Annotated Bibliography

Fionna Tam
ENG 123 KE
Prof. Morris
Spring 2016
Annotated Bibliography

Works Cited

Annotated Bibliography

Cloud, David H., et al. "Public Health And Solitary Confinement In The United States."
American Journal Of Public Health 105.1 (2015): 18-26. Academic Search Premier. Web.
14 Jan. 2016.
Author David H. Cloud begins by introducing solitary confinement as correctional
punishment that is overused in the United States. David states solitary confinement punishment
increased 40% just in a decade. History of solitary confinement is reveals that this punishment
was originally set in place to bring forth repentance in prisoners. It was noted that political
theorist that were for solitary confinement, observed it in action in one of the United States first
silent prison. They came to the conclusion that instead of reforming people for the better, it was a
detriment to their mental health. The author also brings up the issue of rehabilitation, as most
supermax prisons do not facilitate job training, treatment or education to help them reenter
society when their sentence is over. Prisoners who were put in solitary confinement, reoffended
in higher rates than those incarcerated in a community environment. It was speculated that this
was due to that lack of rehabilitative help to transition back into community.
Clouds journal brought up many issues with solitary confinement was able to back his
arguments up with statistical data like the above mentioned. Explaining the history of solitary
confinement was quite helpful as it gives the reader a base understanding of what it was meant to
be.
This journal is very informative but will only prove to be useful if one can tie both issues
of mental health and solitary confinement together. The information on solitary confinement
being a mental health detriment can be used to relate the two issues, but more information on
how might be needed to create a more solid argument.

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Galanek, Joseph. "The Cultural Construction Of Mental Illness In Prison: A Perfect Storm Of
Pathology." Culture, Medicine & Psychiatry 37.1 (2013): 195-225. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 14 Jan. 2016.
In this journal, author Joseph Galanek explores how clinicians of mental health in
prisons, construct psychiatric disorder among inmates. For his study, Galanek examines the
mental health treatment system at Pacific Northwest Penitentiary for his study. He describes the
process of assessment with clinicians objectifying the inmates and prescribing disciplinary action
as a way to normalize inmates. His findings are that mental illnesses diagnosed were mainly
through the norms, social and cultural factors of the prison environment. The role of a clinician
within that prison culture will differ between prisons, thus treatment and diagnosis will differ as
well. Galanek brings up the point that prisons will always have safety and security as the number
one priority, so treatment and diagnosis will have to be tailored to maintain safety and security.
This however, then fails to correctly address and treat a potential mental illness. An example
being if a clinician finds that an inmate fits two diagnoses, the clinician will only choose one and
not both so that treatment will be simple to not complicate security.
Galanek includes many examples of studies and observations to back his claims. They are
well argued. This was an interesting journal as it brings the attention of mental health in prisons
on the clinicians, rather than understaffing or improper programs like many other journals have
speculated. The journal may be useful as a rebuttal for understaffing in mental health programs.

Greenberg, Greg A., and Robert A. Rosenheck. "Psychiatric Correlates Of Past Incarceration In
The National Co-Morbidity Study Replication." Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health
24.1 (2014): 18-35. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Jan. 2016.

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Greenberg and Rosenheck did a study on correlations between mental illness (including
substance abuse) history and incarceration record. They noted that the connection has been long
known but that the connection has only been survey by prison population instead of national
population surveys on mental illness, which is the reason for their study. For their study, they
used data gathered from 2001 to 2003 from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication to
make analysis on. They found that factors like employment affected the odds of incarceration as
well. Mood, anxiety and impulse disorders did not affect incarceration rates as well.
Homelessness, however, was a factor in odds of incarceration. They concluded that programs for
inmates might need to refocus on another approach than what is currently instated.
The authors offer substantial explanation and discussion on their study as well as
speculations for variables that occurred within the study. The authors try to remain neutral in this
study by only focusing on explaining the data rather than trying to sway anyones opinion on the
subject of mental illness and incarceration record. The journal will be quite helpful as it hold a
great amount of data to contrast against arguments for improving mental health services within
prisons.

Hatzenbuehler, Mark L., et al. "The Collateral Damage Of Mass Incarceration: Risk Of
Psychiatric Morbidity Among Nonincarcerated Residents Of High-Incarceration
Neighborhoods." American Journal Of Public Health 105.1 (2015): 138-143. Academic
Search Premier. Web. 12 Jan. 2016.
Hatzenbuehler and his team researched the risk of negative mental health condition
development in non-incarcerated members of communities with high-incarceration rates. They
speculated possible causes and risks for individuals living in said communities with outside

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references and data. For their method, they extracted data from the Detroit Neighborhood Health
study and neighborhood prison admission rates from the Justice Atlas of Sentencing and
Corrections. Their study in waves and assessed mental health conditions like major depressive
disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. After the study concluded they found mass
incarceration does indeed affect the mental health of those in the community.
The journal was very detailed in their analysis through the study as well as speculations
of the proposed issue. While reading through the journal, one could tell it was very thought out
and meticulous. An example was Hatzenbuehlers team had a counselor blind to their data
conduct interviews to compare with their findings. The counselor had come to the same mental
disorder assessments as the team. Hatzenbuehler also offers suggestions for future research but
doesnt really offer his thought on solutions to the issue. It seems the author and his team
remains focused primarily on just the study itself.
The finding presented in the journal will be very useful for a research project related to
subjects and mental health and mass incarceration as it proves that incarceration affects not only
the prisoner but also the communities. There is also speculation on the effects with immediate
family of those incarcerated as well as social environment changes within those communities.
The data presented will prove to be useful to those looking for a secondary cause.

