make them more expensive.
The Abaqus element library includes hybrid versions of all continuum elements (except plane
stress elements, where this is not needed).
212
A1.33
Meshes
Typical element shapes are shown at right.
Most elements in Abaqus are topologically
equivalent to these shapes.
For example, CPE4 (stress), DC2D4
(heat transfer), and AC2D4 (acoustics)
are topologically equivalent to a linear
quadrilateral.
A1.34
213
A1.35
A1.36
214
A1.37
A1.38
Class of problem
Avoid using
First-order quad/hex
Incompatible mode
Second-order quad/hex
Stress concentration
Second-order
First-order
Nearly incompressible
( >0.475 or large strain
plasticity pl >10%)
215
A1.39
216
Class of problem
Completely incompressible
(rubber = 0.5)
Natural frequency
(linear dynamics)
Second-order
First-order
Avoid using
Second-order
quad/hex
Second-order
Notes
217
Notes
218
A2.1
30 minutes
A2.2
surface_1, surface_2
219
A2.3
Contact pairs: Mesh density considerations of the (default) strict master/slave approach
The slave surface should be meshed more finely than the master surface.
If mesh densities are equal, the slave surface usually should be the surface with the softer underlying
material.
A2.4
220
Overall general
contact surface
A2.5
A2.6
Begin
increment
Identify initially
active contact
constraints
Form and
solve system
of equations
Newton
iterations
Yes
5
No
(Reduce increment
size and try again)
Identify changes in
3 contact constraint
status
Determine if
tending toward
convergence
Check if solution
4 has converged
End
increment
No
Yes
(Within
convergence
tolerances)
221
A2.7
Calculate the stiffness, imposing contact constraints accordingly. Form the system of equations and
pass through the equation solver.
Are contact pressures and clearances consistent with the assumed contact state?
Contact status changes (open/closed or stick/slip) often cause significant changes to the system
of equations
Iterations with contact status changes are flagged as severe discontinuity iterations (SDIs)
A2.8
222
A2.9
TOTAL
TIME/
FREQ
1.00
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.02
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.07
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.15
STEP
TIME/LPF
INC OF
TIME/LPF
DOF
MONITOR
IF
1.00
1.00
0.0100
0.0200
0.0200
0.0238
0.0294
0.0378
0.0505
0.0695
0.0979
0.0979
0.109
0.125
0.149
1.000
1.000
0.01000
0.01000
0.01500
0.003750
0.005625
0.008438
0.01266
0.01898
0.02848
0.04271
0.01068
0.01602
0.02403
0.000
0.000
-0.000600
-0.00120
-0.00120
-0.00142
-0.00176
-0.00227
-0.00303
-0.00417
-0.00588
-0.00588
-0.00652
-0.00748
-0.00892
A2.10
1, TIME INCREMENT
1.266E-02
:
:
:
CONTACT PAIR (ASURF,BSURF) NODE 153 OPENS. CONTACT PRESSURE/FORCE IS -845822..
Incompatibilities
detected in the
assumed contact state
SDI
Due to slip
reversal
223
A2.11
MAX. CONTACT FORCE ERROR -4369.44 AT NODE 363 OF CONTACT PAIR (CSURF,DSURF)
www.3ds.com | Dassault Systmes
THE ESTIMATED CONTACT FORCE ERROR IS LARGER THAN THE TIME-AVERAGED FORCE.
AVERAGE FORCE
5.393E+03
3.147E+03
-1.110E+04
AT NODE
333
DOF
-7.782E-04
AT NODE
329
DOF
-1.737E-05
AT NODE
337
DOF
FORCE
AVERAGE MOMENT
ALL MOMENT
114.
1.853E-33
AT NODE
100
DOF
6.489E-34
AT NODE
300
DOF
THE MOMENT
A2.12
CONVERGENCE
CONVERGENCE
CONVERGENCE
CONVERGENCE
CHECKS
CHECKS
CHECKS
CHECKS
FOR
FOR
FOR
FOR
2 ...
3 ...
4 ...
FORCE
5.244E+03
TIME AVG. FORCE
RESIDUAL FORCE
-9.24
AT NODE
367
INCREMENT OF DISP.
-7.809E-04
AT NODE
129
CORRECTION TO DISP.
4.229E-08
AT NODE
137
THE FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS HAVE CONVERGED
3.123E+03
DOF 1
DOF 2
DOF 2
AVERAGE MOMENT
109.
TIME AVG. MOMENT
89.0
ALL MOMENT
RESIDUALS ARE ZERO
LARGEST INCREMENT OF ROTATION
1.925E-33
AT NODE
100
DOF 6
LARGEST CORRECTION TO ROTATION
2.049E-35
AT NODE
100
DOF 6
THE MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM RESPONSE WAS LINEAR IN THIS INCREMENT
224
No SDIs in this
iteration
A2.13
1.266E-02,
5.047E-02,
200 D.O.F.
2 IS
-3.028E-03
5.047E-02
2.05
A2.14
225
226
Notes
227
Notes
228
A3.1
Lesson content:
30 minutes
A3.2
229
A3.3
The *CONTACT PAIR option has the OP parameter, which can have the value ADD or DELETE.
Example:
*STEP
*DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT
.
.
*CONTACT PAIR
ASURF, BSURF
*END STEP
*STEP
.
.
*CONTACT PAIR, OP=DELETE
ASURF, BSURF
*CONTACT PAIR, OP=ADD
BSURF, CSURF
*END STEP
A3.4
Penalty
230
In most cases the kinematic and penalty algorithms will produce nearly the same results; however, in some
cases one method may be preferable to the other.
A3.5
The default kinematic contact formulation achieves precise compliance with the contact conditions.
It works well in most cases, but some problems with chattering contact may work more easily using
penalty contact.
Cannot model rigid-to-rigid contact.
Available only for the contact pair algorithm.
A3.6
231
A3.7
A single surface defined on shell, membrane, and rigid elements can include both the top (SPOS) and bottom
(SNEG) faces of these elements.
The general contact algorithm automatically uses double-sided surfaces.
For the contact pair algorithm:
Define a double-sided surface by omitting the face identifier from the *SURFACE option.
Consistent element normals are not required.
Contact can occur on either face of the elements forming the double-sided surface.
For example, a slave node can start out on one side of a double-sided surface and then pass around the
perimeter to the other side during the analysis.
Double-sided surfaces are often necessary in such situations.
The additional computational cost when performing an analysis with double-sided contact is minimal.
A3.8
deformable cylinders
rigid lid
rigid box
Front view
232
A3.9
General contact
*HEADING
:
*CONTACT
*CONTACT INCLUSIONS,
ALL EXTERIOR
:
*STEP
*DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT
:
*END STEP
Contact pairs
*HEADING
:
*SURFACE, NAME=RING1
RING1
*SURFACE, NAME=RING2
RING2
*SURFACE, NAME=RING3
RING3
*SURFACE, NAME=BOX
BOX
*SURFACE, NAME=LID
LID
:
*STEP
*DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT
:
*CONTACT PAIR
RING1, RING2
RING1, RING3
RING2, RING3
RING1, BOX
RING2, BOX
RING3, BOX
RING1, LID
:
*END STEP
A3.10
The nodes on the contact surfaces will be adjusted to remove any initial overclosure prior to the
analysis:
Only nodes on the contact surface are moved.
The displacements associated with adjusting the surface do not cause any initial strain or stress
for contact pairs defined in the first step of the analysis.
In subsequent steps :
The initial overclosures are ignored with the general contact algorithm.
The adjustments will cause strains with the contact pair algorithm.
Both surfaces will be adjusted if the contact pair is a balanced master/slave pair.
Detailed information regarding resolution of initial overclosures can be written to the message (.msg) file
using the *DIAGNOSTICS option.
233
234
Notes
235
Notes
236
Workshop 1
Basic Input and Output
Interactive Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus GUI
interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus Keywords interface instead, please
see the Keywords version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
237
W1.2
Open the Abaqus Analysis Users Manual, and search for the string DSLOAD to
find information on the DSLOAD option. You can find information related to
the data line syntax in the Abaqus Keywords Reference Manual (use the hyperlink
for the DSLOAD option, or open the Keywords Manual directly). The online
documentation graphical user interface is shown in Figure W11.
Question W13: What are the four example problems that fit the search
criteria?
238
W1.3
Input files. In the right panel of the window, the list of input files associated with
this problem appears. You can select any input filename from the list; a separate
window will open containing that file.
5. All example problem input files are included in the Abaqus release and can be
obtained using the abaqus fetch utility. In your terminal window, enter
abaqus fetch job=damagefailcomplate_cps4
Users Manual
Question W15:
239
W1.4
Preliminaries
1. Enter the working directory for this workshop:
../abaqus_solvers/interactive/lug
The above command creates an Abaqus/CAE database named Lug.cae in the current
directory. The geometry, mesh, and step definitions for the lug are included in a model
named standard.
240
W1.5
Before completing the model, view the contents of the model using the Model Tree on
the left hand side of the main window.
Question W16: How many steps are there in this analysis?
to query element information of the lug. Switch to the Mesh module and click
. In the
Query dialog box, select Element in the General Queries field. Select one element of
the lug in the viewport. Read the query results reported in the message area at the bottom
of the main window.
Question W17: What element type is used to model the lug?
241
W1.6
condition?
242
W1.7
Region for
Pressure Load
243
W1.8
in the
244
W1.9
Results
Tree
Toolbox
6. Create a contour plot of the Mises stress by clicking the Plot Contours on
Deformed Shape tool
.
7. Frequently users want to remove all annotations that are written on the plots,
especially when they are creating hard-copy images or animations. From the main
menu bar, select ViewportViewport Annotation Options to suppress the
annotations used in the plots.
245
W1.10
The annotations are divided into three categories: legend, title block, and state
block. Each category can be controlled separately. The title block contains
information about which Abaqus version was used and when the analysis was
performed. The state block contains the step title, the increment and step time of
the data being displayed, and information on the variable and magnification factor
used to calculate the shape of the model.
8. Probe the displacement of the nodes around the hole in the lug.
a. Click the Query information tool
. In the Query dialog box that
appears, select Probe values in the Visualization Module Queries field.
b. In the Probe Values dialog box that appears, click
to change the
default field output variable to the displacement component U2.
c. In the Field Output dialog box that appears, select U as the output
variable and U2 as the component and click OK to save the selection and
exit the Field Output dialog box.
d. In the Probe Values dialog box, select Nodes as the item to probe.
e. Select a node in viewport to obtain its displacement along the 2-direction.
Click on a node to query its displacement value along the 2 direction.
9. Use a similar procedure to probe the Mises stress in the elements around the hole
in the lug.
246
W1.11
Answers
Question W11: What is the processor on your machine?
Answer:
Question W13: What are the four example problems that fit the search
Answer:
criteria?
Problem 1.1.14, Damage and failure of a laminated
composite plate
Problem 1.2.2, Laminated composite shells: buckling of a
cylindrical panel with a circular hole
Problem 1.2.5, Unstable static problem: reinforced plate
under compressive loads
Problem 9.1.8, Deformation of a sandwich plate under
CONWEP blast loading
Question W14:
Answer:
Question W15: In the space provided, write which Category option you
Answer:
C3D20R elementsi.e., 20-node brick elements (threedimensional, quadratic, hexahedral continuum elements) with
reduced integrationare used to model the lug.
