Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Macroeconomics
Workbook
Class
XII
Contents
Worksheet 1
Worksheet 2
13
Worksheet 3
21
Worksheet 4
29
Worksheet 5
35
Solutions
Numericals (with Solutions)
CBSE Question Papers2012 (Solved)
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QUESTION SETI
Define the following concepts:
1. Aggregates of economic system.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Producing sector.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Household sector.
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Government sector.
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. The external sector.
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Stock and flow variables.
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. National income.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Circular flow of income.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Money flows and real flows.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
EconomicsXII
EconomicsXII
EconomicsXII
QUESTION SETII
Defend or refute the following statements. Write yes or no with reason:
1. National income is a stock concept.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. National income is always greater than domestic income.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
EconomicsXII
EconomicsXII
QUESTION SETIII
Write your comment on each of the following statements in a sentence or two:
1. Increase in national income implies increase in the flow of goods and services in the economy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Compensation of employees includes compensation received after retirement.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Net factor income from abroad is zero in case exports = imports.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
EconomicsXII
Introductory Macroeconomics
EconomicsXII
14. Expenditure on the purchase of second-hand plant and machinery from rest of the world is a part of
domestic capital formation.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
15. Gross investment includes the value of expected obsolescence.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
16. Double counting is avoided if GDP is estimated by summing up value of output of all producing units in
the country.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Only final goods and services are to be considered in the estimation of GDP, to avoid double counting.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
18. Expenditure by the households on the construction of residential buildings should not be treated as
investment expenditure.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
19. Change in stock is not a component of aggregate expenditure in the economy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
20. Net exports are not a component of aggregate expenditure in the economy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTION SETIV
Complete the following sentences:
1. Domestic income = National income _______________________________________________________
2. Private factor income = Income from domestic product accruing to the private sector
+ _________________________________________________________________
3. Value of output Change in stock = _________________________________________________________
4. Sales + Change in stock Intermediate consumption = _________________________________________
5. Personal income = Private income _________________________________________________________
6. National income at market price = National income __________________________________________
7. Personal disposable income = Private income ________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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8. National income = Domestic income + Factor income from rest of the world ______________________
9. Operating surplus + Compensation of employees + Mixed income of self-employed = ______________
10. Gross value added = Net value added + ______________________________________________________
11. Three essential precautions while measuring national income according to expenditure method are
(i) _________________________, (ii) _________________________, and (iii) _________________________ .
12. Three components of gross domestic fixed investment are (i) _______________________________,
(ii) _________________________, and (iii) ___________________________ .
13. While using value added method of measuring domestic income, two essential precautions are
(i) ________________________________________, and (ii) _______________________________________.
14. While using income method of measuring domestic income, two essential precautions are
(i) ________________________________________, and (ii) _______________________________________.
15. Net national disposable income = National income ___________________________________________
16. Personal disposable income = Personal income ______________________________________________
17. Three important components of depreciation are (i) ____________________, (ii) ____________________,
and (iii) _____________________ .
18. Expected obsolescence occurs on account of (i) ____________________, and (ii) _____________________ .
19. Two components of personal disposable income are (i) _________________, and (ii) _________________ .
20. Sales + Change in Stock Purchase of intermediate products Net indirect taxes = _________________
21. NNPMP = Private consumption expenditure + Government consumption expenditure
+ ______________________________________________________________________
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4. While using expenditure method to estimate GDP, we focus only expenditure by the
resident household.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Purchase of machinery from abroad is to be considered as a part of intermediate consumption.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. Interest on national debt is treated like a transfer payment.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. Net indirect taxes are never equal to subsidies.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
8. National income exceeds domestic income only when exports are greater than imports.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
9. In the determination of social welfare, what matters is the quantum of output rather than
the composition of output.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
10. Only those goods are included in the estimation of domestic product which are sold or
purchased in domestic market of a country.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
11. Goods produced but retained for self-consumption (and not sold in the market) are not
included in the estimation of national income.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
12
EconomicsXII
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QUESTION SETI
Define the following concepts:
1. Money and value of money.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Barter system of exchange and monetary system of exchange.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Supply of money.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Full bodied money and credit money.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Double coincidence of wants.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. High powered money.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Discounting bills of exchange.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Demand deposits and time deposits.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Bank rate and market rate of interest.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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Introductory Macroeconomics
14
EconomicsXII
QUESTION SETII
Defend or refute the following statements. Write yes or no with reason:
1. Face value of money is always greater than its intrinsic value.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Double coincidence of wants is a typical feature of monetary system of exchange.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Credit money is the money received as a credit from the banks.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Money has separated the acts of sale and purchase.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. There is no medium of exchange in the barter system.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Money is a measure of value as well as a store of value.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Money facilitates transfer of value.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. High powered money refers to cash reserves of the commercial banks with the central bank.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. All financial institutions are not banking institutions.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Commercial banks offer loans only for purpose of investment.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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11. Commercial banks do not have the note-issuing authority, but they do contribute to money supply in the
economy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
12. The central bank is the bankers bank.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
13. The central bank is a lender of last resort.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
14. CRR and SLR are fixed by the commercial banks themselves.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
15. Open market operations are meant to impact money supply in the economy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
16. Demand deposits are equal to cash deposits with the commercial banks.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
17. When CRR is raised, flow of credit is enhanced in the economy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
18. CRR and SLR work opposite to each other.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
19. Money may be used as a commodity.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
20. Money acts as a store of value only when it is in the form of gold and silver coins.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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EconomicsXII
QUESTION SETIII
Write your comment on each of the following statements in a sentence or two:
1. Demand deposits with commercial banks are a part of money supply.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Money supply in the economy is equal to notes and coins issued by the central bank.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Commercial banks play no role in the stock of money supply in the economy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Monetary system of exchange facilitates much greater exchange than the barter system.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Loans offered by the commercial banks are only a part of the cash reserves of the commercial banks.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. If the commercial banks buy government securities, their capacity to create credit is reduced.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. When margins are raised, demand for loans is negatively impacted.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Market rate of interest tends to be positively related to the bank rate.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Money becomes a commodity when intrinsic value of money exceeds its face value.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Higher bank rate implies higher credit creation capacity of the banks.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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11. The commercial banks design all instruments of monetary policy and the central bank controls them.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
12. The commercial banks are the controller of credit.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
13. The central bank is the currency authority.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
14. By accepting deposits, commercial banks facilitate capital formation.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
15. There is no common unit of exchange in barter system.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
16. The central bank is a banker to the government.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
17. The central bank is the apex bank of the country.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
18. Overdraft is a loan facility offered by the commercial banks.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
19. Discounting bills of exchange amounts to offering loans by the commercial banks.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
20. The central bank issues currency on the basis of CRR.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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QUESTION SETIV
Complete the following sentences:
1. Two principal determinants of credit creation by the commercial banks are (i) ____________________,
and (ii) _____________________ .
2. By selling the securities in the open market, the central bank intends to __________________________ .
3. To combat inflation, requirement of margin is _________________________________________________ .
4. According to M1 measure of money stock, supply of money = ____________________________________
5. According to M2 measure of money stock, supply of money = ____________________________________
6. According to M3 measure of money stock, supply of money =____________________________________
7. According to M4 measure of money stock, supply of money = ____________________________________
8. Primary functions of commercial banks are (i) ____________________, and (ii) _____________________ .
9. Secondary functions of commercial banks are (i) ____________________, and (ii) ___________________ .
10. Two important types of deposit accounts are (i) ____________________, and (ii) _____________________ .
11. Four different ways of giving loans and advances by the commercial banks are (i) ___________________,
(ii) ____________________, (iii) ____________________, and (iv) _____________________ .
12. Demand loans refer to _____________________________________________________________________ .
13. Four important functions of the central bank are (i) ___________________, (ii) ____________________,
(iii) ____________________, and (iv) _____________________ .
14. As a lender of last resort, the central bank _____________________________________________________ .
15. Five instruments of monetary policy are (i) ______________________, (ii) _______________________,
(iii) ____________________, (iv) ____________________, and (v) _____________________ .
16. When bank rate is raised, supply of money in the economy is expected to __________________________ .
17. When the central bank sells government securities in the open market, the supply of money is expected
to ______________________________________________________________________________________ .
18. Increase in CRR and SLR are expected to cause _______________________________________________ .
19. With a view to combating speculative investment, margin requirement is __________________________ .
20. Credit creation refers to ___________________________________________________________________ .
21. Credit multiplier refers to __________________________________________________________________ .
Introductory Macroeconomics
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Introductory Macroeconomics
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QUESTION SETI
Define the following concepts:
1. Aggregate demand.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Aggregate supply.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Aggregate effective demand.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Consumption function.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Saving function.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Average and marginal propensity to consume.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Average and marginal propensity to save.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Ex-ante and ex-post equality between S and I.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Marginal efficiency of capital.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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Introductory Macroeconomics
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QUESTION SETII
Defend or refute the following statements. Write yes or no with reason:
1. Consumption never exceeds income.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Saving can never be negative.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Average propensity to consume can never be greater than one.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. APC and MPC are never equal.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. APC + APS =1.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. MPC + MPS >1.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Ex-post investment > Ex-ante investment.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Equilibrium beyond full employment does not cause increase in output beyond full employment.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Underemployment equilibrium causes excess capacity in the economy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
10. In the context of equilibrium GDP, desired AS = desired AD.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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Introductory Macroeconomics
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QUESTION SETIII
Write your comment on each of the following statements in a sentence or two:
1. In a situation of deflationary gap, low level of AD causes low level of AS.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. In a situation of inflationary gap, low level of AS causes low level of AD.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Point of equilibrium GDP must always be on the 45 line drawn from the origin.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Inflationary gap can be corrected by lowering the level of autonomous investment.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Deflationary gap can be corrected by increasing the level of AD.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Bank rate should be lowered in a situation of inflationary gap.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. CRR should be raised to combat deflationary gap.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. SLR needs to be raised to combat deflationary gap.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. It is not possible to combat inflationary gap without causing unemployment in the economy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
10. When deflationary gap is combated, the level of employment tends to rise in the economy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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11. Investment multiplier runs its full course only on the assumption that there is excess capacity in the
economy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
12. If MPC = 0, output multiplier is also equal to zero.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
13. Output always increases when AD increases.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
14. A tax on the households reduces their MPC.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
15. The sum total of APC and APS is always equal to one, even when APC > 1.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
16. By raising the level of investment in the economy, the government intends to raise the value of output
multiplier.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Equilibrium GDP refers to a situation when:
Actual stocks = Desired stocks.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
18. Equilibrium GDP refers to a situation when: injections = withdrawals.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
19. Once equilibrium GDP is achieved, the level of output is the same; no matter it is underemployment
equilibrium or full employment equilibrium.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
20. Equilibrium beyond full employment is a better situation (in terms of the level of GDP) than equilibrium
at full employment.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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QUESTION SETIV
Complete the following sentences:
1. In the equation C = a + aY, a shows _________________________________________________________ .
2. In the equation S = a + bY, a shows _______________________________________________________ .
3. If C = a + aY and S = a + bY, then a + b = __________________________________________________ .
4. Autonomous I function is diagrammatically shown as __________________________________________ .
5.
DY
DI
= ________________________________
6.