Jones, Nicole T., et al. "Psychiatric And Criminal Histories Of Persons Referred For Pretrial
Evaluations: Description And Policy Implications." Journal Of Forensic Psychiatry &
Psychology 22.1 (2011): 99-109. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Jan. 2016.
Jones starts off the journal by introducing the issue of people with severe mental issues
having multiple accounts of being admitted to both state psychiatric facilities and prisons. Her

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team evaluates the data from the Pretrial Evaluation Unit at Dorothea Hospital and a state
psychiatric facility in North Carolina. The 296 participants consisted of people who received
court-ordered pretrial evaluations in the criminal justice system. They found that 41.9% were
diagnosed with a severe mental illness and 27.7% were diagnosed with a substance-related issue.
23.7% were diagnosed with issues that were one of the following: mood, adjustment disorder,
cognitive issues, and anxiety. 6.7% had no diagnosis or exaggerated their illness. The people
with severe mental issues and substance-related issues had around 88% previous hospitalization
and/or criminal conviction, while the others (no diagnosis/malingering) had a 31.4% rate. Over
50% of people diagnosed with severe mental illness had been admitted to both prison and
psychiatric facilities. The author came to the conclusion that there needs to be a better system to
track patient/prisoner admittance, preferably one system to track both to provide better care.
Currently data of admittance is tracked separately and not shared. Hospitalization is recorded by
the Department of Health and Human Services while those incarcerated are recorded by the
Department of Correction.
The author does an excellent job with incorporated previous studies into her explanations,
and argues well for the importance of this study. However, the study could feel a bit more solid if
they were able to get make these observations on more than one state. Being confined to North
Carolina for their study, their findings could be seen as a localized state issue. This information
in this journal is useful as it backs data evidence of a flawed recording/workflow for those with
mental issues, which in turn can delay treatment.

Kondrat, David C., William S. Rowe, and Melanie Sosinski. "An Exploration Of Specialty
Programs For Inmates With Severe Mental Illness: The United States And The United

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Kingdom." Best Practice In Mental Health 8.2 (2012): 99-108. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 13 Jan. 2016.
Kondrat, Rowe, and Sosinki assess the different programs in the United States and United
Kingdom that help inmates with severe mental health problems. The authors introduced the issue
of the growing inmate population in prisons in the past years as well as the issues of available
mental health treatment for those inmates. They then evaluated the transition planning and the
Forensic Assertive Community Treatment program, also known as FACT in the United States.
For the United Kingdom, they evaluated Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS) and Critical Time
Intervention (CTI). Each of the programs did help to bring down the rate of recidivism but they
emphasized there that was still a lack of programs available to the population of inmates. The
authors went into depth with their evaluations of the said programs and offered many suggestions
for improvement and best practices. An example would be to allocate inmates with low risk to
less intensive programs and higher risk to more intensive programs.
The information in this journal will prove to be useful as it is a detailed review of
programs already in place. This provides a starting point for speculations on improving the help
and processing of inmates with mental health issues.

Lurigio, Arthur J. "Jails In The United States." Prison Journal 96.1 (2016): 3-9. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 15 Jan. 2016.
In this journal, author Lurigio, tackles the topic of jail overpopulation. He emphasizes
that jails are an important resource in the criminal justice system because theyre generally local
institutions. Jails usually hold people with medical/behavioral needs of the homeless, jobless,
mentally ill residents of an area. Lurigio goes on to state that most jails are ill equipped to take

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on the needs of most detainees and the overcrowding makes it worse. He then explores solutions
and ideas from other articles. One article explores a jail reentry program for detainees with
substance use issues. The program offers family-based therapy and conditioning to stop the cycle
of jail reentry.
Overall this journal might not be helpful for the topic of mental health. Even though
mental health is a topic in this journal, it feels as though it is lacking solid information. Most of
his writing feels like a collective of article summaries. However it does offer more insight to
other journals that may be better suited for research on mental health. More detail and depth of
mental health issues is needed to establish a better connection between the two.

Reingle Gonzalez, Jennifer M., and Nadine M. Connell. "Mental Health Of Prisoners:
Identifying Barriers To Mental Health Treatment And Medication Continuity." American
Journal Of Public Health 104.12 (2014): 2328-2333. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12
Jan. 2016.
In this journal, Gonzalez and Connell evaluate mental health and treatment of US
prisoners. They begin by giving statistical data on the subjects of limited resource for treatment
of mental illness as well as risk for relapse for criminal behavior. The authors also touch base on
the issue of focus on physical health over mental health in prisons. For their analysis the authors
obtained nationally represented data from 2004 Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional
Facilities. The data analyzed focused on questions related to mental health answered by the
18,185 prisoners that participated. The authors found that 26% had diagnoses of a mental health
condition with only 18% of that 26% being treated pharmaceutically for their condition. In
relation to discussing the issues and possible repercussions of poor mental health support for

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prisoners, Gonzalez and Connell propose possible solutions such as offering a variety of
counseling in conjunction with medication.
Gonzalez and Connell are very detailed and analytical with their data. They really go into
depth with their arguments as well as proposals. Even facts and data in relation to her topic
mentioned are in depth. Many of the arguments were quickly followed by rebuttals. At times the
transition of argument to rebuttal was a bit overwhelming and was only compounded with the
heavy data and factual writing. The main data used is 10 years old, in comparison to the journal
was written in 2014, the data feels a bit too outdated. However the authors does an excellent job
explaining the importance and value of the data as well as relating it back to the issue of poor
funding in the prison system.
This article is helpful to ones research project with the amount of data analysis and
discussion done by the authors. The table offered in the journal also helps to see the data better
which helps to narrow in on a condition in relation to another variable in the table. The
discussion at the end is also helpful in the way that it argues for many solutions to the to the big
issue of mental health in prisons.