Introduction to Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit
247
W1.12
Answer:
Question W19: How else could you define a completely constrained boundary
Answer:
condition?
You could have chosen to fix all six degrees of freedom
separately by choosing the Displacement/Rotation type
boundary condition and specifying zero values for all degrees
of freedom from 1 through 6.
Question W110: How many elements are there in the model? How many
Answer:
Question W111: How have the displacement and stress results changed after
Answer:
248
Notes
249
Notes
250
Workshop 2
Linear Static Analysis of a Cantilever Beam:
Multiple Load Cases
Interactive Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus GUI
interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus Keywords interface instead, please
see the Keywords version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Introduction
In this workshop you will become familiar with using load cases in a linear static
analysis. You will model a cantilever beam. The left end of the beam is encastred while a
series of loads are applied to the free end. Six load cases are considered: unit forces in the
global X-, Y-, and Z-directions as well as unit moments about the global X-, Y-, and Zdirections. The model is shown in Figure W21. You will solve the problem using a
single perturbation step with six load cases and (optionally) using six perturbation steps
with a single load case in each step.
251
W2.2
Preliminaries
1. Enter the working directory for this workshop
../abaqus_solvers/interactive/load_cases
The above command creates an Abaqus/CAE database named Beam.cae in the current
directory. The geometry, mesh and boundary condition definitions for the beam are
included in the model named LoadCases. You will add the step, load, and load case
definitions to complete the model.
252
W2.3
253
W2.4
CF1 = 1.0
Force-Y
CF2 = 1.0
Force-Z
CF3 = 1.0
Moment-X
CM1 = 1.0
Moment-Y
CM2 = 1.0
Moment-Z
CM3 = 1.0
Note that the fixed-end boundary conditions were defined in the initial step, and
as such, are active in each load case of the analysis step.
2. Save your model database file and submit the job for analysis. In the Model Tree,
click mouse button 3 on the job name and select Submit from the menu that
appears. From the same menu, you can select Monitor to monitor the jobs
progress.
254
W2.5
Force-X
Force-Y
Force-Z
Moment-X
Moment-Y
Moment-Z
255
W2.6
256
W2.7
7. In the Step/Frame dialog box, select Session Step as the active step for output
and click OK.
8. Plot the Mises stress as shown in Figure W25. Note that this figure has been
customized to overlay the undeformed model shape on the contour plot and a
deformation scale factor of 5e4 has been used.
257
W2.8
258
W2.9
259
W2.10
INCREMENTS
CUTBACKS IN AUTOMATIC INCREMENTATION
ITERATIONS
PASSES THROUGH THE EQUATION SOLVER OF WHICH
=
=
=
=
0.10000
0.10000
0.20000
1
INCREMENTS
CUTBACKS IN AUTOMATIC INCREMENTATION
ITERATIONS
PASSES THROUGH THE EQUATION SOLVER OF WHICH
=
=
=
=
0.4000
0.1000
0.5000
1
260
Notes
261
Notes
262
Workshop 3
Nonlinear Statics
Interactive Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus GUI
interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus Keywords interface instead, please
see the Keywords version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
Introduction
In this workshop you will model the plate shown in Figure W31. It is skewed at 30 to
the global X-axis, built-in at one end, and constrained to move on rails parallel to the
plate axis at the other end. You will determine the midspan deflection when the plate
carries a uniform pressure. You will modify the model to include alternate nodal and
material directions as well as nonlinear effects.
263
W3.2
Preliminaries
1. Enter the working directory for this workshop
../abaqus_solvers/interactive/skew
264
W3.3
to the axis of the plate. It will be easier to interpret the results if the material directions
are aligned with the axis of the plate and the transverse direction. Therefore, a local
rectangular coordinate system is needed in which the local x-direction lies along the axis
of the plate (i.e., at 30 to the global X-axis) and the local y-direction is also in the plane
of the plate.
You will define the datum coordinate system (CSYS) and then assign the material
orientation.
1. Switch to the Property module and define a rectangular datum coordinate system
as shown in Figure W32 using the Create Datum CSYS: 2 Lines tool
.
a. Note the small black triangles at the base of the toolbox icons. These
triangles indicate the presence of hidden icons that can be revealed. Click
the Create Datum CSYS: 3 Points tool
but do not release the mouse
button. When additional icons appear, release the mouse button.
b. Select the Create Datum CSYS: 2 Lines tool
. It appears in the
toolbox with a white background indicating that you selected it.
c. In the Create Datum CSYS dialog box, name the datum CSYS Skew,
select the Rectangular coordinate system type, and click Continue.
Make the next two selections as indicated in Figure W32.
265
W3.4
c. Click mouse button 2 in the viewport or click Done in the prompt area to
confirm the selection.
d. Click Datum CSYS List in the prompt area.
e. In the Datum CSYS List dialog box, select skew and click OK. In the
material orientation editor, select Axis 3 for the direction of the
approximate shell normal. No additional rotation is needed about this axis.
f. Click OK to confirm the input.
Tip: To verify that the local material directions have been assigned correctly,
select ToolsQuery from the main menu bar and perform a property query
on the material orientations.
Once the part has been meshed and elements have been created in the model, all
element variables will be defined in this local coordinate system.
266
W3.5
267
W3.6
268
W3.7
5.
Query the vetical displacement (U3) of the same midspan node as discribed
earlier and enter the displacement result in the Nlgeom column of Table W31.
Table W31. Midspan displacements
Load (kPa)
Linear (m)
Nlgeom (m)
20
60
6. Triple the pressure in both the linear and nonlinear analysis models. Create new
jobs and run each of these analyses
7. Upon job completion, look at the results and enter the vertical displacement of the
same node in Table W3-1.
Question W31: How does tripling the load affect the midspan displacement in
Adding Plasticity
You will now include another source of nonlinearity: plasticity. The material data are
shown in Figure W34 (in terms of true stress vs. total log strain). Abaqus, however,
requires the plastic material data be defined in terms of true stress and plastic log strain.
Thus, you will need to determine the plastic strains corresponding to each data point (see
the hint below). The changes described below are to be made to the nonlinear model.
1. In the Model Tree, expand the Materials container and double-click Steel.
2. In the Edit Material dialog box, add plasticity by choosing
MechanicalPlasticity Plastic.
3. Enter the data lines corresponding to points A and B on the stress-strain curve as
shown in Figure W34.
The Youngs modulus for this material is 30E9 Pa.
Hint: The total strain tot at any point on the curve is equal to the sum of the
elastic strain el and plastic strain pl. The elastic strain at any point on the curve
can be evaluated from Youngs modulus and the true stress:el= / E. Use the
following relationship to determine the plastic strains to include on the plastic
option:
pl tot el tot E .
269
W3.8
You can use the command line interface (CLI) of Abaqus/CAE as a simple
calculator. For example, to compute the plastic strain at B, type
0.02-(3e7/3e10) in the command line interface and hit [Enter]. The value
of the plastic strain is printed (in this case the plastic strain at B is 0.019).
Note that the command line interface is hidden by default, but it uses the same
space that is occupied by the message area at the bottom of the main window.
To access the command line interface, click the yellow prompt button
the bottom left corner of the main window.
in
Question W33: Why is the second entry on the first data line of the plasticity
270
W3.9
or the Turn
in the toolbar.
3. Plot the deformed shape by clicking the Plot Deformed Shape tool
A sample deformed shape plot is shown in Figure W35. Your plot may look
different if you have positioned your model differently
271
W3.10
Figure W36. Contour plot of S11: SPOS, top image; SNEG, bottom image
Question W34: Where do the peak displacements and stresses occur in the
model?
272
W3.11
273
W3.12
274
W3.13
Answers
Question W31: How does tripling the load affect the midspan displacement in
Answer:
Question W32: How do the results of the nonlinear analyses compare to each
Answer:
Question W33: Why is the second entry on the first data line of the plastic
Answer:
Question W34: Where do the peak displacements and stresses occur in the
Answer:
model?
The peak value of vertical displacement occurs at the midspan.
The supports of the plate are likely to be heavily stressed; this
is confirmed by contour plots of S11.
275
276
Notes
277
Notes
278
Workshop 4
Unloading Analysis of a Skew Plate
Interactive Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus GUI
interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus Keywords interface instead, please
see the Keywords version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Introduction
You will now continue the analysis of the plate shown in Figure W41. Recall our
analysis includes geometric and material nonlinearity. We previously determined the
plate exceeded the material yield strength and therefore has some plastic deformation.
Since we requested restart output, we can resume the analysis to determine the residual
stress state. In this workshop we will remove the load in order to recover the elastic
deformation; the plastic deformation will remain.
279
W4.2
280
W4.3
Postprocessing
In the Visualization module, contour the U3 displacement component in the plate:
1. Click the Plot Contours tool
in the toolbox.
2. From the list of variable types on the left side of the Field Output toolbar, select
Primary (if it is not already selected).
3. From the list of available output variables in the center of the toolbar, select
output variable U (spatial displacement at nodes).
4. From the list of available components and invariants on the right side of the Field
Output toolbar, select U3.
5. Compare to the results at the end of the Apply Pressure step.
Note that in this output database file, the results for frame 0 correspond to the
results at the end of the Apply Pressure step (use the Frame Selector
to
switch to a different frame).
The difference between the final state of the model and its initial state is due to
the elastic springback that has occurred. The deformation that remains is
permanent and unrecoverable.
Note: A script that creates the complete models described in these
instructions is available for your convenience. Run this script if you
encounter difficulties following the instructions or if you wish to check your
work. The script is named ws_solver_skew_plate_answer.py and is
available using the Abaqus fetch utility.
281
282
Notes
283
Notes
284
Workshop 5
CLD Analysis of a Seal using Abaqus/Standard
Interactive Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus GUI
interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus Keywords interface instead, please
see the Keywords version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
Introduction
In this workshop, a compression analysis of a rubber seal is performed to determine the
seals performance. The goal is to determine the seals compression load-deflection
(CLD) curve, deformation and stresses. The analysis will be performed using
Abaqus/Standard. Two analyses are performed: one using contact pairs and the other
using general contact.
As shown in Figure W51, the top outer surface of the seal is covered with a polymer
layer, and the seal is compressed between two rigid surfaces (the upper one is displaced
along the negative Y-direction; the lower one is fixed). During compression, the cover
contacts the top rigid surface; the outer surface of the seal is in contact with the cover and
the bottom rigid surface; in addition the inner surface of the seal may come into contact
with itself.
285
W5.2
U2
Cover
Rigid
Surfaces
Seal
fixed
Preliminaries
1. Enter the working directory for this workshop
../abaqus_solvers/interactive/seal
The above command creates an Abaqus/CAE database named seal.cae in the current
directory. The geometry, mesh, and material definitions are included in the model named
Seal. You will first perform a material evaluation to evaluate the stability of the
hyperelastic material model, add the necessary data to complete the model, run the job,
and finally postprocess the results.
Material Evaluation
It is important to determine whether the material model of the seal will be stable during
the analysis. Before completing the model, evaluate the material definition used for the
seal.
1. Review the material definition. In the Model Tree, double-click Santoprene
underneath the Materials container. It is a hyperelastic material with a first-order
polynomial strain energy potential. The coefficients are already chosen for the
analysis.
2. Evaluate the material definition. Abaqus/CAE provides a convenient Evaluate
option that allows you to view the behavior predicted by a hyperelastic material
by performing standard tests to choose a suitable material formulation. You will
use this option to view the behavior predicted by the material Santoprene.