1
1 MPC
= ________________________________
7. MPS .DY
= ________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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QUESTION SETI
Define the following concepts:
1. Government budget.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Revenue receipts.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Capital receipts.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Revenue expenditure.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Capital expenditure.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Revenue budget and capital budget.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Tax and non-tax receipts.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Fiscal deficit.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Revenue deficit.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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QUESTION SETII
Defend or refute the following statements. Write yes or no with reason:
1. Balanced budget is that budget in which revenue receipts = revenue expenditure.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Government budget is a statement of all actual receipts and payments of the government.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Expenditure on law and order is a component of development expenditure.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Non-plan expenditure contributes to economic growth.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. Fiscal deficit is zero in case there is no provision for borrowing in the government budget.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Revenue deficit is the excess of capital receipts over and above revenue receipts of the government.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Primary deficit does not include interest payments, while fiscal deficit does.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Revenue receipts do not impact asset and liability status of the government.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Revenue expenditure reduces assets of the government.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Capital receipts add to liabilities of the government.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Capital expenditure reduces capital stock of the government.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Borrowing by the government is a component of revenue budget.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
13. Disinvestment is a component of capital budget.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
14. Disinvestment increases liability of the government.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
15. Recovery of loan by the government is a component of revenue budget.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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QUESTION SETIII
Write your comment on each of the following statements in a sentence or two:
1. Borrowing by the government is a measure of revenue deficit.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Tax is a capital receipt of the government.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Repayment of loan by the government is a capital expenditure.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Sales tax is a direct tax.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. A regressive tax causes a greater real burden on the rich.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Income tax in India is regressive in nature.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Loans offered by the central government to the state government are to be treated as capital
expenditure of the central government.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Payment of interest is a capital expenditure.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Subsidies are not treated as capital expenditure of the government.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Grants by the government are treated as revenue expenditure.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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QUESTION SETIV
Complete the following sentences:
1. Subsidies are revenue expenditure, because __________________________________________________ .
2. Borrowing is not revenue expenditure because _______________________________________________ .
3. Other things remaining constant, if tax rates are increased, fiscal deficit is _________________________ .
4. Two examples of direct tax are (i) __________________________, and (ii) __________________________ .
5. Two examples of non-tax receipts are (i) _______________________, and (ii) _______________________ .
6. Three components of capital receipts are (i) _______________________, (ii) ________________________
and (iii) _______________________ .
7. Two principal components of revenue receipts are (i) _________________, and (ii) __________________ .
8. Two examples of non-development expenditure are (i) ________________, and (ii) _________________ .
9. Dividends on investment is not a capital receipt because _______________________________________ .
10. Mounting fiscal deficit is bad because ________________________________________________________ .
Introductory Macroeconomics
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11. Two ways of tackling budgetary deficit are (i) ____________________, and (ii) _____________________.
12. Four principal objectives of the government budget are (i) _________________, (ii) __________________,
(iii) ____________________, and (iv) ____________________.
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QUESTION SETI
Define the following concepts:
1. Exchange rate and equilibrium exchange rate.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Fixed and variable exchange rate.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Spot market and forward market of foreign exchange.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Visible and invisible items of balance of payment.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Balance of trade and balance of payments.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Current account balance of payments and capital account balance of payments.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Autonomous and accommodating items of balance of payments.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Surplus and deficit balance of payments.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Appreciation and depreciation of currency.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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QUESTION SETII
Defend or refute the following statements. Write yes or no with reason:
1. Balance of payments always balances.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Fixed exchange rate is determined by the forces of supply and demand in the international money
market.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Current account balance of payments includes export and import of goods only.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Autonomous items of trade are undertaken by the government with a view to restore equilibrium in
balance of payments.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Speculative purchases by the domestic investors in the international money market cause loss of foreign
exchange.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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6. The rising demand for foreign goods implies higher demand for foreign exchange.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Flexible exchange rate is determined by the WTO.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Forward market in foreign exchange is that market which deals with sale and purchase of foreign
exchange for current transactions.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Parity value refers to equal value of two currencies in the international money market.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Borrowing and lending in the international money market is a part of current account balance of
payments.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTION SETIII
Write your comment on each of the following statements in a sentence or two:
1. If balance of trade is in deficit, the balance of payments is also in deficit.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Appreciation of the Indian currency occurs when more rupees are to be paid for a US $.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Current account deficit in balance of payments occurs when export of goods < import of goods.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Foreign direct investment is a component of current account balance of payments.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Balance of payments is balanced through unilateral transfers.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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6. Above the line items in balance of payments refer to autonomous as well as accommodating items.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Below the line items in balance of payments are undertaken with a view to maximising profits.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Transfers to rest of the world is a debit component of balance of payments on current account.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Compensation of employees from rest of the world is a credit component of balance of payments on
capital account.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Foreign private loans are not considered in the construction of balance of payments accounts.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTION SETIV
Complete the following sentences:
1. In the BoP, repayment of loans by the government is reflected as _________________________________ .
2. In case receipts from rest of the world are less than payments to rest of the world, the country's BoP
shows ___________________________________________________________________________________ .
3. In the BoP, commercial borrowings are reflected as ____________________________________________ .
4. Net of exports is a part of ___________________________________________________________________ .
5. Five components of current account BoP are (i) ______________________, (ii) _____________________,
(iii) ____________________, (iv) ____________________, and (v) _____________________ .
6. Six components of capital account BoP are (i) ______________________, (ii) _______________________,
(iii) ________________, (iv) ________________, (v) __________________, and (vi) ___________________ .
7. Two examples of invisible items of trade are (i) ___________________, and (ii) ______________________ .
8. Four principal merits of fixed exchange rate are (i) ___________________, (ii) ____________________,
(iii) ____________________, and (iv) _____________________ .
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EconomicsXII
9. Four principal merits of flexible exchange rate are (i) ___________________, (ii) ____________________,
(iii) ____________________, and (iv) _____________________ .
10. The principal difference between spot market and forward market is that _________________________ .
11. Demand for foreign exchange arises on account of (i) ___________________, (ii) ____________________,
(iii) ____________________, and (iv) _____________________ .
12. Sources of supply of foreign exchange are (i) ______________________, (ii) _______________________,
(iii) ____________________, and (iv) _____________________ .
13. Three important functions of foreign exchange market are (i) _____________________________,
(ii) ___________________________, and (iii) ___________________________.
14. Transfer function of foreign exchange market refers to _________________________________________ .
15. Credit function of foreign exchange market refers to ___________________________________________ .
16. Hedging function of foreign exchange market refers to _________________________________________ .
17. Disequilibrium in BoP occurs when __________________________________________________________ .
18. Economic causes of disequilibrium in BoP include (i) ___________________, (ii) ____________________,
(iii) ________________, (iv) ________________, and (v) ___________________ .
19. Political cause of disequilibrium in BoP refers to _______________________________________________ .
20. Social cause of disequilibrium in BoP refers to ________________________________________________ .
39
EconomicsXII
(iv) Venture capital in the international money market is possible only with flexible
exchange rate, not with fixed exchange rate system.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(v) Fixed exchange rate system requires huge international reserves. While flexible
exchange rate does not.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. How would you interpret a situation of unfavourable balance of trade for a country like India? Write
brief note.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Introductory Macroeconomics
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SOLUTIONS
Introductory Macroeconomics
Worksheet1
QUESTION SET-I
1. Aggregates of the economic system refer to macroeconomic variables, or the variables which represent
the economy as a whole. Example: aggregate demand and aggregate investment.
2. Producing sector refers to all producing units (or firms) in the economy.
3. Household sector refers to consumers engaged in the consumption of goods and services.
4. Government sector refers to government as a welfare agency (engaged in maintaining law and order,
defence, and other services of public welfare). It also refers to government as a producer.
5. The external sector also called rest of the world sector, is engaged in the export and import of goods
and the flow of capital between the domestic economy and rest of the world.
6. A stock is a quantity, measured at a particular point of time. Example: wealth and capital.
A flow is a quantity, measured per unit of time period. Example: income and investment.
7. National income is the sum total of factor incomes earned by normal residents of a country during the
period of one year.
8. Circular flow of income refers to the unending flow of the activities of production, income generation
and expenditure involving different sectors of the economy.
9. Money flows refer to the flow of money across different sectors of the economy.
Real flows refer to the flow of goods and services across different sectors of the economy.
10. Domestic territory of a country refers to that area of economic activity which generates domestic income.
11. Normal residents of a country are those people who (i) normally reside in the country concerned, and
(ii) whose centre of economic interest lies in the country concerned.
12. Final goods are those goods which are ready for use by their final users.
Intermediate goods are those goods which are used for the production of other goods and services in
the form of raw material.
13. Consumption goods are those goods which are used for the direct satisfaction of human wants.
Example: vegetables used by households.
Capital goods are fixed assets of the producers which are repeatedly used in the production of other
goods and services. Example: tractors used by farmers.
14. Gross investment is the expenditure incurred on capital goods during an accounting year. It includes
replacement investment.
Net investment is the increase in capital stock during an accounting year. It does not include
replacement investment.
15. Depreciation or consumption of fixed capital is the loss of the value of fixed capital due to normal wear
and tear, foreseen obsolescence and normal rate of accidental damage.
16. Induced investment is that investment which is determined by the level of income (and profits) in the
economy.
Autonomous investment is that investment which is independent of the level of income in the economy.
17. Fixed investment is addition to the stock of fixed assets of the producers during an accounting year.
Inventory investment is addition to the stock of inventory with the producers during an accounting year.
18. Market price refers to the price at which goods and services are sold in the market. It includes the
impact of indirect taxes and subsidies.
Factor cost refers to the revenue price (or the price actually received by the producers). It does not
include the impact of indirect taxes and subsidies. It is equal to cost (or rewards) of factors of
production.
Factor Cost = Market Price Net Indirect Taxes + Subsidies.
Introductory Macroeconomics
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EconomicsXII
19. Domestic income is the sum total of factor incomes generated within the domestic territory of a country.
National income is the sum total of factor incomes earned by normal residents of a country during a
given year.
20. Net of exports refer to the difference between exports and imports during an accounting year.
Net factor income from abroad is the difference between the factor income earned by normal residents
of a country from abroad and the factor income earned by non-residents in our country.
21. Value addition refers to the excess of value of output over and above the value of intermediate
consumption.
22. Compensation of employees is the payments by employers, of wages and salaries to their employees in
cash and in kind and of contributions paid or imputed in respect of their employees to social security
schemes.
23. Factor incomes are the incomes received by the owners of factors of production for rendering their
factor services to the producers.
Transfer payments are one-sided payments (like charity and grants) which do not involve factor
services.
24. Mixed income of self-employed refers to the incomes of the self-employed persons using their own
labour, land, capital and entrepreneurship to produce goods and services.
25. Leakages are those savings and such expenditures which cause contraction in the process of production
in the economy.
Injections are those autonomous expenditures which cause an expansion in the process of production
in the economy.
26. Income from domestic product accruing to private sector is the excess of NDPFC over and above
income from domestic product accruing to the government sector.
27. Private income is the total income from all sources (factor income as well as current transfers) that
accrues to the private sector, during the period of one year.
Personal income is the income actually received by the individuals and households from all sources in
the form of the current transfer payments and factor income.
28. Personal disposable income is the personal income remaining with individuals and households after
deduction of all taxes levied against their income and their property as well as payment of
miscellaneous fees and fines.
29. Gross national disposable income refers to GDP at market price along with net current transfers from
rest of the world and net factor income from rest of the world.
Net National Disposable Income
= Gross National Disposable Income Current Replacement Cost.
30. Private factor income is the sum total of income from domestic product accruing to private sector and
net factor income from abroad.
31. Expected obsolescence means loss of value of fixed capital due to change in technique of production or
change in demand for goods and services, as expected by the producers during an accounting year.
Unexpected obsolescence means loss of value of fixed capital due to natural calamities like flood,
earthquake, fire, etc.
32. Change in stock refers to difference between closing stock and opening stock of the accounting year.
33. Double counting means counting the value of goods or services more than once during an accounting
year.
34. Non-factor or secondary inputs are those non-durable producer goods (and services) which are used by
the producers for purpose of value addition.
35. The GNP deflator measures the average level of the prices of all the goods and services that make up
GNP.
Introductory Macroeconomics
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EconomicsXII
QUESTION SET-II
1. No, it is a flow concept. Because it is related to a period of time.
2. No, it can be less than domestic income. National income is greater than domestic income only when
net factor income from abroad is positive.
3. No. National Income = Domestic Income + Net Factor Income from Abroad.
National income can be less than domestic income in case net factor income from abroad is a negative
number.
4. No. National income at market price = National income at factor cost + Net indirect taxes.
National income at market price can be less than national income at factor cost in case net indirect taxes
is a negative number.
5. No. Because remittances from abroad by the NRIs are transfer payments.
6. No. X M (Exports Imports) is equal to net exports. It has nothing to do with factor incomes.
7. Yes. Gross Investment = Net Investment + Depreciation.
Therefore, gross investment can occur even when net investment is zero.
8. Yes. National income is the sum total of factor incomes earned by normal residents of a country during
a given year. Domestic income is the sum total of factor incomes generated within the domestic territory
of a country.
9. Yes. Private income is the total income from all sources (factor income as well as current transfers) that
accrues to the private sector, during the period of one year.
10. Yes. Private Factor Income = Income from Domestic Product accruing to Private Sector + Net Factor
Income from Abroad.
11. No. Market price includes the impact of both indirect taxes and subsidies. Indirect taxes raise the
market price while subsidies lower it.
12. Yes. But only expected obsolescence is to be considered as a part of depreciation.
13. No. Population of a country is a stock concept because it is related to a point of time.
14. Yes. Net investment always implies increase in the stock of capital. Because it does not include
replacement investment.
15. No. Mixed income of the self-employed includes only factor incomes. Transfer payments are not
included.
16. No. Domestic income estimated in the context of a open economy as well.
17. No. Indian embassy in abroad is a part of domestic territory of India. Therefore, salaries to Indian
employees working in Indian embassies abroad are a part of domestic factor income.
Introductory Macroeconomics
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EconomicsXII
18. No. It is a part of domestic factor income of India because non-resident companies are within the
domestic territory of India.
19. No. Income in the form of old-age-pensions are a part of transfer payments. It is not a compensation for
work.
20. No. It is not a part of domestic income because financial transactions are not included in the estimation
of domestic income.
QUESTION SET-III
1. Yes. Because, national income is defined as the market value of the goods and services produced
during the period of one year.
2. Yes. Compensation of employees = Wages and salaries in cash + Payment in kind
+ Employers contribution to social security schemes + Pension on retirement.
3. No. Net factor income from abroad is the difference between the factor income earned by normal
residents of a country from abroad and the factor income earned by non-residents in our country. It
has nothing to do with exports and imports.
4. No. Final goods can finally be consumed by the households as well as by the producers.
5. No. Change in the stock of consumer goods also forms a part of capital formation.
6. No. The same good may be a final good or an intermediate good. It all depends on the end-use of the
goods. Example: Sugar is a final good when used by households. It is an intermediate good when used
by candy-makers.
7. No. Autonomous investment can change, though it is independent of the level of income.
8. No. Inventory investment is a flow concept because it is related to a period of time.
9. No. Only the value of final goods is included in the estimation of national income.
10. No. Imputed rent is included in the estimation of national income as a component of rent.
11. No. Brokerage paid to Real Estate Agents on the sale and purchase of new as well as second hand
houses should be included in the estimation of national income.
12. No. Net capital formation is the increase in the stock of physical capital. Whereas shares are a part of
financial capital only.
13. No. Income in the form of capital gains means income accruing to the individuals on account of
increase in prices of land, shares, bonds, etc. They do not add to the stock of physical capital.
14. Yes. Expenditure by all domestic institutional units on the net purchase of old physical assets from rest
of the word is a part of domestic capital formation. It adds to the stock of national capital.
15. Yes. Gross investment = Net investment + Depreciation. And, expected obsolescence is a part of
depreciation.
16. No. Double counting is avoided if GDP is estimated by summing up value added by all the producing
units in the country.
17. Yes. Only final goods and services are to be considered to avoid double counting in the estimation of
GDP. Because, final goods and services do not require further value-addition. These are outside the
boundary line of production.
18. No. Expenditure on the construction of residential buildings by the households is a part of investment
expenditure. Therefore, it should be treated as investment expenditure.
19. No. Change in stock as a part of investment expenditure is a component of aggregate expenditure in
the economy.
20. No. Net exports (exports imports) is a component of aggregate expenditure in the economy.
Introductory Macroeconomics
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EconomicsXII
QUESTION SET-IV
1. net factor income from abroad.
2. net factor income from abroad.
3. sales.
4. gross value added or gross domestic product at market price.
5. corporate savings corporate profit tax.
6. + net indirect taxes (indirect tax subsidy)
7. corporate saving corporate profit tax direct personal taxes miscellaneous fees and fines paid by
the households.
8. factor income to rest of the world.
9. NDPFC or domestic income.
10. depreciation
11.
(i) only final expenditure (or expenditure on final goods) is to be taken into account to avoid error of
double counting
(ii) expenditure on second hand goods is not to be included
(iii)
12. (i)
(ii)
(iii)
13. (i)
(ii)
14. (i)
(ii)
15. + net indirect tax + current transfers from rest of the world.
16. direct personal taxes miscellaneous fees and fines paid by the households.
17. (i) normal wear and tear
(ii) normal rate of accidental damages
(iii) expected obsolescence.
18. (i) change in technology
(ii) change in demand.
19. (i) household consumption
(ii) household saving.
20. GDPFC.
21. + gross domestic capital formation + net exports depreciation + net factor income from abroad.
Introductory Macroeconomics
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3. False. Because social welfare depends not only on GDP, but also on the distribution of GDP across
different sections of the society.
4. False. In GDP we include expenditure by the resident household as well as expenditure by the
government. Example: Exports are a part of GDP, and it involves expenditure by the non-residents on
domestic product.
5. False. Purchase of machinery from abroad is not part of intermediate consumption. Instead, it is a part
of gross domestic fixed capital formation.
6. True. Because it is assumed that loans by the government (related to public debt) are used for
consumption purpose only.
7. False. Net indirect taxes are equal to subsidies in case indirect taxes are zero.
8. False. When factor income from abroad is greater than factor income to abroad, national income
exceeds domestic income. Exports/imports have nothing to do with net factor income from abroad.
9. False. Social welfare depends on the composition of output as well. If goods are produced primarily for
richer sections of the society (oblivious to the interest of poorer sections of the society) social welfare is
bound to be low.
10. No. Exports are also a part of domestic product, and these are the goods sold in rest of the world (or
foreign markets).
11. False. Goods produced and used for self-consumption are included in the estimation of national
income. Because that goods are like those produced for the market and involve value-addition.
Introductory Macroeconomics
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Worksheet2
QUESTION SET-I
1. Money is something which is generally acceptable as a means of exchange and/or as a measure and
store of value.
Value of money refers to the amount of goods/services that a unit of money can buy.
2. Barter system is a system in which goods are exchanged for goods.
Monetary system is a system in which money serves as a medium of exchange.
3. Money supply refers to the total quantity or stock of money available in the economy at a point of time.
4. Full-bodied money is a money whose commodity value is equal to the face value.
Credit money is a money whose face value is more than commodity value.
5. Double coincidence of wants implies that goods in possession of two different individuals are needed by
each other at the same time.
6. High powered money means cash (coins and notes) with the people and cash reserves with the
commercial banks.
7. Discounting bills of exchange is a method through which a holder of a bill of exchange can get it
discounted by the bank.
8. Demand deposits refers to those deposits which can be withdrawn from the bank by the depositors on
demand by issuing a cheque.
Time deposits refers to those deposits which are kept with the bank for a fixed period of time.
9. Bank rate is the rate at which the central bank gives credit to the commercial banks.
Market rate of interest is the rate at which people borrow from the commercial banks.
10. Open market operations refer to the sale and purchase of securities in the market by the central bank.
11. Lender of last resort means that if a commercial bank fails to get financial accommodation from
anywhere it approaches the central bank as a last resort. Central bank advances loan to such a bank
against approved securities.
12. Repo rate refers to the interest rate at which the central banks offers short-term credit to the commercial
banks.
Reverse repo rate refers to the interest rate at which commercial banks can park their funds (short
period) with the central bank.
13. Credit creation refers to creation of credit through demand deposits by the commercial banks on the
basis of their cash reserves.
14. Cheap money policy refers to the situation when credit is easily available at a low rate of interest.
Dear money policy refers to the situation when credit is not easily available and therefore, it become
scarce and expensive.
15. CRR (cash reserve ratio) refers to the percentage of demand deposits which the commercial banks are
required to keep as cash reserves with the central bank.
Every bank is required to maintain a fixed percentage of its assets in the form of cash or other liquid
assets, called SLR (statutory liquidity ratio).
16. Margin requirement refers to the difference between the current value of the security offered for loans
and the value of loans granted.
17. Moral suasion refers to moral pressure exercised by the central bank on the commercial banks follow its
guidelines with regard to overall credit flow as well as credit flow across different sectors of the
economy.
Introductory Macroeconomics
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18. Quantitative credit control refers to controlling the flow of credit across all sectors in economy.
Qualitative credit control refers to controlling the flow of credit to specific sectors in the economy.
19. Face value of money refers to what is indicated on a note or a coin.
Intrinsic value of money refers to market value of the material which the money is made of.
20. Standard of deferred payments refers to the function of money which it performs as a standard for
future payments.
QUESTION SET-II
1. No. In case coins are made of gold and silver, intrinsic value of money may over time exceed its face
value.
2. No. Double coincidence of wants is a typical feature of barter system of exchange.
3. No. Credit money is money whose face value is more than its commodity value.
4. Yes. With the introduction of money, an individual can buy or sell a thing without selling or buying
anything in return.
5. No. Under barter system, goods themselves are the medium of exchange for goods. Of course, there is
no common medium of exchange like money.
6. Yes. Money serves as a measure of value in terms of unit of account and store of value in terms of store
of wealth.
7. Yes. Money serves as a convenient mode of transfer of value because of its general acceptability and the
merit of liquidity.
8. No. High powered money refers to currency with public and cash reserves with the commercial banks.
9. Yes. All financial institutions are not banking institutions but all banking institutions are financial
institutions. Example: LIC is a financial institution, but not a banking institution.
10. No. Commercial banks advance loans both for investment as well as consumption purposes.
11. Yes. The central bank is the sole authority of issuing notes in the country. However, by advancing loans
through credit creation, commercial banks contribute to money supply in the economy.
12. Yes. The central bank is an apex bank of all banks in the country.
13. Yes. A central bank advances loan to a bank who fails to get financial accommodation from anywhere
against approved securities.
14. No. CRR and SLR are fixed by the central bank of the country.
15. Yes. In order to increase or decrease money supply in the economy, central bank purchases or sells
securities in the open market.
16. No. Demand deposits are many times more than the cash deposits with the commercial banks. The
differential between the two explains how commercial banks create credit in the economy.
17. No. When CRR is raised, flow of credit is reduced in the economy.
18. No. CRR and SLR are complementary to each other.
19. Yes. It happens when intrinsic value of money exceeds its face value.
20. No. Money acts as a store of value even when it is not in the form of gold or silver coins. Example:
Deposits with the bank are a store of value.
Introductory Macroeconomics
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QUESTIONS SET-III
1. Yes. Demand deposits with the commercial banks are a part of M1 measure of money supply.
M1 = Currency + Demand Deposits + Other Deposits.