286
W5.3
Typically the test data are used to define a material model; you can use the
Evaluate option to view the predicted behavior and adjust the material
definition as necessary. In this workshop you will only evaluate the
stability of the material model for the given coefficients.
c. In the Evaluate Material dialog box, accept all defaults and click OK.
Abaqus/CAE creates and submits a job to perform the standard tests using
the material Santoprene; at the same time, Abaqus/CAE switches to the
Visualization module and displays the evaluation results when the job is
complete. Figure W52 shows the Material Parameters and Stability
Limit Information dialog box; Figure W53 shows three stress vs. strain
plots from uniaxial, biaxial, and planar tests.
Question W51: What do the plots indicate about the stability of the material?
Based on these results, you can have confidence that your material will remain
stable.
287
W5.4
Figure W53. Material evaluation results for uniaxial, biaxial, and planar tests
After evaluating the material, you will now complete the model definition. Close the
viewports and dialog box displaying the material evaluation results, if necessary, to view
the model for the subsequent procedure.
288
W5.5
Master Surface
Slave Surface
TopCover
Top
Cover
SealCover
Cover
SealOuter
289
W5.6
necessary).
b. In the Region Selection dialog box, select the predefined set Fix1, toggle
on Highlight selections in viewport to visualize the selection, and click
Continue.
c. In the Edit Boundary Condition dialog box, toggle on U1, accept the
default value of 0, and click OK.
2. Create a Symmetry/Antisymmetric/Encastre type boundary condition named
FixBot to encastre the predefined set BotRP (the reference node of the bottom
rigid surface).
3. Create a Displacement/Rotation type boundary condition named PushDown in
the step PushDown to define the displacement of the top rigid surface.
a. Select the predefined set TopRP (the reference node of the top rigid
surface).
b. Specify a value of 0 for U1 and UR3, and -6 for U2.
4. Edit the field output request named F-Output-1 to include the nominal strain, NE.
5. Create a new history output request in the step PushDown for the set TopRP to
write the history of the variables Displacements: U and Forces: RF to the output
database file.
290
W5.7
process.
When the job is complete, open the output database file seal.odb in the
Visualization module and postprocess the results.
3. Plot the undeformed and the deformed model shapes. To distinguish between the
different instances, color code the model based on part instances.
Tip: From the toolbar, select Part instances from the color-coding pull down
menu, as shown in Figure W54 (or use the Color Code Dialog tool
customize the color for each part instance).
to
291
W5.8
be very high for hyperelastic materials. Because of this, the linear elastic material
model is not used because it is not appropriate for elastic strains greater than
approximately 5%.
8. Display the reaction force history at the reference node of the top rigid surface: In
the Results Tree, expand the History Output container underneath the output
database file named seal.odb and double-click Reaction force: RF2 PI: TOP-1
Node 3 in NSET TOPRP.
9. You will now create the CLD curve.
a. In the History Output container, click mouse button 3 on Reaction force:
RF2 PI: TOP-1 Node 3 in NSET TOPRP and select Save As from the
menu that appears. Save the data as Force.
b. Click mouse button 3 on Spatial displacement: U2 PI: TOP-1 Node 3 in
NSET TOPRP and select Save As from the menu that appears. Save the
data as Disp.
c. In the Results Tree, double-click XYData. In the Create XY Data dialog
box that appears, select the Operate on XY data source and click
Continue.
292
W5.9
In the Grid Display tabbed page, toggle on the major X- and Ygrid lines. Set the line color to blue and the line style to dashed.
Change the fill color using the following RGB values: red: 175;
green: 250; blue: 185.
In the Grid Area tabbed page, select Square as the size and drag
the slider to 80. From the list of auto-alignments, choose the one
that places the chart in the center of the viewport
c. Double-click the legend to open the Chart Legend Options dialog box.
In the Scale tabbed page, place 4 major tick marks on the X-axis at
(use the By count method).
In the Y Axis region of the dialog box, select the force axis.
In the Scale tabbed page, specify that the Y-axis should extend
from 0 (the Y-axis minimum) to 250 (the Y-axis maximum).
In the Title tabbed page, change the Y-axis title to Force (lbf).
In the Axes tabbed page, change the font size for both axes to 10.
293
W5.10
f. Examine the remaining options. Add the following plot title: CLD
Diagram. Double-click the plot title to open the Plot Title Options dialog
box.
g. Click
in the toolbox to open the Curve Options dialog box. Change
the legend text to Top Surface Ref Point and toggle on Show
symbol. Set the color for both the line and symbols to red. Use large filled
squares for the symbols. Reposition the legend as necessary.
The final plot appears as shown in Figure W56.
294
W5.11
295
W5.12
process.
When the job is complete, open the output database file seal_gc.odb in the
Visualization module and postprocess the results.
10. Compare the results with those obtained using contact pairs. A comparison of the
stress state in the seal is shown in Figure W59 while a comparison of the forcedisplacement curve is shown in Figure W510.
The agreement between the two approaches is excellent. The general contact
approach, however, provides a much simpler user interface since the entire
contact domain is defined automatically and properties are assigned globally.
296
W5.13
297
W5.14
Note: A script that creates the complete seal model is available for your
convenience. Run this script if you encounter difficulties following the
instructions or if you wish to check your work. The script is named
ws_solver_seal_answer.py
298
W5.15
Answers
Question W51: What do the plots indicate about the stability of the material?
Answer:
Question W53: What does the inverted peak near 4 inches of deflection
Answer:
represent?
This peak represents the inward buckling that occurs at the
bottom corners of the seal during compression. If you look at
the deformed shape at the time corresponding to
approximately 3.7 inches of displacement, you will observe
this phenomenon.
299
300
Notes
301
Notes
302
Workshop 6
Dynamics
Interactive Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus GUI
interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus Keywords interface instead, please
see the Keywords version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
Become familiar with the Abaqus/CAE procedures for frequency extraction and
implicit dynamic analyses.
Become more familiar with monitoring job status.
Learn how to plot eigenmodes and create history plots using Abaqus/CAE.
Introduction
In this workshop the dynamic response of the cantilever beam shown in Figure W61 is
investigated. A frequency extraction is performed to determine the 10 lowest vibration
modes of the beam. The effects of mesh refinement, element interpolation order, and
element dimension will be considered.
The problem is also solved by performing a direct integration dynamic analysis to
simulate the vibration of the beam upon removal of the tip load. The frequency of the
vibration predicted by the transient analysis will be compared with the natural frequency
results.
303
W6.2
Preliminaries
1. Enter the working directory for this workshop
../abaqus_solvers/interactive/dynamics
The above command creates an Abaqus/CAE database named Beam.cae in the current
directory. The model named static includes the beam model for a static, general
analysis. Currently 5 B21 elements are used to discretize the beam. You will edit this
model further as described below.
In the Model Tree, expand the Materials container and double-click the
material MATEA.
Enter the value 2.3E-6 for Mass Density in the Density field.
2. The frequency analysis procedure will be used instead of the general static one.
Thus, suppress the general static step named Displace (do not delete it since it
will be used later).
a. In the Model Tree, expand the Steps container and click mouse button 3
on the step Displace and select Suppress from the menu that appears.
b. Create a new step named Frequency; select Linear perturbation as the
procedure type and Frequency from the list of available perturbation
steps.
c. Click Continue.
d. In the step editor, accept the default Lanczos eigensolver and enter a
value of 10 for Number of eigenvalues requested.
e. Click OK to save the change and exit the step editor.
3. Create a job named frequency.
4. Save your model database, submit the job for analysis, and monitor the jobs
process.
304
W6.3
Visualizing results
When the analysis is complete, use the following procedure to view the eigenmodes and
eigenvalues from the frequency analysis in the Visualization module:
1. In the Model Tree, click mouse button 3 on the job frequency and select Results
from the menu that appears to open the file frequency.odb in the Visualization
module.
2. Plot the first eigenmode (plot the deformed model shape and use the Frame
or the Step/Frame dialog box to choose the frame corresponding to
Mode 1).
3. Using the arrow keys in the context bar, select different mode shapes.
4. The results for modes 1 and 4 are shown in Figure W62. These correspond to the
first and fourth transverse modes of the structure.
Selector
5.
Figure W62. First and fourth transverse modes
(coarse mesh; 2D linear beam elements)
Question W61: Are there modes of the physical system that cannot be
305
W6.4
The results indicate that the refined mesh is able to represent all extracted modes.
The natural frequency of the first mode predicted by the fine-mesh model is
within 2% of that predicted by the coarse mesh model. The difference in results
for the fourth mode is more significant: there is an 8% difference in the predicted
natural frequency for this mode.
Note that all modes with the exception of modes 6 and 10 are transverse modes.
Modes 6 and 10 are longitudinal modes. To see the longitudinal modes more
clearly, superimpose the undeformed model shape on the deformed model shape.
306
W6.5
Figure W64. First and fourth transverse modes (3D shell model)
307
W6.6
3. The three-dimensional model captures the torsional and out-of-plane modes that
are suppressed by the two-dimensional model. The first three of these modes are
shown in Figure W65.
308
W6.7
(a)
(b)
Figure W66. Loads container in the Model Tree
309
W6.8
A part-level set named TIP has been predefined. This set will be used for writing
the displacement history of the tip node to the output database file and also to
monitor the solution progress. This set is indicated in Figure W63.
TIP
310
W6.9
Visualizing results
When the analysis is complete, plot the transverse displacement history (U2) at the tip
node.
1. Open the file dynamic.odb in the Visualization module.
2. Plot the history of the displacement component U2 at the tip node. In the Results
Tree, expand the History Output container underneath the output database named
dynamic.odb and double-click Spatial displacement: U2 at Node in NSET
TIP.
The tip response is shown in Figure W67. From this plot, you can estimate the
frequency of the first vibration mode. Note that there are nearly 6 cycles in a 1
second time period. This is in agreement with the results obtained earlier using the
natural frequency extraction procedure (5.95 Hz).
eigenvalue analysis?
311
W6.10
Answers
Question W61: Are there modes of the physical system that cannot be
Answer:
Question W62: Do any of the mode shapes for your model look nonphysical?
Answer:
No.
Question W63: How does this compare with the frequency calculated in the
Answer:
312
eigenvalue analysis?
The frequency calculated from the history plot of the tip
displacement is approximately 5.9, which agrees very closely
with the frequency calculated in the eigenvalue analysis.
Notes
313
Notes
314
Workshop 7
Contact with Abaqus/Explicit
Interactive Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus GUI
interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus Keywords interface instead, please
see the Keywords version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
Introduction
This workshop involves the simulation of a pipe-on-pipe impact resulting from the
rupture of a high-pressure line in a power plant. It is assumed that a sudden release of
fluid could cause one segment of the pipe to rotate about its support and strike a
neighboring pipe. The goal of the analysis is to determine strain and stress conditions in
both pipes and their deformed shapes. The simulation will be performed using
Abaqus/Explicit.
315
W7.2
fixed end
impacting pipe
axis of rotation
Preliminaries
1. Enter the working directory for this workshop:
../abaqus_solvers/interactive/pipe_whip
316
W7.3
Question W71: Why is density required in the material model definition? Can
thickness?
tie region
317
W7.4
Question W73: In order to drive both the translations and rotations of the pipe
edge nodes, what type of node set needs to be used in the rigid
body constraint?