2. No. Money supply in the economy includes notes and coins with the people as well as demand deposits
with the banks.
3. No. Commercial banks contribute to the stock of money supply in the economy by way of credit
creation.
4. Yes. Because monetary system (unlike Barter system) does not require double coincidence of wants.
5. No. Loans offered by the commercial banks are a part of demand deposits by the commercial banks.
6. Yes. As a result of buying government securities, central bank withdraws cash balances from the
economy and the capacity of commercial banks to create credit is reduced.
7. Yes. When margins are raised, the difference between the market value of the security offered for loans
and value of loans granted becomes high. It is now expensive for the people to take loans from the
banks. Therefore, demand for loans reduces in the economy.
8. Yes. Increase or decrease in bank rate is often followed by increase or decrease in the market rate of
interest.
9. Yes. Because when intrinsic value exceeds face value of money ( as it often happened in case of gold and
silver coins), money is used as a commodity (implying metal content of money is sold as a commodity).
10. No. Higher bank rate implies lower credit creation capacity of the banks.
11. No. Central bank designs all instruments of monetary policy and also controls them.
12. No. The central bank controls the supply of credit in the economy.
13. Yes. The central bank is the sole issuing authority in the country. It has the exclusive right of
note-issuing.
14. Yes. Commercial banks offer facilities of deposits and mobilise savings of the people. This contributes to
capital formation.
15. Yes. There is a lack of common unit of exchange in barter system. Evolution of money offered a
common unit of exchange.
16. Yes. As a banker to the government, central bank keeps the accounts of all government banks and
manages government treasuries.
17. Yes. Central bank is the apex bank that controls the entire banking system of a country.
18. Yes. Overdraft is a facility by which banks advance loans to their clients for short-term.
19. Yes. Discounting bills of exchange is an important method of advancing loans by the commercial banks.
20. No. Central bank does not issue currency on the basis of CRR. The ratio CRR impacts credit creation
capacity of the commercial banks.
QUESTION SET-IV
1. (i) Cash reserves, and (ii) CRR.
2. decrease money supply in the economy.
3. increased.
4. Currency with Public + Demand Deposits + Other Deposits with the Reserve Bank.
5. M1 + Deposits with Post Office Saving Bank Account.
6. M1 + Net Time Deposits with the Commercial Banks.
7. M3 + Total Deposits with Post Offices (Other than National Saving Certificate.)
Introductory Macroeconomics
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8.
9.
10.
11.
12. those loans which can be called back by the banks on demand.
13.
14. gives loans to those commercial banks who fail to get financial accommodation from other sources.
15.
16. decrease.
17. decrease.
18. decrease in money supply in the economy.
19. increased.
20. creation of credit (or adding to the flow of credit) by the commercial banks by way of demand deposits
several times more than their cash reserves.
1
21.
.
CRR
HOTS
1.
(i) Yes. If CRR is lowered credit creation capacity of the commercial banks is enhanced. Availability of
easy credit increases investment demand.
(ii) No. Bank rate is an instrument of quantitative credit control.
(iii) Yes. Because high powered money includes currency with the public as well as cash reserves with
the banks. It serves as the basis of credit-creation by the commercial banks.
(iv) Yes. According to broader concept of money supply,
M3 = M1 + Net Time Deposits (or term deposits or fixed deposits) with the commercial banks.
(v) No. Commercial banks do not create credit only on the advice of government. However, their
capacity to create credit depends on credit policy of the central bank of the country.
Introductory Macroeconomics
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2. Credit creation is an important function of the commercial banks. By creating credit commercial banks
contribute to money supply in the economy. Credit creation capacity of the commercial banks depends
on their cash reserves and cash reserve ratio. Commercial banks create credit several times more than
their cash reserves. Credit creation occurs in the form of demand deposits. Ratio between demand
deposits and cash reserves of the commercial banks is called credit-multiplier. It is also estimated as the
reciprocal of CRR (cash reserve ratio). Thus,
1
Credit multiplier =
CRR
Assuming cash reserve ratio of 10 per cent, if commercial banks received demand deposits of ` 1,000,
total credit creation in the economy will be:
1
=
Demand Deposits
CRR
1
=
1,000 = ` 10,000
10%
That is after keeping cash reserve ratio of 10 per cent, of ` 1,000, the commercial bank can offer loan up
to ` 10,000. Loans are reflected as demand deposits in the accounts of the borrowers. Accordingly,
deposits of the banks are 10 times their cash reserves.
Introductory Macroeconomics
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Worksheet3
QUESTION SET-I
1. Aggregate demand refers to the sum total of demand for all goods and services during the period of an
accounting year.
2. Aggregate supply refers to the flow of goods and services in the economy during an accounting year.
3. Aggregate effective demand refers to that level of aggregate demand where AD = AS.
4. Consumption function refers to the functional relationship between consumption and income.
5. Saving function refers to the functional relationship between saving and income.
6. Average propensity to consume is the ratio of aggregate consumption expenditure to aggregate
income.
Marginal propensity to consume is the ratio of change in consumption to change in income.
7. Average propensity to save is the ratio of aggregate saving to aggregate income.
Marginal propensity to save is the ratio of change in saving to change in income.
8. Ex-ante equality between S and I implies that planned (or desired) saving is exactly equal to planned
investment in the economy. Equilibrium is struck what ex-ante S = ex-ante I.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Ex-post equality between S and I refers to equality between actual saving and actual investment in the
economy. It is an accounting identity.
Marginal efficiency of capital refers to the rate of expected returns from an additional investment in the
economy.
Output/Investment multiplier is the ratio of a change in output/income to a given change in
investment.
Equilibrium level of income and output is that level of income and output where AS = AD.
Excess demand refers to the situation when aggregate demand is in excess of aggregate supply
corresponding to full employment in an economy.
Inflationary gap is the excess of aggregate demand over and above its level required to maintain full
employment equilibrium in the economy.
Deficient demand refers to a situation when aggregate demand (AD) is short of aggregate supply (AS)
corresponding to full employment in an economy.
Deflationary gap is the deficiency of AD required to maintain full employment equilibrium in the
economy.
Consumption at zero level of income is known as autonomous consumption.
Full employment equilibrium refers to the situation where aggregate demand = aggregate supply and
all those who are able to work and willing to work (at the existing wage rate) get work.
Underemployment equilibrium refers to the situation where AD = AS even when there is some
unemployment in the economy.
Voluntary unemployment is a situation in which a worker is not willing to work at the current rate of
wages.
Involuntary unemployment is a situation in which a worker is willing to work at current rate of wages
but does not get work.
Monetary policy refers to that policy of the government which combats the situations of excess and
deficient demand by regulating interest rate and availability of credit in the economy.
Fiscal policy refers to revenue and expenditure policy of the government to combat the situations of
excess and deficient demand.
Introductory Macroeconomics
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18. Psychological law of consumption states that when income increases consumption also increases but
increase in consumption lags behind the increase in income.
19. Investment demand function is the functional relationship between rate of interest and investment
demand.
20. Equilibrium beyond full employment occurs when AD = AS, and the level of AD is beyond full employment
in the economy. Since full employment is already reached there is no increase in real output to cope with
higher level of AD. Only the monetary value of output (or market value of output) matches with AD
(beyond full employment).
QUESTION SET-II
1. No. Consumption can be greater than income. There is always some minimum level of consumption
even when income is zero.
2. No. Saving can be negative when consumption is greater than income. Negative saving amounts to
borrowing.
3. No. Average propensity to consume can be greater than one when consumption is greater than income.
4. No. APC and MPC can be equal. When APC is constant, APC will be equal to MPC.
5. Yes. We know that,
Y=C+S
Y C S
(Dividing both sides by Y)
= +
Y Y Y
C S
1= +
Y Y
APC + APS = 1.
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EconomicsXII
18. Yes. In the situation of inflationary gap, excess demand implies pressure of demand on the existing
resources. Consequently, cost of production rises causing a rise in the general price level.
19. Yes. There is a direct relationship between MPC and value of investment multiplier. Higher the value
of MPC, higher the multiplier and vice versa.
20. No. According to Keynes, saving causes a leakage in the circular flow of income. Higher saving implies
lower consumption which reduces the inducement to invest.
QUESTION SET-III
1. Yes. Under deflationary gap or deficient demand, underemployment equilibrium occurs at a point
where level of AD is less than that of full employment. Since AS is assumed to be perfectly elastic, it
adapts itself to the low level of AD.
2. Yes. In the situation of inflationary gap, output remains constant and pressure of demand on the
existing output causes rise in prices. Due to this AD ultimately comes down to full employment level of
AS.
3. Yes. Equilibrium GDP must be struck on the 45o line because it is only on this line that AD = AS.
4. Yes. Inflationary gap or excess demand can be combated by reducing autonomous investment
expenditure because investment is a component of AD.
5. Yes. Deflationary gap can be corrected by increasing the level of AD. Because it is the deficiency of AD
that causes deflationary gap.
6. No. Bank rate should be increased in a situation of inflationary gap in order to lower money supply in
the economy. Implying that AD should reduce.
7. No. CRR should be lowered to combat deflationary gap. This raises capacity of the commercial banks to
create credit in the economy. Thus, AD tends to rise.
8. No. SLR should be lowered. This raises capacity of the commercial banks to create credit in the
economy. Thus, AD tends to rise.
9. No. When inflationary gap is combated, the economy is brought back to its full employment level.
Hence no question of decrease in employment.
10. Yes. Because deflationary gap causes a fall in the level of employment. When deflationary gap is
combated, there is rise in the employment level in the economy.
11. Yes. Multiplier process assumes the existence of excess capacity in the economy.
1
1
K= 1 MPC = 1 0 =1
13. No. In response to increase in AD, output increases only till full employment equilibrium is struck in
the economy.
14. No. A tax on the households only reduces their disposable income.
15. Yes. APC + APS = 1, even when APC > 1. Because consumption and saving are the only two
components of income.
16. No. By raising the level of investment, the government intends to increase the level of AD in the
economy.
17. Yes. Equilibrium GDP is attained when actual stocks = desired stocks. It implies that the producers do
not suffer the burden of unwanted stock or the loss of unfulfilled demand.
18. Yes. Equilibrium GDP is achieved when S= I since S refers to withdrawals from the circular flow
and I refers to injections into circular flow, it implies that at a point of equilibrium injections =
withdrawals.
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19. No. GDP level is lower corresponding to underemployment equilibrium compared with full
employment equilibrium.
20. No. Output remains constant even beyond full employment equilibrium. It is equal to output of full
employment equilibrium. Because, full employment equilibrium output is the maximum output.
QUESTION SET-IV
1. minimum level of consumption, even when Y=0.
2. negative saving when Y = 0 and there is some minimum level of consumption in the economy.
3. one.
4. a horizontal straight line parallel to X-axis.
5. investment multiplier.
6. value of investment multiplier.
7. DS (change in saving).
8. DC (change in consumption).
9. one.
10. one.
11. MPS.
12. there is excess of AD over and above its level required to maintain full employment equilibrium in the
economy.
13. AD is in excess of its full employment level.
14. AD = AS.
15. actual stocks > desired stocks.
16. actual stocks < desired stocks.
17. (i) rise in bank rate
(ii) rise in CRR
(iii) rise in SLR.
18.
HOTS
1. True. When I < S, producers will have undesired stock. In order to clear their stock, the producers
would like to produce less output implying AS tends to contract.
2. True. When I > S, producers would plan to produce higher output to cope with higher demand.
However, output/income level will rise only upto the point of full employment.
3. False. Because autonomous consumption is not related to the level of Y.
4. True. Because MPC shows the rate at which consumption increases in response to increase in Y. Or,
MPC is the slope of C-function.