318
W7.5
first point
second point
319
W7.6
5. In the Edit Predefined Field dialog box, change the field definition to Rotational
only. Enter a value of 75 for the Angular velocity. Use the coordinates of the
first point indicated in Figure W73 to define Axis point 1 and the coordinates of
the second point indicated in Figure W73 to define Axis point 2.
Tip: Copy and paste the coordinates from the message area into the dialog box.
Question W75: What keyword was added to the input file when you created
320
W7.7
fully constrained end:
ENCASTRE BC
symmetry: ZSYMM BC
(all edges on this plane)
PINNED BC
321
W7.8
PEEQ
322
W7.9
8. Select the pinned node reaction force components RF1, RF2, and RF3. The
reaction force plot is shown in Figure W79. Note this figure has been customized
for clarity.
Note: A script that creates the complete pipe assembly model is available
for your convenience. Run this script if you encounter difficulties following
the instructions or if you wish to check your work. The script is named
ws_solver_pipe_whip_answer.py and is available using the Abaqus fetch
utility.
323
W7.10
Answers
Question W71: Why is density required in the material model definition? Can
Answer:
Question W72: Why are only three integration points used through the
Answer:
thickness?
Three section points are used to reduce the run time of the job.
Question W73: In order to drive both the translations and rotations of the pipe
Answer:
edge nodes, what type of node set needs to be used in the rigid
body constraint?
A tie node set needs to be used.
Question W74: How can you use the coordinates of the reference point to
Answer:
Question W75: What keyword was added to the input file when you created
324
W7.11
Question W76: Would the results of this analysis differ if both halves of the
Answer:
325
326
Notes
327
Notes
328
Workshop 8
Quasi-Static Analysis
Interactive Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus GUI
interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus Keywords interface instead, please
see the Keywords version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
Introduction
In this workshop you will examine the deep drawing of a can bottom. A one-stage
forming process is simulated in Abaqus/Explicit; the springback analysis is performed in
Abaqus/Standard. The final deformed shape of the can bottom is shown in Figure W81.
In a subsequent workshop the import capability is used to transfer the results between
Abaqus/Explicit and Abaqus/Standard in order to perform a springback analysis.
One of the advantages of using Abaqus/Explicit for metal forming simulations is that, in
general, Abaqus/Explicit resolves complicated contact conditions more readily than
Abaqus/Standard.
329
W8.2
Preliminaries
1. Enter the working directory for this workshop:
../abaqus_solvers/interactive/forming
330
W8.3
(0.032, 0.03025)
(0.0, 0.00025)
Origin
(0.0, 0.0)
331
W8.4
5. Plot the deformed model shape. The deformed shape for the first eigenmode will
be displayed in the viewport. The corresponding eigenvalue will be reported in
the state block.
The fundamental frequency, f, of the blank is 304 Hz, corresponding to a time
period of 0.0033 s ( T 1/ f ). This time period provides a lower bound on the
step time for the first forming stage. Choosing the step time to be 10 times the
time period of the fundamental natural frequency, or 0.033 s, should ensure a
quality quasi-static solution. This time period corresponds to a constant punch
velocity of 0.45 m/s, which is typical for metal forming.
332
W8.5
Defining contact
In this section you will define contact of the blank with the die and the punch.
1. Define a contact property.
a. In the Model Tree, double-click Interaction Properties.
b. In the Create Interaction Property dialog box, select the type Contact
and click Continue.
c. From the menu bar of the contact property editor, select
MechanicalTangential Behavior.
d. Select the Penalty friction formulation and enter 0.1 for the friction
coefficient.
e. Click OK to exit the contact property editor.
2. Define a contact pair between the blank and the die.
a. In the Model Tree, double-click the Interactions container. In the Create
Interaction dialog box, name the interaction blank_die, select Step-1 as
the step and the Surface-to-surface contact (Explicit) type, and click
Continue.
b. You will be prompted to select the first surface. In the viewport, select the
die.
c. Click mouse button 2 in the viewport or click Done in the prompt area to
confirm the selection.
d. You will be prompted to choose a side of the edge. Choose the side facing
the blank by selecting the corresponding color, Magenta or Yellow, in the
prompt area.
e. In the prompt area, select Surface as the second surface type. In the
viewport, select the blank.
f. Click mouse button 2 in the viewport or click Done in the prompt area to
confirm the selection.
g. Again, you will be prompted to choose a side of the edge. Choose the side
facing the die.
The interaction editor appears.
h. In the Edit Interaction dialog box, view and accept the default setting.
Click OK to create the interaction and exit the interaction editor.
Note that Abaqus/CAE automatically assigns the previously-created
interaction property to this interaction.
3. Using a similar procedure, define an additional surface-to-surface contact
interaction named blank_punch between the blank and punch.
Question W84: What effect will an increase in friction have on the solution?
333
W8.6
334
Nominal strain
4.334 104
2.216 103
7.331 103
1.888 10-2
4.153 102
8.218 102
1.509 101
3.456 101
W8.7
Note that a dummy material named Steel has been created and assigned to the part
BLANK. You will need to add the material properties.
Rather than convert the stress-strain data and define the material properties manually, you
will use the material calibration capability to define the material properties.
1. In the Model Tree, double-click Calibrations.
2. Name the calibration steel and click OK.
3. Expand the Calibrations container and then expand the steel item.
4. Double-click Data Sets.
a. In the Create Data Set dialog box, name the data set nominal and click
Import Data Set.
b. In the Read Data From Text File dialog box, click
named w_solver_can_props.txt.
c. In the Properties region of this dialog box, specify that strain values will
be read from field 2 and stress values from field 1.
d. Select Nominal as the data set form.
e. Click OK to close the Read Data From Text File dialog box.
f. Click OK to close the Create Data Set dialog box.
Since the data is provided in nominal stress-strain format, it must be converted to
true stress-strain format.
5. Click mouse button 3 on nominal and select Process from the menu that
appears.
a. In the Data Set Processing dialog box, select Convert and click
Continue.
b. In the Change Data Set Form dialog box, select True Form and name
the new data set true. Click OK.
6. Double-click Behaviors.
a. Choose Elastic Plastic Isotropic as the type, and click Continue.
b. In the Edit Behavior dialog box, choose true as the data set for ElasticPlastic Data.
c. Click
next to Yield point. In the viewport zoom in to select the yield
point, as indicated in Figure W84.
335
W8.8
Alternative: Enter 0.00043, 91E+06 in the text field to define the yield
point precisely.
336
W8.9
337
W8.10
338
W8.11
339
W8.12
340
W8.13
341
W8.14
Question W811: What elements are used to model the blank, and does this
9. Plot the punch displacement history (U2 for the node set PUNCHRP) shown in
Figure W87 by double-clicking Spatial displacement: U2 PI: PUNCH1-1
NODE xyz in NSET PUNCHRP under the History Output container in the
Results Tree.
Note: A scripts that creates the complete stamping model are available for
your convenience. Run this script if you encounter difficulties following the
instructions or if you wish to check your work. The script named
ws_solver_can_bottom_answer.py is available using the Abaqus fetch
utility.
342
W8.15
Answers
Question W81: What analysis procedure is used in this model?
Answer:
Answer:
Question W83: In an analysis with more than one step in the same model,
Answer:
Question W84: What effect will an increase in friction have on the solution?
Answer:
Question W85: When entering plasticity data into the material model, what
Answer:
343
W8.16
Question W87: What is the slope of the curve at the beginning and end, and
Answer:
Question W88: How would the results change if a linear amplitude definition
Answer:
344
W8.17
Figure WA82. Kinetic energy plot with and without SMOOTH STEP
345
W8.18
Question W810: How does mass scaling affect the solution time?
Answer:
Question W811: What elements are used to model the blank, and does this
Answer:
346
Notes
347
Notes
348
Workshop 9
Import Analysis
Interactive Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus GUI
interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus Keywords interface instead, please
see the Keywords version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
Introduction
In this workshop you will use the import capability is used to transfer the results between
Abaqus/Explicit and Abaqus/Standard to examine the effects of springback in the
analysis of the deep drawing of a can bottom. The deformed shape of the can after the
forming stage is shown in Figure W91.
349
W9.2
Preliminaries
1. Enter the working directory for this workshop:
../abaqus_solvers/interactive/forming
Springback analysis
In the manufacturing process the part is removed after the forming has been completed
and the material is free to springback into an unconstrained state. To understand the final
shape after this physical effect, we perform a springback analysis in Abaqus/Standard.
1. Copy the model named stamp to a model named springback. Make all
subsequent model changes to the springback model.
2. Since only the blank needs to be imported, delete the following features from the
springback model:
a. Part instances DIE1-1 and PUNCH1-1.
b. All assembly-level sets and surfaces associated with the die and punch.
c. All contact interactions and properties.
d. Boundary conditions FixDie and PunchMove.
e. History output request for PunchRP.
3. Replace the dynamic, explicit step with a general, static step. Set the time period
to 1 and the initial increment to 0.1, and include the effects of geometric
nonlinearity. Rename the step springback.
4. Define an initial state.
a. In the Model Tree, double-click Predefined Fields.
b. In the Create Predefined Field dialog box, select Initial as the step,
Other as the category, and Initial state as the type.
c. Click Continue.
d. Select the blank as the instance to assign the initial state.
e. In the Edit Predefined Field dialog box that appears, enter the job name
draw_bot, accept all other default settings, and click OK.
This definition will allow the state of the modelstresses, strains, etc.to
be imported. By not updating the reference configuration, the springback
displacements will be referred to the original undeformed configuration.
350
W9.3
5. Note that the XSYMM boundary condition BlankSymm specified on the set
BSYM constrains rigid body motions in the U1 and UR3 directions of the blank.
Thus, you need an additional boundary condition to prevent rigid body motion
along U2. In what follows you will fix the node at its final position at the end of
the forming stage.
a. In the Model Tree, double-click BCs to apply a Displacement/Rotation
boundary condition to the set BSYM in Step-1.
b. In the Edit Boundary Condition dialog box, choose the Fixed at Current
Position method and fix U2.
6. Create a job named springback for the model springback.
7. Save your model database file, submit the job for analysis, and monitor its
progress.
Question W91: Why is it advantageous to use Abaqus/Standard for the
springback analysis?
Postprocessing
1. When the analysis is complete, open the output database file springback.odb
in the Visualization module.
2. Contour the Mises stress distribution of the 180o model.
3. Plot the final deformed shape for the model springback.
4. Plot the springback and formed shapes together. (First toggle off the Sweep
elements option.)
By not updating the reference configuration, the formed shape is stored in frame 0
of the output database. You must use overlay plots to superimpose the images:
a. From the main menu bar, select ViewOverlay Plot.
b. Use the Frame Selector
or the arrows in the context bar to select
frame 0.
c. In the Overlay Plot Layer Manager, click Create. Name the layer
formed.
d. Use the Frame Selector
351
W9.4
If you had updated the reference configuration, the formed shape is treated as the
undeformed shape of the import analysis model (recall that when the reference
configuration is updated, the end state of the previous analysis becomes the
reference configuration of the import analysis; the reference configuration is
considered the undeformed shape):
a. In the toolbox, click the Allow Multiple Plot States tool
.
b. In the toolbox, click both the Plot Undeformed Shape and Plot
Deformed Shape tools
Note: A scripts that creates the complete stamping model are available for
your convenience. Run this script if you encounter difficulties following the
instructions or if you wish to check your work. The script named
ws_solver_can_bottom_answer.py is available using the Abaqus fetch
utility.