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5. True. Perfectly elastic AS implies that whenever AS is greater than or less than AD, it is AS that adjusts
itself to AD to restore the equilibrium.
6. False. Constant APC only implies that the ratio C/Y is constant.
7. False. It depends on the value of MPC. Constant increase in I will cause constant increase in Y only if
MPC is constant.
8. False. Saving is a vice as well. Increasing S causes a cut in consumption expenditure. Implying a cut in
AD. Accordingly, economy may be driven to a state of underemployment equilibrium.
9. False. Even in a state of full employment, there is some minimum level of the employment, called
natural unemployment.
10. False. Because in a situation of underemployment, the economy is caught in a low level equilibrium
trap.
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Worksheet4
QUESTION SET-I
1. A government budget is a statement showing estimated receipts and expenditure of the government
during a fiscal year.
2. Revenue receipts are those receipts which do not either create a liability or cause a reduction in assets.
3. Capital receipts are the receipts which either create a liability or causes a reduction in assets.
4. Revenue expenditure is that expenditure which does not cause increase in assets or decrease in liability.
5. Capital expenditure is an expenditure which causes increase in assets or reduction in liabilities.
6. Revenue budget is the statement of estimated revenue receipts and estimated revenue expenditure
during a fiscal year.
Capital budget is the statement of estimated capital receipts and estimated capital expenditure during a
fiscal year.
7. Tax revenue receipts are receipts from all types of direct and indirect taxes, like income tax,
corporation tax, wealth tax, sales tax, excise duty, etc.
Non-tax revenue receipts are receipts from interest, dividend, profit, external grants etc.
8. Fiscal deficit is equal to the excess of total expenditure over the sum of revenue receipts and capital
receipts excluding borrowing.
9. Revenue deficit is equal to the excess of total revenue expenditure over the total revenue receipts.
10. Primary deficit is equal to fiscal deficit reduced by interest payments.
11. Direct tax is a tax levied on income and wealth and its final burden cannot be shifted on to others.
Indirect tax is a tax levied on goods and services and its final burden can be shifted on to others.
12. Progressive tax is a tax that causes relatively less real burden on the poor and more on the rich.
Regressive tax is a tax that causes relatively more real burden on the poor and less on the rich.
13. Plan expenditure is the expenditure to be incurred during the year in accordance with the plan for the
year.
Non-plan expenditure is the expenditure other than the plan expenditure during the year.
14. Development expenditure is the expenditure on activities which are directly related to economic and
social development like, education and health.
Non-development expenditure is the expenditure on essential general services of the government, like
law and order.
15. Deficit financing refers to the financing mechanism of the government to cover the gap between
expenditure and receipts.
QUESTION SET-II
1. No. Balanced budget is that budget in which total expenditure = total receipts.
2. No. Government budget is a statement of expected receipts and expenditure of the government during
a fiscal year.
3. No. Expenditure on law and order is a component of non-development expenditure because it does
not directly add to the flow of goods and services in the economy.
4. No. Non-plan expenditure does not contributes to economic growth because it is not incurred in
accordance with planned development programmes of the country.
5. Yes. Because fiscal deficit is equal to total borrowing by the government.
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6. No. Revenue deficit is the excess of revenue expenditure over revenue receipts.
7. Yes. Primary deficit is the difference between fiscal deficit and interest payment.
8. Yes. Revenue receipts are those receipts who do not cause reduction in assets or increase in liability for
the government.
9. No. Revenue expenditure is that expenditure of the government which does not cause increase in
assets or a reduction in liabilities.
10. Yes. Capital receipts are those receipts which cause a reduction in assets of the government.
11. No. If incurred on the creation of assets (like construction of government buildings) capital
expenditure increases capital stock of the government.
12. No. Borrowing by the government is a component of capital budget. Because, it increases liability of the
government.
13. Yes. Disinvestment causes reduction in assets of the government. Therefore, it is a capital receipt of the
government.
14. No. Disinvestment raises receipts of the government.
15. No. Recovery of loan by the government is a component of capital budget. Because, it reduces assets of
the government.
QUESTION SET-III
1. No. Borrowing by the government is not a measure of revenue deficit. It is a measure of fiscal deficit.
2. No. Tax is a revenue receipt of the government. It does not impact asset/liability status of the
government.
3. Yes. Because repayment of loan causes reduction in liabilities of the government. Therefore, it is a
capital expenditure.
4. No. Sales tax is an indirect tax because its burden can be shifted on to other persons.
5. No. A regressive tax, by definition, causes a greater real burden on the poor.
6. No. Income tax in India is progressive in nature. Because tax rate increases with increase in income.
7. Yes. Because loans offered by the central government to state government create assets for the central
government.
8. No. Payment of interest is a revenue expenditure because it does impact asset/liability status of the
government.
9. Yes. Subsidies are treated as revenue expenditure of the government, because subsidies do not impact
asset/liability status of the government.
10. Yes. All grants, as a matter of convention are treated as revenue expenditure of the government.
11. No. Construction of fly-over is a capital expenditure of the government because it adds to assets of the
government.
12. No. Primary deficit is equal to fiscal deficit reduced by interest payments.
13. Revision of salary structure enhances revenue expenditure of the government. If other things are
constant (implying that interest payment by the government is also constant), increase in fiscal deficit
should also be reflected as increase in primary deficit (Fiscal deficit Interest payment = Primary
deficit).
14. No. Primary deficit is only a part of fiscal deficit.
Fiscal deficit = Primary deficit + Interest payment.
15. No. Because fiscal deficit also depends on capital receipts and expenditures of the government.
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QUESTION SET-IV
1. these do not impact asset/liability status of the government.
2. it creates liability for the government.
3. reduced.
4.
5.
(i) interest
(ii) dividend.
6.
7.
(i) taxes
(ii) interest.
8.
12.
(i) False. Because revenue budget shows revenue receipts and revenue expenditure while capital
budget shows capital receipts and capital expenditure.
(ii) False. Government budget is a statement of estimated receipts and expenditure of the government
for the fiscal year which is to begin.
(iii) False. Budgetary deficit reflecting borrowing by the government may in fact be a part of designed
strategy of the government to accelerate the pace of growth or to achieve macro stability in the
economy.
(iv) False. Revenue deficit is the excess of revenue expenditure over revenue receipts. While the
recovery of loans by the government is a capital receipt.
(v) False. Balanced budget is not always the best budget because it is not conducive to growth and
development programmes of less developed country.
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3. Free play of market forces (or the forces of supply and demand) are bound to generate trade cycles, also
called business cycles. These refer to the phases of recession, depression, recovery and boom in the
economy. The government of a country is always committed to protect the economy from business
cycles. Budget is used as an important policy instrument to combat the situations of deflation and
inflation. By doing it, the government tries to achieve economic stability. Economic stability stimulates
the inducement to invest and increases the rate of growth and development.
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Worksheet5
QUESTION SET-I
1. Exchange rate is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for the other currency in the
international foreign exchange market.
Equilibrium exchange rate occurs where supply of and demand for foreign exchange are equal to each
other.
2. Fixed rate of exchange is a rate fixed and determined by the government of a country and the
government alone changes it.
Flexible rate of exchange is that rate which is determined by the demand for and supply of different
currencies in the foreign exchange market.
3. Spot market in foreign exchange is that market which covers sale and purchase of foreign exchange of
the daily nature.
Forward market in foreign exchange refers to that market which covers sale and purchase of foreign
exchange for future delivery.
4. Visible items include all commodities of exports and imports.
Invisible items refer to all types of services which are rendered to rest of the world as exports or
received from the rest of the world as imports.
5. Balance of trade is defined as the difference between the value of imports and exports of only physical
goods or visible items.
Balance of payments refers to the statement of accounts recording all economic transactions of a
country with rest of the world in one year.
6. Current account balance of payments is that account which records imports and exports of goods and
services and unilateral transfers.
Capital account balance of payments is that account which records all such transactions which cause a
change in the asset or liability status of the residents of a country or of its government.
7. Autonomous items of balance of payments are related to those transactions which are determined by
considerations of profit.
Accommodating items of balance of payments are not determined by considerations of profit. These
items are meant to restore BoP identity.
8. When the payments (debit) of the country are less than its receipts (credit), the BoP is said to be in surplus.
When the payments (debit) of the country are more than its receipts (credit), then it is called deficit BoP.
9. When value of a domestic currency increases in relation to value of foreign currency, it is known as
appreciation of domestic currency.
When value of a domestic currency decreases in relation to value of foreign currency, it is known as
depreciation of domestic currency.
10. Parity value refers to the value of one currency in terms of the other for a given basket of goods and services.
11. Balance of trade on current account refers to the balance occurring on account of export and import of
visible items.
Balance of payments on current account refers to the balance occurring on account of export and
import of visible and invisible items as well as unilateral transfers.
12. Disequilibrium in balance of payments refers to a situation of either a surplus or a deficit in the BoP
account.
13. Managed floating is a system that allows adjustments in exchange rate according to a set of rules and
regulations which are officially declared in the foreign exchange market.
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QUESTION SET-II
1. Yes. But, it is only in the accounting sense that balance of payments always balances. Thus, loans from
rest of the world may be a balancing item, but certainly it is a liability of the government.
2. No. Fixed rate of exchange is not determined by the forces of demand and supply in the international
money market. Instead, it is fixed or declared officially by the government of a country.
3. No. Current account balance of payments includes export and import of goods and services, i.e., it
includes value of export and import of both visible and invisible items.
4. No. Autonomous items are not meant to restore equilibrium in BoP. These are determined entirely by
considerations of profit.
5. No. Speculative purchases by the domestic investors in the international money market only cause
demand for foreign exchange.
6. Yes. The rising demand for foreign goods implies greater imports and hence higher demand for
foreign exchange.
7. No. Flexible exchange rate is determined by the forces of supply and demand in the international
market.
8. No. Forward market in foreign exchange is that market which deals with sale and purchase of foreign
exchange for future delivery.
9. No. Parity value refers to the value of one currency in terms of the other for a given basket of goods and
services.
10. No. Borrowing and lending in the international money market is a part of capital account balance of
payments.
QUESTION SET-III
1. No. Because balance of trade is only a part of balance of payments current account.
2. No. In case of appreciation, the value of domestic currency increases in relation to the value of other
currency and hence less rupees are to be paid for a US$.
3. No. Because current account balance depends on:
(i) export and import of goods
(ii) export and import of services
(iii) unilateral transfers from one country to another.
4. No. Foreign direct investment is a component of capital account balance of payments.
5. No. Balance of payments is not balanced through unilateral transfers. These transfers are only a
component of current account BoP.
6. No. Above the line items in balance of payments refer to autonomous items only.
7. No. Below the line items in balance of payments are not undertaken with a view to maximising profits.
These are meant to restore balance of payments identity.
8. Yes. Transfers to rest of the world is recorded as negative item and therefore reflected in the debit side
of balance of payments on current account. This is because it involves the payment of foreign exchange
to rest of the world.
9. No. Compensation of employees from rest of the world is a credit component of balance of payments on
current account.
10. No. Foreign private loans are included in the capital account of balance of payments.
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QUESTION SET-IV
1. debit item of capital account balance of payments.
2. unfavourable balance of payments.
3. credit item of capital account balance of payments.
4. current account balance of payments.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(i) it ensures stability in the international money market and promotes mobility of capital
(ii) it encourages international trade
(iii) it helps formulation of macroeconomic policies and promotes bilateral trade agreements
(iv) it avoids speculation in the international money market.
9.
10. spot market deals with current sale and purchase of foreign exchange while forward market deals with
such transactions which cover sale and purchase of foreign exchange for future delivery.
11.
12.
13.
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14. transfer of purchasing power in terms of foreign exchange across different countries of the world.
15. provision of credit in terms of foreign exchange for international trade.
16. protection against risk related to variations in foreign exchange rate.
17. payments of foreign exchange are not equal to receipts of foreign exchange.
18.
(i) False. Because surplus in capital account balance of payments may have been achieved
through loans which are a financial obligation to rest of the world.
(ii) False. Because greater flow of foreign exchange may be occurring on account of borrowings from rest
of the world.
(iii) True. Unfavourable balance of payments occur when there is high demand for foreign exchange
on account of factors like high imports.
(iv) True. Because, venture capital assumes the existence of uncertainties of exchange rate in the
international money market, as caused by supply and demand forces.
(v) True. Fixed exchange rate system is always supported with huge international reserves, so that
stability of the exchange rate is not challenged in the international money market.
2. Unfavourable balance of payments occurs when receipts are less than payments of foreign exchange on
account of factors other than borrowings from rest of the world. Unfavourable balance of payments
status of a country like India shows greater financial obligations to rest of the world. It also reflects low
forex reserves of the country. This enhances our vulnerability in the international market. Our
currency suffers depreciation in the international money market. Implying that the foreigners can buy
more goods from the Indian markets for (say) a dollar of US currency. This may increase pressure on
domestic supplies and trigger inflation. On the other hand, we need more foreign exchange to cope
with our mounting development imports. Ultimately, we may be driven into a debt trap. Thus, we
should be cautious in maintaining deficit within manageable limits.
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Sol.
Ans.
2.
Sol.
Ans.
3.
Sol.
Ans.
(` in crore)
2,000
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4.
Sol.
Ans.
5.
Sol.
Ans.
6.
Sol.
Ans.
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7.
Sol.
Ans.
8.
Sol.
Ans.
9.
25
150
(iv) Subsidies
20
10
25
10
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Sol.
15
10
10.
Sol.
Ans.
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From the following about firm X, calculate Gross Value Added at Factor Cost by it:
( ` in thousand)
500
Items
(i) Sales
Sol.
Ans.
2.
30
20
300
150
(vi) Subsidy
40
Gross Value Added at Factor Cost by Firm X
= Sales + Change in stock (Closing stock Opening stock) + Subsidy Purchase of intermediate products
= ` 500 thousand + (` 20 thousand ` 30 thousand) + ` 40 thousand ` 300 thousand
= ` 500 thousand ` 10 thousand) + ` 40 thousand ` 300 thousand
= ` 230 thousand
Gross value added at factor cost by firm X = ` 230 thousand.
From the following about firm Y, calculate Net Value Added at Market Price by it:
( ` in thousand)
300
Items
(i) Sales
(ii) Depreciation
20
30
150
(-) 10
100
(` in crore)
120
(ii) Profit
200
800
70
350
150
(vii) Subsidies
Sol.
50
(viii) Depreciation
Operating Surplus
200
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4.
Sol.
Calculate GDPMP and NDPMP with the help of expenditure method from the data give below:
Items
(` in crore)
(i) Personal disposable income
8,600
(ii) Personal savings
1,500
(iii) Fixed capital formation
8,600
(iv) Net exports
()300
(v) Net factor income from abroad
()500
(vi) Net indirect taxes
600
(vii) Government final consumption expenditure
2,200
(viii) Change in stock
800
(ix) Consumption of fixed capital
450
GDPMP
= Personal disposable income Personal savings + Net exports + Fixed capital formation + Change in stock
+ Government final consumption expenditure
= ` 8,600 crore ` 1,500 crore + () ` 300 crore + ` 3,000 crore + ` 800 crore + ` 2,200 crore
= ` 12,800 crore
NDPMP = GDPMP Consumption of fixed capital
= ` 12,800 crore ` 450 crore
Ans.
= ` 12,350 crore
GDPMP = ` 12,800 crore.
NDPMP = ` 12,350 crore.
5.
Sol.
Ans.
6.
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Sol.
Ans.
7.
Sol.
Ans.
8.
Introductory Macroeconomics
73
(` in crore)
3,000
800
EconomicsXII
Sol.
Ans.
900
(-)50
600
350
600
200
300
350
250
9.
From the following data relating to a firm, (a) estimate the Net Value Added at Market Price, (b) show that Net Value
Added at Factor Cost is equal to the sum of factor incomes.
Items
(` in thousand)
(i) Salaries and wages
120
(ii) Interest payments
90
(iii) Dividends
30
(iv) Undistributed profits
20
(v) Rent payments
15
(vi) Increase in stocks
40
(vii) Imports of raw material
20
(viii) Indirect taxes
10
(ix) Depreciation of fixed capital
15
(x) Domestic sales
360
(xi) Exports
40
(xii) Domestic purchase of raw materials and other inputs
120
Sol. (a) Net Value Added at Market Price
= (Domestic sales + Exports + Increase in stocks) (Domestic purchase of raw materials and other inputs +
Imports of raw material) Depreciation of fixed capital
= (` 360 thousand + ` 40 thousand + ` 40 thousand) - (` 120 thousand + ` 20 thousand) ` 15 thousand
= ` 285 thousand
(b) (i) Net Value Added at Factor Cost
= Net value added at market price Indirect taxes
= ` 285 thousand ` 10 thousand
= ` 275 thousand
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Sol.
Ans.
11.
Sol.
Ans.
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12.
Sol.
Ans.
13.
Sol.
Ans.
Calculate Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost and Gross National Disposable Income from the following data:
Items
(` in crore)
(i) Net current transfers from abroad
()5
(ii) Private final consumption expenditure
250
(iii) Net factor income from abroad
15
(iv) Government final consumption expenditure
50
(v) Consumption of fixed capital
25
(vi) Net exports
()10
(vii) Subsidies
10
(viii) Net domestic capital formation
30
(ix) Indirect tax
20
Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost
= Private final consumption expenditure + Government final consumption expenditure + Net domestic capital formation
+ Net exports Indirect taxes + Subsidies
= ` 250 crore + ` 50 crore + ` 30 crore + () ` 10 crore ` 20 crore + ` 10 crore
= ` 310 crore
Gross National Disposable Income
= NDPFC + Net current transfers from abroad + Net indirect taxes + Consumption of fixed capital + Net factor income
from abroad
= ` 310 crore + () ` 5 crore + ( ` 20 crore ` 10 crore) + ` 25 crore + ` 15 crore
= ` 310 crore ` 5 crore + ` 10 crore + ` 25 crore + ` 15 crore
= ` 355 crore
Net domestic product at factor cost = ` 310 crore.
Gross national disposable income = ` 355 crore.
Calculate National Income and Net National Disposable Income from the following data:
Items
(` in crore)
(i) Net current transfers to abroad
15
(ii) Net exports
()20
(iii) Private final consumption expenditure
400
(iv) Net factor income to abroad
10
(v) Government final consumption expenditure
100
(vi) Indirect tax
30
(vii) Net domestic capital formation
50
(viii) Change in stocks
7
(ix) Subsidy
5
National Income
= Private final consumption expenditure + Government final consumption expenditure + Net domestic capital
formation + Net exports Net factor income to abroad Net indirect taxes (Indirect tax Subsidy)
= ` 400 crore + ` 100 crore + ` 50 crore + () ` 20 crore ` 10 crore (` 30 crore ` 5 crore)
= ` 495 crore
Net National Disposable Income
= National income + Net indirect taxes Net current transfers to abroad
= ` 495 crore + (` 30 crore ` 5 crore) ` 15 crore
= ` 495 crore + ` 25 crore ` 15 crore
= ` 505 crore
National income = ` 495 crore.
Net national disposable income = ` 505 crore.
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14.
Sol.
From the following data, calculate National Income by (a) income method, and (b) expenditure method:
Items
(` in crore)
(i) Private final consumption expenditure
2,000
(ii) Net capital formation
400
(iii) Change in stock
50
(iv) Compensation of employees
1,900
(v) Rent
200
(vi) Interest
150
(vii) Operating surplus
720
(viii) Net indirect tax
400
(ix) Employers contribution to social security schemes
100
(x) Net exports
20
(xi) Net factor income from abroad
(-)20
(xii) Government final consumption expenditure
600
(xiii) Consumption of fixed capital
100
(a) Income Method:
National Income
= Compensation of employees + Operating surplus + Net factor Income from abroad
= ` 1,900 crore + ` 720 crore + () ` 20 crore
= ` 2,600 crore
(b) Expenditure Method:
National Income
= Private final consumption expenditure + Government final consumption expenditure + Net capital formation
+ Net exports + Net factor income from abroad - Net indirect taxes
= ` 2,000 crore + ` 600 crore + ` 400 crore + ` 20 crore + (-) ` 20 crore - ` 400 crore
= ` 2,600 crore
Ans.
15.
Sol.
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= ` 3,800 crore + ` 800 crore + ` 200 crore + ` 150 crore + ` 200 crore + () ` 30 crore
= ` 5,120 crore
(b) Expenditure Method:
Net National Product at Factor Cost
= Government final consumption expenditure + Net domestic capital formation + Net exports + Private final
consumption expenditure + Net factor income from abroad Net indirect tax
= ` 1,000 crore + ` 500 crore + () ` 50 crore + ` 4,000 crore + () ` 30 crore ` 300 crore
= ` 5,120 crore
Ans.
Net national product at factor cost (by income and expenditure methods) = ` 5,120 crore.
Find the value of C, when C = 50, Y = 500 and marginal propensity to consume is 0.2.
We know that,
C = C + bY
= 50 + 0.2(500)
= 50 + 100
= 150
Ans.
2.
Sol.
Ans.
3.
S = S + sY
= 100 + 0.4(500)
= 100 + 200
= 100
(s = MPS = 0.4)
Saving
(`)
750
150
1,000
200
Sol.
Income (Y)
(`)
Saving (S)
(`)
Consumption (C)
(`)
Change in
Consumption (DC)
(`)
750
150
600
1,000
200
800
DC 200
=
= 0.8
DY 250
MPS = 1 MPC
= 1 0.8 = 0.2
Ans.
4.
Sol.
MPC = 0.8.
MPS = 0.2.
What will be the value of average propensity to save when
(i) C = 200 at Y = 1,000?
(ii) S = 450 at Y = 1,200?
S
APS =
Y
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S =YC
= 1,000 200
= 800
S
800
APS = =
Y 1,000
= 0.8
(ii) When S = 450 and Y = 1,200
S
450
APS = =
Y 1,200
= 0.375
Ans.
5.
Consumption
Expenditure ()
Marginal
Propensity to Consume
Marginal
Propensity to Save
400
240
500
320
600
395
700
465
Sol.
6.
Level of
Income (Y)
()
Consumption
Expenditure (C)
()
Saving
(S) = Y C
()
Marginal Propensity
to Consume
DC
(MPC) =
DY
Marginal
Propensity to Save
DS
(MPS) =
DY
400
240
160
500
320
180
0.8
0.2
600
395
205
0.75
0.25
700
465
235
0.7
0.3
Consumption
Expenditure ()
Marginal Propensity to
Consume
Marginal
Propensity to Save
1,000
900
1,200
1,060
1,400
1,210
1,600
1,350
Sol.
Level of
Income (Y)
()
Consumption
Expenditure (C)
()
Saving
(S) = Y C
()
Marginal Propensity
to Consume
DC
(MPC) =
DY
Marginal Propensity
to Save
DS
(MPS) =
DY
1,000
900
100
1,200
1,060
140
0.8
0.2
1,400
1,210
190
0.75
0.25
1,600
1,350
250
0.7
0.3
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7.