352
W9.5
Answers
Question W91: Why is it advantageous to choose Abaqus/Standard for the
Answer:
springback analysis?
A true static procedure is the preferred approach for modeling
springback. The imported model will not be in static
equilibrium at the beginning of the step. Thus,
Abaqus/Standard applies a set of artificial internal stresses to
the imported model state and then gradually removes these
stresses. This leads to the springback deformation. In
Abaqus/Explicit the removal of the contact between the blank
and the tools represents a sudden load removal, which leads to
low frequency vibrations of the blank. While these vibrations
will eventually dissipate, this approach leads to lengthy
computation times.
353
354
Notes
355
Notes
356
Workshop 1
Basic Input and Output
Keywords Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus
Keywords interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus GUI interface instead,
please see the Interactive version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
357
W1.2
Open the Abaqus Analysis Users Manual, and search for the string DSLOAD to
find information on the DSLOAD option. You can find information related to
the data line syntax in the Abaqus Keywords Reference Manual (use the hyperlink
for the DSLOAD option, or open the Keywords Manual directly). The online
documentation graphical user interface is shown in Figure W11.
criteria?
4. Go to Example Problem 1.1.14 in the online Abaqus Example Problems Manual.
In the left panel of the window, display the subtopics of the problem and click
Input files. In the right panel of the window, the list of input files associated with
this problem appears. You can select any input filename from the list; a separate
window will open containing that file.
358
W1.3
5. All example problem input files are included in the Abaqus release and can be
obtained using the abaqus fetch utility. In your terminal window, enter
abaqus fetch job=damagefailcomplate_cps4
359
W1.4
Question W15: In the space provided, write the input you would use to define
a velocity boundary condition on a node set named NALL
Question W16: (Optional) In the space provided, write the input you would
360
W1.5
361
W1.6
4. Edit the input file to set the INPUT parameter on the INCLUDE options to read
the appropriate node and element data files.
5. Complete the MATERIAL option block by defining an elastic material with
elastic modulus E = 200 GPa and Poissons ratio = 0.3. The complete material
block should appear as follows:
*MATERIAL, NAME=STEEL
*ELASTIC
200E9, 0.3
Question W111: Do you need to define a density to complete the material
Element set
BUILTIN
Surface PRESS
Node set
HOLEBOT
362
W1.7
6. Boundary conditions are applied using the BOUNDARY option. Use the online
documentation to obtain a description of the option. The left end of the lug is
fixed. Thus, constrain degrees of freedom 1 through 6 of all nodes in node set
LHEND by entering
*BOUNDARY
LHEND, 1, 6
Question W112: How else could you define a completely constrained boundary
condition?
7. Distributed loads are applied to surfaces using the *DSLOAD option. In this
problem, the load should be applied to the surface named PRESS (which covers
the bottom region of the hole). The option to specify the distributed (pressure)
load on this surface is
*DSLOAD
PRESS, P, 50.E6
Default output requests for the output database are made automatically, and they
will be sufficient for this workshop.
Submitting a datacheck analysis
1. Submit the job for a datacheck analysis by entering the command
abaqus datacheck job=w_lug interactive
363
W1.8
at the prompt. The interactive parameter will cause all log file output to print
to the screen.
2. View the data file (w_lug.dat) in a text editor.
Question W113: What version of Abaqus are you using?
3. Search for the strings WARNING and ERROR to find any warning and error
messages. These messages will indicate whether anything unusual was
encountered during the datacheck analysis (keep in mind that your editor may be
case-sensitive for searching).
Question W114: What warning messages did you get? Do they require changes
at the prompt.
If the driver asks if you want to overwrite old job files, type y. This means that
output files with the same job name that exist from a previous analysis will be
overwritten.
2. Now resubmit the job in background mode by typing
abaqus job=w_lug
at the prompt.
The log file output will be saved in w_lug.log instead of printing to the screen.
You can open w_lug.log in a text editor and view its contents.
3. You can also let the Abaqus driver prompt you for the necessary job information
by typing
abaqus
at the prompt.
Specify w_lug at the prompt for the job identifier, enter [RETURN] at the prompt
for user subroutines (since there are none for this job), and type y to overwrite
the files from the last run with the same name. Doing so will submit the analysis
job in background mode.
4. List all files with w_lug as the root of the file name (using a long format on
Unix systems):
364
W1.9
dir w_lug.*
(NT)
ls -l w_lug.*
(Unix)
Note the files that were created by Abaqus. We will take a closer look at the
printed output file (w_lug.dat) later in this workshop.
Results visualization in Abaqus/Viewer
1. To run Abaqus/Viewer and load the output database for the lug analysis, type
abaqus viewer odb=w_lug
at the prompt.
Note: The file name extension (.odb) is not needed.
If an output database is not specified on the command line, you can select
FileOpen from the main menu bar in Abaqus/Viewer to access the Open
Database dialog box, as shown in Figure W14. Select the file w_lug.odb
from the output database list.
365
W1.10
2. When Abaqus/Viewer opens the output database, the undeformed model shape
will be displayed. To change the plot mode, you can use either the Plot menu or
the toolbox icons displayed on the left side of the viewport (see Figure W15).
You can identify the function of each tool in the toolbox by positioning your
cursor above the icon for that tool. A label for the icon will pop up describing its
function.
3. To plot the deformed shape, click the Plot Deformed Shape tool
toolbox or select PlotDeformed Shape from the main menu bar.
in the
Results
Tree
Toolbox
366
W1.11
6. Note the displacement magnification factor shown in the bottom of the title.
By default, Abaqus/Viewer automatically scales the displacement according to the
maximum model dimensions for a small-displacement analysis. Displacements
are scaled so that the deformed shape will be clear. For a large-displacement
analysis the scale factor is 1.0 by default. Set the displacement magnification
factor to 1.0 so that you can see the actual displacement, and redraw the displaced
shape plot.
Hint: You will have to use the Common Plot Options dialog box.
7. Create a contour plot of the Mises stress by clicking the Plot Contours on
Deformed Shape tool
in the toolbox.
8. Frequently users want to remove all annotations that are written on the plots,
especially when they are creating hard-copy images or animations. From the main
menu bar, select ViewportViewport Annotation Options to suppress the
annotations used in the plots.
The annotations are divided into three categories: legend, title block, and state
block. Each category can be controlled separately. The title block contains
information about which Abaqus version was used and when the analysis was
performed. The state block contains the step title (which is the text provided on
the data line of the STEP option), the increment and step time of the data being
displayed, and information on the variable and magnification factor used to
calculate the shape of the model.
9. From the main menu bar, select FileExit to exit from Abaqus/Viewer.
Viewing the printed output file
Open the printed output file w_lug.dat in the text editor of your choice.
1. Look at the input echo near the top of the file. Below this you will find the section
titled OPTIONS BEING PROCESSED. This is the first place any warning or
error messages will appear.
2. A summary of model data follows. Here you can check that Abaqus has correctly
interpreted your model definition.
Question W116: Which elements are in element set HOLEIN?
3. Next you will find the summary of history data for each step. Search for the
strings B O U N D A R Y and D I S T R I B U T E D to verify that the
boundary conditions and distributed loads have been interpreted correctly. Include
spaces between the letters of the search string. To start a search through the entire
file, go to the top of the file (some editors will wrap to the top of the file upon
reaching the end).
367
W1.12
4. The next section in the data file is the results section. The tables are printed
according to the various output requests.
Search for the strings N O D E and E L E M E N T to find the tables that
contain the output requested. The maximum deflection and peak stress are
reported at the ends of the respective tables.
Question W117: What are the maximum direct stresses in the 1- and 2-
the 2-direction?
5. Search for the string TOTAL to find the sum of the reaction forces in the 2direction.
Question W119: What is the net reaction force in the 2-direction at the nodes in
node set LHEND? Is this equal to the applied load?
Question W120: Why is the sum of the reaction forces at the nodes in node set
LHEND in the horizontal direction (1-direction) zero?
Note: A complete input file is available for your convenience. You may
consult this file if you encounter difficulties following the instructions
outlined here or if you wish to check your work. The input file is named
w_lug_complete.inp
368
W1.13
Answers
Question W11: What is the processor on your machine?
Answer:
Question W13: What are the four example problems that fit the search
Answer:
criteria?
Problem 1.1.14, Damage and failure of a laminated
composite plate
Problem 1.2.2, Laminated composite shells: buckling of a
cylindrical panel with a circular hole
Problem 1.2.5, Unstable static problem: reinforced plate
under compressive loads
Problem 9.1.8, Deformation of a sandwich plate under
CONWEP blast loading
Question W14: In the space provided, write the input you would use to define
a node set called TOP_NODES that contains previously defined
nodes 21, 22, 23, and node set TOP_LEFT.
Answer:
*NSET, NSET=TOP_NODES
21, 22, 23, TOP_LEFT
Question W15: In the space provided, write the input you would use to define
a velocity boundary condition on a node set named NALL
Answer:
369
W1.14
Question W16: (Optional) In the space provided, write the input you would
Question W17: What is the first option in the model data? What is the last
C3D20R elementsi.e., 20-node brick elements (threedimensional hexahedral continuum elements) with reduced
integrationare used to model the lug.
Answer:
370
W1.15
Question W112: How else could you define a completely constrained boundary
Answer:
condition?
Type boundary condition labels (such as ENCASTRE) can
be also used to define fixed boundary conditions in the model
data:
*BOUNDARY
LHEND, ENCASTRE
Question W114: What warning messages did you get? Do they require changes
Answer:
Question W115: How many elements are there in the model? How many
Answer:
Question W117: What are the maximum direct stresses in the 1- and 2Answer:
371
W1.16
Question W118: What is the deflection of node 20001 in node set HOLEBOT in
the 2-direction?
Answer:
Question W119: What is the net reaction force in the 2-direction at the nodes in
node set LHEND? Is this equal to the applied load?
Answer:
Question W120: Why is the sum of the reaction forces at the nodes in node set
LHEND in the horizontal direction (1-direction) zero?
Answer:
Question W121: What is the deflection of node 20001 in node set HOLEBOT?
Answer:
372
Notes
373
Notes
374
Workshop 2
Linear Static Analysis of a Cantilever Beam:
Multiple Load Cases
Keywords Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus
Keywords interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus GUI interface instead,
please see the Interactive version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Introduction
In this workshop you will become familiar with using load cases in a linear static
analysis. You will model a cantilever beam. The left end of the beam is encastred while a
series of loads are applied to the free end. Six load cases are considered: unit forces in the
global X-, Y-, and Z-directions as well as unit moments about the global X-, Y-, and Zdirections. The model is shown in Figure W21. You will solve the problem using a
single perturbation step with six load cases and (optionally) using six perturbation steps
with a single load case in each step.
375
W2.2
As indicated in Figure W21, we wish to apply forces and moments to the right end of
the beam. However, the beam is modeled with solid C3D8I elements, which possess only
displacement degrees of freedom. Thus, only forces may be directly applied to the nodes
of the model. Rather than applying force couples to the model, we will apply
concentrated moments to the end of the beam. To this end, all loads will be transmitted to
the beam through a rigid body constraint. This approach is adopted to take advantage of
the fact that the rigid body reference node possesses six degrees of freedom in threedimensions: 3 translations and 3 rotations and thus allows direct application of
concentrated moments. Rigid bodies and constraints will be discussed further in
Lecture 5.