Consumption
Expenditure ()
Marginal Propensity to
Consume
Average
Propensity to Save
20
50
55
100
90
150
125
Sol.
8.
Income (Y)
(`)
Consumption (C)
(`)
Saving
(S) = Y C
(`)
Marginal
Propensity to Consume
DC
(MPC) =
DY
Average
Propensity to Save
S
(APS) =
Y
20
20
50
55
35
= 0.7
50
5
= 0.1
50
100
90
10
35
= 0.7
50
10
= 0.1
100
150
125
25
35
= 0.7
50
25
= 0.16
150
Income
(`)
Marginal
Propensity to Consume
Saving
(`)
Average
Propensity to Save
Average
Propensity to Consume
0.5
80
50
0.5
100
0.5
150
0.5
200
0.5
Sol.
Income
(Y)
(`)
Marginal Propensity
to Consume
(MPC)
Saving
(S) = Y C
(`)
Consumption
(C)
(`)
Average
Propensity to Save
S
(APS) =
Y
Average Propensity
to Consume
C
(APC) =
Y
80
80
50
0.5
55
80 + 25 = 105
55
= 11
.
50
105
= 2.1
50
100
0.5
30
80 + 50 = 130
30
= 0.3
100
130
= 13
.
100
150
0.5
80 + 75 = 155
5
= 0.03
150
155
= 103
.
150
200
0.5
20
80 + 100 = 180
20
= 0.1
200
180
= 0.9
200
Sol.
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Substituting, K = 4
1
MPS
1
MPS = = 0.25
4
4=
Ans.
2.
Sol.
1
1
1
=
=
= 10
1 - MPC 1 - 0.9 0.1
Increase in income (DY) = K DI
= 10 ` 700 crore
= ` 7,000 crore
Increase in consumption (DC) = DY MPC
= ` 7,000 crore 0.9
= ` 6,300 crore
Increase in income = ` 7,000 crore.
Increase in consumption expenditure = ` 6,300 crore.
Multiplier (K) =
Ans.
3.
Sol.
In an economy investment expenditure is increased by ` 400 crore and marginal propensity to consume is 0.8. Calculate
the total increase in income and saving.
MPC = 0.8; DI = ` 400 crore
1
1 - MPC
1
1
=
=
=5
1 - 0.8 0.2
MPS = 1 - MPC
= 1 0.8 = 0.2
Increase in income (DY) = K DI
= 5 400
= ` 2,000 crore
Increase in saving = DY MPS
= ` 2,000 crore 0.2
= ` 400 crore
Increase in income = ` 2,000 crore.
Increase in saving = ` 400 crore.
In an economy, investment is increased by ` 600 crore. If the marginal propensity to consume is 0.6, calculate the
total increase in income and consumption expenditure.
MPC = 0.6; DI = ` 600 crore
1
Multiplier (K) =
1 - MPC
1
1
=
=
= 25
.
1 - 06
. 0.4
Increase in income (DY) = K DI
= 2.5 ` 600 crore
= ` 1,500 crore
Multiplier (K) =
Ans.
4.
Sol.
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Ans.
5.
A ` 200 crore increase in investment leads to a rise in national income by ` 1,000 crore. Find out marginal propensity to
consume.
Sol.
Ans.
6.
Sol.
Ans.
7.
Sol.
Ans.
=
= 50
DI =
K
10
Increase in investment = ` 50 crore.
Given marginal propensity to save equal to 0.25, what will be the increase in national income if investment increases by `
125 crore? Calculate.
Given, MPS = 0.25
Increase in investment (DI) = ` 125 crore
We know,
1
1
Multiplier (K) =
=
1 - MPC MPS
1
=
=4
0.25
We also know,
DY
K=
DI
DY = K DI
= 4 125
= 500
Increase in national income = ` 500 crore.
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8.
Sol.
Ans.
9.
Sol.
Ans.
It is planned to increase national income by ` 1,000 crore. How much increase in investment is required to achieve this
goal? Assume that marginal propensity to consume is 0.6. Calculate.
Desired increase in national income = ` 1,000 crore
MPC = 0.6
We know,
1
Multiplier (K) =
1 - MPC
1
1
=
=
= 2.5
1 - 06
. 0.4
DY
We also know,
K=
DI
DY 1000
,
DI =
=
= 400
K
25
.
Desired increase in investment = ` 400 crore.
An increase in investment by ` 400 crore leads to increase in national income by ` 1,600 crore. Calculate marginal
propensity to consume.
Increase in investment (DI) = ` 400 crore
Increase in national income (D Y) = ` 1,600 crore
DY
Multiplier (K) =
DI
1,600
K=
=4
400
1
We know,
K=
1 - MPC
1
4=
1 - MPC
1
1 MPC =
4
1 MPC = 0.25
MPC = 1 0.25
= 0.75
Marginal propensity to consume = 0.75.
10.
An increase in investment by ` 500 crore leads to increase in national income by ` 2,500 crore. Calculate marginal
propensity to consume and change in saving.
Sol.
K=
=5
500
1
We know,
K=
1 - MPC
1
5=
1 - MPC
1
1 MPC =
5
1 MPC = 0.2
MPC = 1 0.2
MPC = 0.8
We also know, MPC + MPS = 1
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Or,
Ans.
MPS = 1 MPC
= 1 0.8
= 0.2
Change in saving (DS) = DY MPS
= ` 2,500 crore 0.2
= ` 500 crore
Marginal propensity to consume = 0.8.
Change in saving = ` 500 crore.
Ans.
2.
Sol.
Total expenditure of a government budget is ` 75,000 and total receipts is ` 45,000. How much is the budget deficit?
Budget Deficit = Total expenditure - Total receipts
= ` 75,000 crore ` 45,000 crore
= ` 30,000 crore
Budget deficit = ` 30,000 crore.
Calculate budgetary deficit from following data:
Items
(i) Revenue expenditure
(ii) Capital expenditure
(iii) Revenue receipts
(iv) Capital receipts
(` in crore)
60,000
30,000
50,000
25,000
Budgetary Deficit = Revenue expenditure + Capital expenditure - (Revenue receipts + Capital receipts)
= ` 60,000 crore + ` 30,000 crore ` 50,000 crore ` 25,000 crore
= ` 90,000 crore ` 75,000 crore
= ` 15,000 crore
Ans.
3.
Sol.
(` in lakh)
600
100
750
150
= ` 600 lakh
Ans.
4.
(` in crore)
9,000
Ans.
900
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5.
Sol.
In a government budget, primary deficit is ` 10,000 crore and interest payment is ` 8,000 crore. How much is the fiscal
deficit?
Fiscal Deficit = Primary deficit + Interest payment by the government
= ` 10,000 crore + ` 8,000 crore
= ` 18,000 crore
Ans.
Balance of Payments
1.
Sol.
Ans.
2.
Sol.
Ans.
3.
Sol.
Ans.
4.
Sol.
The balance of trade shows a deficit of ` 5,000 crore and the value of imports are ` 9,000 crore. What is the value of
exports?
Balance of trade = (-) ` 5,000 crore
Value of imports = ` 9,000 crore
Balance of Trade = Exports - Imports
Exports = Balance of trade (Deficit) + Import
= ` 5,000 crore + ` 9,000 crore
= ` 4,000 crore
Value of exports = ` 4,000 crore.
The balance of trade shows a deficit of ` 300 crore. The value of exports are ` 500 crore. What is the value of imports?
Balance of Trade = Exports - Imports = (-) ` 300 crore
Imports = Exports - Balance of trade (Deficit)
= ` 500 crore - (-) ` 300 crore
= ` 800 crore
Value of imports = ` 800 crore.
Find current account balance from the following data:
Items
(` in lakh)
(i) Balance of visible trade
9,000
(ii) Export of services
9,000
(iii) Import of services
3,000
Current Account Balance
= Balance of visible trade + Balance of invisibles (Export of services Import of services)
= ` 9,000 lakh + ` 9,000 lakh ` 3,000 lakh
= ` 15,000 lakh
Current account balance = ` 15,000 lakh.
Find the balance on non-factor services from the following information:
Items
(` in crore)
(i) Balance of visible trade
500
(ii) Income
200
(iii) Transfers
100
(iv) Current account balance
900
Current Account Balance
= Trade balance + Balance on non-factor services + Balance on income + Balance on transfers
Or,
Balance on Non-factor Services
= Current account balance Trade balance Balance on income Balance on transfers
= ` 900 crore - ` 500 crore - ` 200 crore - ` 100 crore
= ` 100 crore
Ans.
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5.
If balance of trade shows a surplus of ` 300 crore and unilateral payments is ` 50 crore, how much is the balance on the
capital account of balance of payments?
Sol.
Ans.
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Introductory Macroeconomics
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1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Define stock variable.
Ans. Stock variable is that quantity of an economic variable which is measured at a particular point of time.
2. Define capital goods.
Ans. Capital goods are fixed assets of the producers which are repeatedly used in the production of other
goods and services.
3. What are demand deposits?
Ans. Demand deposits are those deposits which can be withdrawn from the bank on demand or by writing a
cheque any time.
4. Define a tax.
Ans. A tax is a legally compulsory payment imposed by the government on the households, firms and producers.
5. Give meaning of managed floating exchange rate.
Ans. Managed floating is a system that allows adjustments in exchange rate according to a set of rules and
regulations which are officially declared in the foreign exchange market.
6. Define flow variable.
Ans. Flow variable is that quantity of an economic variable which is measured per unit of time period.
7. Define consumption goods.
Ans. Consumption goods are those goods which are used for the direct satisfaction of human wants.
Example: Milk used by households.
8. What are time deposits?
Ans. Time deposits are those deposits which cannot be withdrawn from the bank as and when needed or by
writing a cheque any time. These deposits involve a lock-in period.
9. Define a direct tax.
Ans. A direct tax is that tax the final burden of which falls on that very person who is liable to pay it to the
government.
10. What is a fixed exchange rate?
Ans. Fixed rate of exchange is a rate which is fixed and determined by the government.
11. What is bank money?
Ans. Bank money is the money created by the bank in the form of demand deposits, over and above cash
deposits of the people with the banks. It is a credit money, and not a legal tender.
12. Define indirect tax.
Ans. Indirect tax is a tax on goods and services. Those who are liable to pay this tax need not bear the final
burden of this tax.
13. What is a flexible exchange rate?
Ans. Flexible rate of exchange is that rate which is determined by the demand for and supply of different
currencies in the foreign exchange market.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Calculate Gross Value Added at Factor Cost:
Items
(i) Units of output sold (units)
1,000
30
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89
EconomicsXII
(iii) Depreciation ()
1,000
12,000
3,000
2,000
(vii) Excise ()
2,500
3,500
= Sales (Units of output sold Price per unit of output) + Closing stock - Opening stock
Intermediate cost Excise Sales tax
= (1,000 ` 30) + ` 3,000 ` 2,000 ` 12,000 ` 2,500 ` 3,500
= ` 30,000 + ` 3,000 ` 2,000 ` 12,000 ` 2,500 ` 3,500
= ` 13,000
Gross value added at factor cost = ` 13,000.
2. Explain the significance of the store of value function of money.
Ans. Store of value means store of wealth in terms of money.
In the absence of money, people used to save in terms of expensive goods which involved difficulty of
storage and transportation/portability. With the invention of money, people found a very convenient
means of saving their wealth on account of the following characteristics of money:
(i) Saving in terms of money allows convenient portability. It involves only paper titles which can be
handled anywhere and in any part of the world with just a click of the mouse.
(ii) Saving in terms of money allows fractional denominations to any extent. It is unlike saving in
terms of goods which have limited divisibility.
(iii) Saving in terms of money allows a high degree of liquidity which is not possible in case of goods.