376
W2.3
Note that the fixed-end boundary conditions have been defined as part of the
model data, and as such, are active in each load case.
5. Save the input file.
6. Submit the job for analysis by entering the following command at your system
prompt:
abaqus job=w_beam_loadcase
7. Monitor the status of the job by looking at the log (.log) or status (.sta) files.
377
W2.4
by the job and displays the undeformed model shape. Examine the results of the
analysis. Note that load case output is stored in separate frames in the output
database file. Use the Frame Selector (click
in the context bar) to choose
which load case is displayed (alternatively, open the Step/Frame dialog box by
selecting ResultStep/Frame). Figure W22, for example, shows contour plots
of the Mises stress for each of the load cases.
Force-X
Force-Y
Force-Z
Moment-X
Moment-Y
Moment-Z
378
W2.5
379
W2.6
7. In the Step/Frame dialog box, select Session Step as the active step for output
and click OK.
8. Plot the Mises stress as shown in Figure W24. Note that this figure has been
customized to overlay the undeformed model shape on the contour plot and a
deformation scale factor of 5e4 has been used.
380
W2.7
381
W2.8
example, for the force acting along the axial direction of the beam (i.e., the Xdirection), the following step may be defined:
*Step, name=Force-X, perturbation
*Static
*Cload
refPt, 1, 1.
*End Step
382
W2.9
Note that the fixed-end boundary conditions have been defined as part of the
model data, and as such, are active in each step.
4. Save the input file.
5. Submit the job for analysis by entering the following command at your system
prompt:
abaqus job=w_beam_multstep
6. Monitor the status of the job by looking at the log (.log) or status (.sta) files.
7. When the job has completed successfully, open the output database
w_beam_multstep.odb created by the job in Abaqus/Viewer and compare the
results obtained using both modeling approaches. You will find that the results are
identical.
383
W2.10
INCREMENTS
CUTBACKS IN AUTOMATIC INCREMENTATION
ITERATIONS
PASSES THROUGH THE EQUATION SOLVER OF WHICH
=
=
=
=
0.10000
0.10000
0.20000
1
INCREMENTS
CUTBACKS IN AUTOMATIC INCREMENTATION
ITERATIONS
PASSES THROUGH THE EQUATION SOLVER OF WHICH
=
=
=
=
0.4000
0.1000
0.5000
1
Note: Complete input files are available for your convenience. You may
consult these files if you encounter difficulties following the instructions
outlined here or if you wish to check your work. The input files are named
w_beam_loadcase_complete.inp
w_beam_multstep_complete.inp
384
Notes
385
Notes
386
Workshop 3
Nonlinear Statics
Keywords Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus
Keywords interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus GUI interface instead,
please see the Interactive version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
Introduction
In this workshop you will model the plate shown in Figure W31. It is skewed at 30 to
the global 1-axis, built-in at one end, and constrained to move on rails parallel to the plate
axis at the other end. You will determine the midspan deflection when the plate carries a
uniform pressure.
You will modify the input file that models this problem to include alternate nodal and
material directions as well as nonlinear effects.
You will first add the necessary data to complete the linear analysis model. You will later
perform the simulation considering both geometrically and material nonlinear effects. In
a subsequent workshop a restart analysis will be performed to study the unloading of the
plate.
387
W3.2
x, y, z of point a
x, y, z of point b
388
W3.3
at the prompt.
5. When the analysis is complete, open the data (.dat) file and find the value of the
vertical displacement (degree of freedom 3) at the midspan (node 357). Enter this
value in the Linear column of Table W31.
389
W3.4
Geometric Nonlinearity
1. Copy the input file to a new file called w_skew_plate_nonlin.inp, and make
the following changes to account for geometric nonlinearity:
2. Set NLGEOM = YES on the STEP option. This parameter indicates that
geometric nonlinearity will be accounted for during the step.
3. Set the initial time increment to 0.1 and the total time to 1.0 on the data line
following the STATIC option.
Time in a static analysis is just a convenient way to measure the progress of an
incremental solution unless rate-dependent behavior is involved. The beginning of
the step definition should look something like this:
*STEP, NLGEOM=YES
*STATIC
0.1, 1.0
Run the new analysis, and enter the vertical displacement (degree of freedom 3)
of node 357 in the NLGEOM column of Table W31.
Table W31. Midspan displacements
Load (kPa)
Linear (m)
NLGEOM (m)
20
60
4. Triple the load in both the linear and nonlinear analysis input files, rerun each of
these analyses, and enter the vertical displacement of node 357 from each analysis
in Table W31. The pressure loading is applied normal to the shell surface with
the DLOAD option.
Question W31: How does tripling the load affect the midspan displacement in
390
W3.5
Plasticity
You will now include another source of nonlinearity: plasticity. The material data are
shown in Figure W33 (in terms of true stress vs. total log strain). Abaqus, however,
requires the plastic material data be defined in terms of true stress and plastic log
strain. Thus, you will need to determine the plastic strains corresponding to each data
point (see the hint below).
1. In the material block of the input file w_skew_plate_nonlin.inp add the
PLASTIC option and enter the data lines corresponding to points A and B on the
stress-strain curve shown in Figure W33. The Youngs modulus for this material
is 30E9 Pa.
Hint: The total stain tot at any point on the curve is equal to the sum of the elastic
strain el and plastic strain pl. The elastic strain at any point on the curve can be
evaluated from Youngs modulus and the true stress:el= / E. Use the following
relationship to determine the plastic strains:
pl tot el tot E .
Add the PLASTIC option underneath *MATERIAL to complete the material
block. The complete material option block is given below:
*MATERIAL, NAME=MAT1
*ELASTIC
3.0E10,0.3
*PLASTIC
2.E7, 0.0
3.E7, 0.019
Question W33: Why is the second entry on the first data line of the
391
W3.6
392
W3.7
Open the appropriate output database by selecting FileOpen from the main
menu bar. Select the file w_skew_plate_nonlin.odb, and click OK.
2. By default, the last increment of the last step is selected. Use the Frame Selector
in the context bar to select other steps or increments; alternatively, use the
Step/Frame dialog box (ResultStep/Frame).
3. Use the view manipulation tools to position the model as you wish. Turn
perspective on or off by clicking the Turn Perspective On tool
Perspective Off tool
or the Turn
in the toolbar.
4. Plot the deformed shape by clicking the Plot Deformed Shape tool
A sample deformed shape plot is shown in Figure W34. Your plot may look
different if you have positioned your model differently
393
W3.8
Figure W35. Contour plot of S11: SPOS, top image; SNEG, bottom image
Question W34: Where do the peak displacements and stresses occur in the
model?
6. Click the Animate: Time History tool
to animate the results.
You can stop the animation and move between frames and steps by using the
arrow buttons in the context bar.
7. Render the shell thickness (ViewODB Display Options; toggle on Render
shell thickness).
The plot appears as shown in Figure W36. Note that for the purpose of
visualization, a linear interpolation is used between the contours on the top and
bottom surfaces of the shell.
394
W3.9
395
W3.10
Note: Complete input files are available for your convenience. You may
consult these files if you encounter difficulties following the instructions
outlined here or if you wish to check your work. The input files are named
w_skew_plate_linear_complete.inp
w_skew_plate_nonlin_complete.inp
396
W3.11
Answers
Question W31: How does tripling the load affect the midspan displacement in
Answer:
Question W32: How do the results of the nonlinear analyses compare to each
Answer:
Question W33: Why is the second entry on the first data line of the
The first data line of the PLASTIC option defines the initial
yield point. The plastic strain at this point is zero.
Question W34: Where do the peak displacements and stresses occur in the
Answer:
model?
The peak value of U3 occurs at the midspan. The supports of
the plate are likely to be heavily stressed; this is confirmed by
contour plots of S11.
397
398
Notes
399
Notes
400
Workshop 4
Unloading Analysis of a Skew Plate
Keywords Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus
Keywords interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus GUI interface instead,
please see the Interactive version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Introduction
You will now continue the analysis of the plate shown in Figure W41. Recall our
analysis includes geometric and material nonlinearity. We previously determined the
plate exceeded the material yield strength and therefore has some plastic deformation.
Since we requested restart output, we can resume the analysis to determine the residual
stress state. In this workshop we will remove the load in order to recover the elastic
deformation; the plastic deformation will remain.
401
W4.2
This option specifies that the analysis will be continued from the end of the first
step of the previous job. The name of the previous job will be specified at the time
of job submission.
3. Define a step named UNLOAD within which to deactivate the applied pressure
load:
*STEP, NAME=UNLOAD, NLGEOM=YES
*STATIC
0.1, 1.
*DLOAD, OP=NEW
*END STEP
The OP=NEW parameter on the *DLOAD option removes the applied load in the
current step. The load will be ramped off according to the automatic time
incrementation in effect.
4. Use the following command to submit this job:
abaqus job=w_skew_plate_restart oldjob=w_skew_plate_nonlin
402
W4.3
Postprocessing
In the Visualization module, contour the U3 displacement component in the plate:
1. Click the Plot Contours tool
in the toolbox.
2. From the list of variable types on the left side of the Field Output toolbar, select
Primary (if it is not already selected).
3. From the list of available output variables in the center of the toolbar, select
output variable U (spatial displacement at nodes).
4. From the list of available components and invariants on the right side of the Field
Output toolbar, select U3.
5. Compare to the results at the end of the Apply Pressure step.
Note that in this output database file, the results for frame 0 correspond to the
results at the end of the Apply Pressure step (use the Frame Selector
to
switch to a different frame).
The difference between the final state of the model and its initial state is due to
the elastic springback that has occurred. The deformation that remains is
permanent and unrecoverable.
Note: A complete input file is available for your convenience. You may
consult this file if you encounter difficulties following the instructions
outlined here or if you wish to check your work. The input file is named
w_skew_plate_restart_complete.inp
403
404
Notes
405
Notes
406
Workshop 5
CLD Analysis of a Seal using Abaqus/Standard
Keywords Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus
Keywords interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus GUI interface instead,
please see the Interactive version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
Introduction
In this workshop, a compression analysis of a rubber seal is performed to determine the
seals performance. The goal is to determine the seals compression load-deflection
(CLD) curve, deformation and stresses. The analysis will be performed using
Abaqus/Standard. Two analyses are performed: one using contact pairs and the other
using general contact.
As shown in Figure W51, the top outer surface of the seal is covered with a polymer
layer, and the seal is compressed between two rigid surfaces (the upper one is displaced
along the negative 2-direction; the lower one is fixed). During compression, the cover
contacts the top rigid surface; the outer surface of the seal is in contact with the cover and
the bottom rigid surface; in addition the inner surface of the seal may come into contact
with itself.
407
W5.2
U2
Cover
Rigid
Surfaces
Seal
fixed
Seal analysis
1. Change to the ../abaqus_solvers/keywords/seal directory.
2. Open the input file w_seal.inp, which already contains the nodes, elements,
and material model data for the analysis. You will first use Abaqus/CAE
functionality to evaluate the stability of the hyperelastic material model and then
edit the input file to include the contact, step and boundary condition definitions.
Material Evaluation
It is important to determine whether the material model of the seal will be stable during
the analysis. Before completing the input file, evaluate the material definition that is used
for the seal.
1. Use your text editor to review the supplied workshop model contained in the file
w_seal.inp.
2. The material named SANTOPRENE is used for the seal. Locate the *MATERIAL,
NAME=SANTOPRENE option. It is a hyperelastic material with a first order
polynomial strain energy potential. The coefficients are already specified for the
analysis.
3. Evaluate the material definition. Abaqus/CAE provides a convenient Evaluate
option that allows you to view the behavior predicted by a hyperelastic material
by performing standard tests to choose a suitable material formulation. You will
use this option to view the behavior predicted by the material SANTOPRENE.
a. Start a session of AQUS/CAE using the following command at the
command prompt:
abaqus cae
408
W5.3
accept a strain energy potential order of 1, and enter the values of the
coefficients (defined in the input file) as shown in Figure W52. Click OK
to save the material definition and exit the material editor.
Typically the test data are used to define a material model; you can use the
Evaluate option to view the predicted behavior and adjust the material
definition as necessary. In this workshop you will only evaluate the
stability of the material model for the given coefficients.
409
W5.4
e. In the Evaluate Material dialog box, accept all defaults and click OK.
Abaqus/CAE creates and submits a job to perform the standard tests using
the material Santoprene; at the same time, Abaqus/CAE switches to the
Visualization module and displays the evaluation results when the job is
complete. Figure W53 shows the Material Parameters and Stability
Limit Information dialog box; Figure W54 shows three stress vs. strain
plots from uniaxial, biaxial, and planar tests.
Question W51: What do the plots indicate about the stability of the material?
Based on these results, you can have confidence that your material will remain
stable.
410
W5.5
Figure W54. Material evaluation results for uniaxial, biaxial, and planar tests
After evaluating the material, you can exit Abaqus/CAE and will now complete the
model definition.
411
W5.6
sealOuter, bottom
sealOuter, cover
cover, top
Note that the interaction property named frictionless has already been
defined in the input file. Locate the *SURFACE INTERACTION,
NAME=frictionless option to review its definition.
Table W51. Contact pairs
Slave Surface
Master Surface
sealOuter
bottom
sealOuter
cover
cover
top
cover
top
sealInner
bottom
sealOuter
sealInner,
Question W52: In the interaction between the seal and the cover, why do we
choose SealOuter as the slave surface?
412
W5.7
Step definition
1. Define a general static step considering geometric nonlinearity. Set the initial time
increment size to 0.5% of the total time period. Invoke the unsymmetric solver
(the unsymmetric solver is generally recommended for the surface-to-surface
contact discretization method). The following option defines the procedure:
*STEP, NLGEOM=YES, UNSYMM=YES
*STATIC
0.005, 1.
2. Use the following solution control parameter to improve the efficiency of the
analysis:
*CONTROLS, ANALYSIS=DISCONTINUOUS
topRP
fix1
botRP
413
W5.8
2. The preselected default field output does not include the nominal strain NE; to
visualize the nominal strain in Abaqus/Viewer, you will write additional field
output to the output database file. Locate the
*OUTPUT, FIELD, VARIABLE=PRESELECT option and add
the following sub-option:
*ELEMENT OUTPUT
NE,
3. Add a history output request to write the history of RF2 and U2 for the set topRP
to the output database file. The required option is:
*OUTPUT, HISTORY
*NODE OUTPUT, NSET=topRP
RF2, U2
414
W5.9
When the job is complete, use the following procedure to visualize the results using
Abaqus/Viewer:
1. Start Abaqus/Viewer and open the file w_seal.odb:
abaqus viewer odb=w_seal.odb
2. Plot the undeformed and the deformed model shapes. To distinguish between the
different parts, color code the model based on section assignments.
Tip: From the toolbar, select Sections from the color-coding pull down menu, as
shown in Figure W57 (or use the Color Code Dialog tool
color for each section).
to customize the
415
W5.10
416
W5.11
In the Grid Display tabbed page, toggle on the major X- and Ygrid lines. Set the line color to blue and the line style to dashed.
Change the fill color using the following RGB values: red: 175;
green: 250; blue: 185.
In the Grid Area tabbed page, select Square as the size and drag
the slider to 80. From the list of auto-alignments, choose the one
that places the chart in the center of the viewport
c. Double-click the legend to open the Chart Legend Options dialog box.
In the Scale tabbed page, place 4 major tick marks on the X-axis at
(use the By count method).
In the Y Axis region of the dialog box, select the force axis.
In the Scale tabbed page, specify that the Y-axis should extend
from 0 (the Y-axis minimum) to 250 (the Y-axis maximum).
In the Title tabbed page, change the Y-axis title to Force (lbf).
In the Axes tabbed page, change the font size for both axes to 10.
417
W5.12
f. Examine the remaining options. Add the following plot title: CLD
Diagram. Double-click the plot title to open the Plot Title Options dialog
box.
g. Click
in the toolbox to open the Curve Options dialog box. Change
the legend text to Top Surface Ref Point and toggle on Show
symbol. Set the color for both the line and symbols to red. Use large filled
circles for the symbols. Reposition the legend as necessary.
The final plot appears as shown in Figure W59.
represent?
418
W5.13
6. When the job is complete, use the following procedure to visualize the results
using Abaqus/Viewer.
7. Compare the results with those obtained using contact pairs. A comparison of the
stress state in the seal is shown in Figure W510 while a comparison of the forcedisplacement curve is shown in Figure W511.
The agreement between the two approaches is excellent. The general contact
approach, however, provides a much simpler user interface since the entire
contact domain is defined automatically and properties are assigned globally.
419
W5.14
420
W5.15
Note: Complete input files are available for your convenience. You may
consult these files if you encounter difficulties following the instructions
outlined here or if you wish to check your work. The input files are named
w_seal_cp_complete.inp
w_seal_gc_complete.inp
421
W5.16
Answers
Question W51: What do the plots indicate about the stability of the material?
Answer:
Question W52: In the interaction between the seal and the cover, why do we
choose SealOuter as the slave surface?
Answer:
Question W53: What does the inverted peak near 4 inches of deflection
Answer:
422
represent?
This peak represents the inward bucking that occurs at the
bottom corners of the seal during compression. If you look at
the deformed shape at the time corresponding to
approximately 3.7 inches of displacement, you will observe
this phenomenon.
Notes
423
Notes
424
Workshop 6
Dynamics
Keywords Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus
Keywords interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus GUI interface instead,
please see the Interactive version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
Become familiar with the Abaqus/CAE procedures for frequency extraction and
implicit dynamic analyses.
Become more familiar with the status (.sta) and message (.msg) files.
Learn how to plot eigenmodes and create history plots using Abaqus/Viewer.
Introduction
In this workshop the dynamic response of the cantilever beam shown in Figure W61 is
investigated. A frequency extraction is performed to determine the 10 lowest vibration
modes of the beam. The effects of mesh refinement, element interpolation order, and
element dimension will be considered.
The problem is also solved by performing a direct integration dynamic analysis to
simulate the vibration of the beam upon removal of the tip load. The frequency of the
vibration predicted by the transient analysis will be compared with the natural frequency
results.
425
W6.2
b. Comment out the STATIC step currently in the model, including the
loading:
***STEP
**SMALL DISPLACEMENT ANALYSIS
***STATIC
***CLOAD
**TIP, 2, -1200.
***END STEP
c. Add a new step using the FREQUENCY procedure, and select the
Lanczos eigensolver. Request 10 modes. The finished option block should
look like the following:
*STEP
FREQUENCY EXTRACTION
*FREQUENCY, EIGENSOLVER=LANCZOS
10,
*END STEP
d. Retain the built-in boundary condition at the left end of the beam.
2. Submit the frequency extraction analysis as an Abaqus job.
3. After the analysis has completed, check the printed output file and make any
necessary corrections to the input.
426
W6.3
427
W6.4
The model explicitly defines the first beam element and then uses the *ELGEN
option to define the rest.
3. Locate the *ELEMENT option block. Change the element type to B22 and
modify the connectivity list of the first element so that nodes 1, 2, 3 are used to
define the element:
*ELEMENT, TYPE=B22, ELSET=BEAMS
1, 1, 2, 3
4. Run the job, and compare the results with those obtained previously.
The results for modes 1 and 4 are shown in Figure W63.
428
W6.5
The results indicate that the refined mesh is able to represent all extracted modes.
The natural frequency of the first mode predicted by the fine-mesh model is
within 2% of that predicted by the coarse mesh model. The difference in results
for the fourth mode is more significant: there is an 8% difference in the predicted
natural frequency for this mode.
Note that all modes with the exception of modes 6 and 10 are transverse modes.
Modes 6 and 10 are longitudinal modes. To see the longitudinal modes more
clearly, superimpose the undeformed model shape on the deformed model shape.
429
W6.6
Figure W64. First and fourth transverse modes (3D shell model)
430
W6.7
3. The three-dimensional model captures the torsional and out-of-plane modes that
are suppressed by the two-dimensional model. The first three of these modes are
shown in Figure W65.
431
W6.8
432
W6.9
Visualizing results
1. Open the file w_beam_dynam.odb in the Visualization module.
2. Plot the history of the displacement component U2 at the tip node. In the Results
Tree, expand the History Output container underneath the output database named
dynamic.odb and double-click Spatial displacement: U2 at Node in NSET
TIP.
The tip response is shown in Figure W67. From this plot, you can estimate the
frequency of the first vibration mode. Note that there are nearly 6 cycles in a 1
second time period. This is in agreement with the results obtained earlier using the
natural frequency extraction procedure (5.95 Hz).
eigenvalue analysis?
Note: Complete input files are available for your convenience. You may
consult these files if you encounter difficulties following the instructions
outlined here or if you wish to check your work. The input files are named
w_beam_freq_b21_complete.inp
w_beam_freq_b22_complete.inp
w_beam_dynam_b22_complete.inp
433
W6.10
Answers
Question W61: Are there modes of the physical system that cannot be
Answer:
Question W62: Do any of the mode shapes for your model look nonphysical?
Answer:
No.
Question W63: How does this compare with the frequency calculated in the
Answer:
434
eigenvalue analysis?
The frequency calculated from the history plot of the tip
displacement is approximately 5.9, which agrees very closely
with the frequency calculated in the eigenvalue analysis.
Notes
435
Notes
436
Workshop 7
Contact with Abaqus/Explicit
Keywords Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus
Keywords interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus GUI interface instead,
please see the Interactive version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
Introduction
This workshop involves the simulation of a pipe-on-pipe impact resulting from the
rupture of a high-pressure line in a power plant. It is assumed that a sudden release of
fluid could cause one segment of the pipe to rotate about its support and strike a
neighboring pipe. The goal of the analysis is to determine strain and stress conditions in
both pipes and their deformed shapes. The simulation will be performed using
Abaqus/Explicit.
This workshop is based on Pipe whip simulation, Section 1.3.9 of the Abaqus
Benchmarks Manual.
437
W7.2
Impacting pipe
Fixed pipe
edge
refPt
fixed
zsymm
438
W7.3
Impact analysis
The model geometry, material properties, and loading history for the impact analysis are
already defined and can be found in
../abaqus_solvers/keywords/pipe_whip/w_pipe_whip.inp. You will have to
edit the input file to include the material properties, rigid body constraint, contact
interaction, initial conditions, boundary conditions, step definition, and output requests.
Predefined sets are included to ease your work. These are shown in Figure W72.
Material and section properties
1. Both pipes are made of steel. A von Mises elastic, perfectly plastic material model
is used. Create a material named Steel with the following properties:
Modulus of elasticity:
30E6 psi
Poisson's ratio:
0.3
Yield Stress:
45.0E3 psi
Density:
Question W71: Why is density required in the material model definition? Can
thickness?
Rigid body constraint
Define a rigid body constraint between the nodes at the pivot end of the impacting pipe
(node set edge) and the rigid body reference point (node set refPt). Both the
translations and rotations of the pipe nodes are controlled by the rigid body constraint.
Question W73: In order to drive both the translations and rotations of the pipe
edge nodes, what type of node set needs to be used in the rigid
body constraint?
Contact interaction
Define general contact between the two pipes. Assume frictional contact with a
coefficient of friction equal to 0.2.
Question W74: Are the contact constraints part of the model or history data?
439
W7.4
Initial conditions
The impacting pipe has an initial angular velocity of 75 radians/sec about its supported
(pinned) end. Assign a rotating velocity initial condition to all the nodes in the impacting
pipe (node set pipe-impacting).
The rotation is about the positive Z-direction passing though the rigid body reference
point. The coordinates of the reference point are 25.0, 6.932, 25.0.
Question W75:
Boundary conditions
The edges located on the symmetry plane (node set zsymm) must be given appropriate
symmetry boundary conditions. One end of the fixed pipe is fully restrained (node set
fixed). The rigid body reference point (node set refPt) is free to rotate about its
position.
Question W76: Are the boundary conditions part of the model or history data
in an Abaqus/Explicit analysis?
Step definition and output requests
Because of the high-speed nature of the event, the simulation is performed using a single
explicit dynamics step.
1. Create an explicit dynamics step with a time period of 0.015 seconds.
2. Write preselected field output to the output database at 12 equally spaced
intervals.
3. Request reaction force history output at the constrained end of the impacting pipe.
Write the data to the output database at 100 evenly spaced time intervals during
the analysis.
4. Request preselected history output at the default number of intervals.
Save the input file, and run the impact analysis by entering the following command at the
prompt:
abaqus job=w_pipe_whip
Visualization
1. Once the analysis completes successfully, open the output database file in
Abaqus/Viewer.
2. Plot the undeformed and the deformed model shapes. From the main menu bar,
select ToolsColor Code (or click
440
W7.5
colors to the two pipes (you can distinguish between them using section
assignments), as shown in Figure W73.
PEEQ
441
W7.6
442
W7.7
6. Select and plot the pinned node reaction force components RF1, RF2, and RF3.
The curves appear in Figure W76. Note this figure has been customized for
clarity.
Note: A complete input file is available for your convenience. You may
consult this file if you encounter difficulties following the instructions
outlined here or if you wish to check your work. The input file is named
w_pipe_whip_complete.inp
443
W7.8
Answers
Question W71: Why is density required in the material model definition? Can
Answer:
Question W72: Why are only three integration points used through the
Answer:
thickness?
Three section points are used to reduce the run time of the job.
The options required to complete the section definitions are:
*shell section,
material=steel,
0.432, 3
*shell section,
material=steel,
0.432, 3
elset=pipe-impacting,
section integration=gauss
elset=pipe-fixed,
section integration =gauss
Question W73: In order to drive both the translations and rotations of the pipe
Answer:
edge nodes, what type of node set needs to be used in the rigid
body constraint?
A tie node set needs to be used.
The option required to define the rigid body constraint is:
*rigid body, ref node=refPt, tie nset=edge
444
W7.9
Question W74: Should you add the contact definition to the model data or the
Answer:
history data?
General contact definitions can be part of either the model
data or the history data. The surface interaction properties are
model data when used with general contact.
The (model data) options required to complete the contact
definition are:
*contact
*contact inclusions, all exterior
*contact property assignment
, , fric
*surface interaction, name=fric
*friction
0.2,
Question W75: How can you use the coordinates of the reference point to
Answer:
445
W7.10
Question W76: Are the boundary conditions part of the model data or the
Answer:
446
Notes
447
Notes
448
Workshop 8
Quasi-Static Analysis
Keywords Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus
Keywords interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus GUI interface instead,
please see the Interactive version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
Introduction
In this workshop you will examine the deep drawing of a can bottom. A one-stage
forming process is simulated in Abaqus/Explicit; the springback analysis is performed in
Abaqus/Standard. The final deformed shape of the can bottom is shown in
Figure W81. In a subsequent workshop the import capability is used to transfer the
results between Abaqus/Explicit and Abaqus/Standard in order to perform a springback
analysis.
One of the advantages of using Abaqus/Explicit for metal forming simulations is that, in
general, Abaqus/Explicit resolves complicated contact conditions more readily than
Abaqus/Standard.
449
W8.2
Plot the first eigenmode in Abaqus/Viewer. The fundamental frequency, f, of the blank is
304 Hz, corresponding to a time period of 0.0033 s ( T 1/ f ). This time period provides
a lower bound on the step time for the first forming stage. Choosing the step time to be
10 times the time period of the fundamental natural frequency, or 0.033 s, should ensure a
quality quasi-static solution. This time period corresponds to a constant punch velocity of
0.45 m/s, which is typical for metal forming.
450
W8.3
Geometry definition
In this section you will complete the geometry definition of the can forming model by
defining the punch as an analytical rigid surface.
Figure W82 shows the components of the modelthe punch, the die, and the blankin
their initial positions. The blank is modeled using axisymmetric shell elements (SAX1).
The shell reference surface lies at the shell midsurface.
(0.032, 0.03025)
(0.0, 0.00025)
Origin
(0.0, 0.0)
Question W84: How does the order of the line segments affect the ability of
451
W8.4
2. Define the surfaces, the contact pairs, and the surface interaction for the complete
model using the SURFACE, CONTACT PAIR, and SURFACE
INTERACTION options. The blank is defined such that the element normal
direction points toward the punch. The friction coefficient between the rigid tools
and the blank is 0.1.
Question W85: What effect will an increase in friction have on the solution?
Question W86: In Abaqus the input data are classified as either model or
Material definition
In this section you will add the entire material definition to the input file.
The material is steel with Youngs modulus E =210E9 Pa, Poissons ratio v =0.3, and
density =7800 kg/m3. Figure W83 shows the nominal plasticity material data for the
blank as tabulated in Table W81.
Question W87: When entering plasticity data with the PLASTIC option,
what are the stress and strain measures that Abaqus uses?
452
W8.5
Table W81
Nominal stress (Pa)
90.96 106
130.71 106
169.75 106
207.08 106
240.99 106
268.89 106
287.59 106
290.57 106
Nominal strain
4.334 104
2.216 103
7.331 103
1.888 10-2
4.153 102
8.218 102
1.509 101
3.456 101
Table W82
True stress (Pa)
91 106
131 106
171 106
211 106
251 106
291 106
331 106
391 106
Table W82 lists the corresponding true stress and logarithmic strain values. These
values were obtained using the following relationships:
nom (1 nom )
1n(1 nom )
pl tot el tot / E
These equations are valid for isotropic materials and establish the relationships between
the true stress and strain measures (used in Abaqus) and the nominal stress and strain
measures.
1. Complete the material definition, and name the material STEEL. Use the
ELASTIC option to enter Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio and the
PLASTIC option to enter the material data in Table W82.
Tip: Both of these options must be grouped under the *MATERIAL option.
2. To reduce high-frequency noise in the solution (caused primarily by the
oscillations of the blanks free end), add stiffness proportional damping to the
material definition of the blank. It is best to use the smallest amount of damping
possible to obtain the desired solution since increasing the stiffness damping
decreases the stable time increment and, thus, increases the computer time. To
avoid a dramatic drop in the stable time increment, the stiffness proportional
453
W8.6
damping factor R should be less than, or of the same order of magnitude as, the
initial stable time increment without damping. We choose a damping factor of
R = 1107, which is included by using the DAMPING, BETA=1.E7 material
option.
Question W88: What effects would a higher damping coefficient have?
Amplitude definition
To form the can bottom, we will displace the punch by moving its rigid body reference
node 0.015 m in the negative 2-direction. The punch displacement will be applied in the
form of a displacement boundary condition. Because Abaqus/Explicit does not permit
displacement discontinuities, prescribed displacements must refer to an amplitude
definition. In this section you will add the amplitude definition to the input file. Figure
W84 shows the desired displacement behavior for the punch.
Question W89: What is the slope of the curve at the beginning and end, and
454
W8.7
455
W8.8
456
W8.9
Note: A complete input file is available for your convenience. You may
consult this file if you encounter difficulties following the instructions
outlined here or if you wish to check your work. The input file is named
w_draw_bot_complete.inp
457
W8.10
Answers
Question W81: What analysis procedure is used in this input file?
Answer:
Question W83: In an analysis with more than one step in the same input file,
Answer:
Question W84: How does the order of the line segments affect the ability of
Answer:
Question W85: What effect will an increase in friction have on the solution?
Answer:
458
W8.11
Question W86: In Abaqus the input data are classified as either model or
Answer:
Question W87: When entering plasticity data with the PLASTIC option,
Answer:
what are the stress and strain measures that Abaqus uses?
Abaqus uses true (Cauchy) stress and log strain.
459
W8.12
Question W89: What is the slope of the curve at the beginning and end, and
Answer:
Question W810: How would the results change if a linear amplitude definition
Answer:
Figure WA82. Kinetic energy plot with and without SMOOTH STEP
460
W8.13
Question W812: How does mass scaling affect the solution time?
Answer:
461
W8.14
Question W813: What elements are used to model the blank, and does this
Answer:
462
Notes
463
Notes
464
Workshop 9
Import Analysis
Keywords Version
Note: This workshop provides instructions in terms of the Abaqus
Keywords interface. If you wish to use the Abaqus GUI interface instead,
please see the Interactive version of these instructions.
Please complete either the Keywords or Interactive version of this
workshop.
Goals
Introduction
In this workshop you will use the import capability is used to transfer the results between
Abaqus/Explicit and Abaqus/Standard to examine the effects of springback in the
analysis of the deep drawing of a can bottom. The deformed shape of the can after the
forming stage is shown in Figure W91.
465
W9.2
Springback analysis
In the manufacturing process the part is removed after the forming has been completed
and the material is free to springback into an unconstrained state. To understand the final
shape after this physical effect, we perform a springback analysis in Abaqus/Standard.
1. Open the file w_draw_bot_spring.inp in an editor, and import the blank from
the end of the w_draw_bot analysis. Use the STATE=YES parameter on the
IMPORT option to import the material state of the elements.
Question W91: To what value should the UPDATE parameter on the
springback analysis?
466
W9.3
467
W9.4
Answers
Question W91: To what value should the UPDATE parameter on the
Answer:
Question W92: Where do you find the information to define the STEP and
Answer:
468
springback analysis?
A true static procedure is the preferred approach for modeling
springback. The imported model will not be in static
equilibrium at the beginning of the step. Thus,
Abaqus/Standard applies a set of artificial internal stresses to
the imported model state and then gradually removes these
stresses. This leads to the springback deformation. In
Abaqus/Explicit the removal of the contact between the blank
and the tools represents a sudden load removal, which leads to
low frequency vibrations of the blank. While these vibrations
will eventually dissipate, this approach leads to lengthy
computation times.
Notes
469
Notes
470