Note: While saving is a virtue from the individuals point of view, it may not always be so from the
viewpoint of the economy as a whole. Saving means not spending, which may lead to a situation of
deficiency of aggregate demand and therefore a situation of recession or depression in the economy.
3. Outline the steps taken in deriving saving curve from the consumption curve. Use diagram.
Y
C=
Consumption/Saving
C+
bY
Break-even
point
Q
S=
1
+(
b )Y S
45
O
Income
A'
Y'
Figure 1
Note: Since MPC + MPS = 1, MPS = 1 MPC. So that
while in C-function MPC is indicated by b, in S-function it is indicated by 1 b.
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We know that,
Y= C + I
Or,
Y = C + MPC(Y) + I
Y = 100 + 0.80Y + 50
Y 0.80Y = 150
0.20Y = 150
Y = 750
600
400
2,000
10
()50
10,000
(vii) Subsidy ()
Ans. Net Value Added at Factor Cost
500
= Sales (Output sold Price per unit of output) + Net change in stocks Intermediate cost
Consumption of fixed capital - Import duty + Subsidy
= (2,000 ` 10) + () ` 50 ` 10,000 ` 600 ` 400 + ` 500
= ` 20,000 ` 50 ` 10,000 ` 600 ` 400 + ` 500
= ` 9,450
Net value added at factor cost = ` 9,450.
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Y= C + I
Or,
Y = C + MPC(Y) + I
Or,
I = Y C MPC(Y)
I = 500 100 0.75(500)
I = 500 100 375
I = 25
Investment = 25.
8. Find Net Value Added at Market Price:
Items
(i) Output sold (units)
800
20
(iii) Excise ()
1,600
400
()500
(vi) Depreciation ()
1,000
8,000
= Sales (Output sold Price per unit of output) + Net change in stocks - Intermediate cost
Depreciation
= (800 ` 20) + () ` 500 ` 8,000 ` 1,000
=
= ` 6,500
Net value added at market price = ` 6,500.
9. Find consumption expenditure from the following:
Autonomous consumption = 100 ().
Marginal propensity to consume = 0.70.
National income = 1,000 ().
Ans. We know that,
C = C + MPC(Y)
= 100 + 0.70(1,000)
= 100 + 700
= 800
Consumption expenditure = 800.
10. Find Net Value Added at Market Price:
Items
(i) Depreciation ()
700
900
40
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EconomicsXII
1,000
800
3,000
20,000
= Sales (Output sold Price per unit of output) + Closing stock Opening stock
Intermediate cost Depreciation
= (900 ` 40) + ` 1,000 ` 800 ` 20,000 ` 700
= ` 36,000 + ` 1,000 ` 800 ` 20,000 ` 700
= ` 15,500
Net value added at market price = ` 15,500.
11. Explain the standard of deferred payment function of money.
Ans. Deferred payments refer to those payments which are made in future. Money is accepted as a standard
of deferred payments because, (a) its price remains stable, (b) it has general acceptability, (c) it is more
durable compared to other commodities.
Briefly, money is a convenient means of borrowing and lending and is therefore accepted as a standard
for deferred payments.
12. Outline the steps taken in deriving consumption curve from the saving curve. Use diagram.
Y
C=
Consumption/Saving
C+
bY
Break-even
point
Q
S=
1
+(
)Y S
45
O
Income
A'
Y'
Figure 2
C = C + MPC(Y)
= 1,000 + 0.80(5,000)
= 1,000 + 4,000
= 5,000
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14. Distinguish between revenue receipts and capital receipts in a government budget. Give example in
each case.
Or
Explain the role of government budget in bringing economic stability.
Ans. Revenue receipts are those receipts which do not create either a liability or lead to reduction in assets.
For example, receipts from tax revenue like income tax and sales tax and receipts from non-tax
revenue like interest and dividends.
On the other hand, capital receipts are those receipts which either create a liability or lead to reduction
in assets. For example, recoveries of loans from state governments, market loans, and disinvestment.
Or
Free play of market forces (or the forces of supply and demand) tend to generate trade cycles, also
called business cycles. These cycles bring a situation of inflation or deflation in the economy. Such
situations are not conducive to the process of growth. Pace of growth enhances only in situations of
economic stability. Budget is used as an important policy instrument to correct the situations of
deflation and inflation. Policy of deficit budget is pursued to combat deflationary gap. Policy of surplus
budget is pursued to combat (or correct) inflationary gap. In other words, in a situation of inflation,
the government can increase taxes and also lower its expenditure to moderate the level of aggregate
demand in the economy. In a situation of deflation, on the other hand, tax rates may be lowered and
government expenditure increased, so that the level of aggregate demand is raised.
15. Find Gross Value Added at Factor Cost:
Items
(i) Units of output sold
2,000
20
(iii) Depreciation ()
2,000
()500
15,000
(vi) Subsidy ()
Ans. Gross Value Added at Factor Cost
3,000
= Sales (Units of output sold Price per unit of output) + Change in stock Intermediate cost + Subsidy
= (2,000 ` 20) + () ` 500 ` 15,000 + ` 3,000
= ` 40,000 ` 500 ` 15,000 + ` 3,000
= ` 27,500
Gross value added at factor cost = ` 27,500.
16. Find national income from the following:
Autonomous consumption = 100.
Marginal propensity to consume = 0.60.
Investment =200.
Ans. We know that,
Y= C + I
Or,
Y = C + MPC(Y) + I
Y = 100 + 0.60Y + 200
Y 0.60Y = 300
0.40Y = 300
Y = 750
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EconomicsXII
25
1,000
5,000
(iv) Depreciation ()
1,000
()500
7,000
= Sales (Output sold Price per unit of output) + Change in stocks - Intermediate costs
- Depreciation - Excise duty
= (1,000 ` 25) + () ` 500 ` 7,000 ` 1,000 ` 5,000
= ` 25,000 ` 500 ` 7,000 ` 1,000 ` 5,000
= ` 11,500
Net value added at factor cost = ` 11,500.
18. Find investment from the following:
National income = 600.
Autonomous consumption = 150.
Marginal propensity to consume = 0.70.
Ans. We know that,
Y= C + I
Or,
Y = C + MPC(Y) + I
Or,
I = Y C MPC(Y)
I = 600 150 0.70(600)
I = 600 150 420
I = 30
Investment = 30.
19. Find out Net Value Added at Market Price:
Items
(i) Intermediate cost ()
10,000
1,000
750
40
2,000
3,000
= Sales (Output sold Price per unit of output) + Change in stock Intermediate cost
Consumption of fixed capital
= (750 ` 40) + ` 1,000 ` 10,000 ` 3,000
= ` 30,000 + ` 1,000 ` 10,000 ` 3,000
= ` 18,000
Net value added at market price = ` 18,000.
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Y=C
G
Break-even
point
E
C
E1
A
G'
O
Note: Break-even
occurs when Y = C,
or when S = 0
45
Y1
Y2
X
Income (Y)
A'
Y
Figure 3
Y= C + I
Or,
Y = C + MPC(Y) + I
Or,
I = Y C MPC(Y)
I = 800 50 0.8(800)
I = 800 50 640
I = 110
Investment = 110.
23. Distinguish between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure in a government budget. Give
example in each case.
Or
Explain the role of government budget in reducing income inequalities.
Ans. Revenue expenditure is that expenditure which creates no assets or causes no reduction in
liabilities of the government. Examples: (i) Expenditure on interest payments, (ii) Expenditure
on salaries.
Capital expenditure is that expenditure of the government which either creates assets or causes a
reduction in government liability. Examples: (i) Expenditure on purchase of shares, (ii) Expenditure
on buildings.
Or
Governments budgetary policy can help reduce inequalities of income through redistribution of
income and wealth in the economy. To achieve this objective, government uses fiscal instruments of
taxation and subsidies. By imposing taxes on rich and giving subsidies to the poor, government
redistribute income in favour of poorer sections of the society. Equitable distribution of income and
wealth is a sign of social justice.
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15,000
9,000
2,000
4,000
()1,000
= Sales (Output sold Price per unit of output) + Change in stock - Intermediate cost
Consumption of fixed capital - Excise duty
= (9,000 ` 4) + () ` 1,000 ` 15,000 ` 2,000 ` 4,000
= ` 36,000 ` 1,000 ` 15,000 ` 2,000 ` 4,000
= ` 14,000
Net value added at factor cost = ` 14,000.
25. Find consumption expenditure from the following:
Autonomous consumption =150.
Marginal propensity to consume = 0.75.
National income = 1,000.
Ans. We know that,
C = C + MPC(Y)
= 150 + 0.75(1,000)
= 150 + 750
= 900
Consumption expenditure = 900.
26. Find Gross Value Added at Factor Cost:
Items
(i) Import duty ()
1,000
(ii) Excise ()
1,000
5,000
600
16,000
(vii) Subsidy ()
Ans. Gross Value Added at Factor Cost
500
= Sales (Output sold Price per unit of output) + Change in stock Intermediate cost Import duty
Excise + Subsidy
= (5,000 ` 6) + ` 600 ` 16,000 ` 1,000 ` 1,000 + ` 500
= ` 30,000 + ` 600 ` 16,000 ` 1,000 ` 1,000 + ` 500
= ` 13,100
Gross value added at factor cost = ` 13,100.
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Y= C + I
Y = C + MPC(Y) + I
Y = 200 + 0.70Y + 700
Y 0.70Y = 900
0.30Y = 900
Y = 3,000
National income = 3,000.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Giving reason explain how should the following be treated in estimating national income:
(i) Expenditure on fertilisers by a farmer.
(ii) Purchase of tractor by a farmer.
Ans.
(i) Both CRR and SLR are fixed by the central bank, and both are a legal binding for the commercial
banks. In this sense, both CRR & SLR are legal reserve ratios.
(ii) CRR and SLR cannot be treated as components of legal reserve ratio. Because, whereas CRR
by definition includes cash reserves only, SLR includes (a) cash reserves, (b) gold reserves,
and (c) reserves of approved securities, with the commercial banks.
(iii) If CRR and SLR are treated as components of legal reserve ratio, both CRR and SLR should add
up to LRR (legal reserve ratio). In practice, however, this is not true. If CRR + SLR = LRR then,
in a situation when LRR is constant, any increase in CRR must imply a corresponding decrease in
SLR. There is no evidence to such a situation whatsoever.
Hence, the students are advised to treat CRR and SLR NOT as components of LRR, but only as
variants of LRR.
Or
Central bank is an apex bank of all banks in the country. The central bank has almost the same relation
with other banks in the country as a commercial bank has with its customers. As a bankers bank, the
central bank offers loans to the commercial bank, and also accepts deposits from them. The central
bank keeps some cash balances of the commercial banks as a compulsory deposit. Central bank uses
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these funds to offer loans to the commercial banks as and when they need it. For its short period loans
to commercial banks, the banks charges interest rate, often called Repo Rate. The central bank also
offers commercial banks the facility of parking their surplus funds with it. The interest paid to
commercial banks for these funds is called Reverse Repo Rate. This is how the central bank of a
country plays the role of a bankers bank.
3. Explain revenue deficit in a government budget? What does it indicate?
Ans. Revenue deficit is the excess of revenue expenditure of the government over its revenue receipts for
the year of estimation. Revenue deficit indicates that the current expenditure of the government is
greater than its current receipts. It points to the need for borrowing.
4. Giving reason explain how should the following be treated in estimating national income:
(i) Payment of bonus by a firm.
(ii) Payment of interest on a loan taken by an employee from the employer.
Ans.
5. Giving reason explain how should the following be treated in estimating national income:
(i) Interest paid by banks on deposits by individuals.
(ii) National debt interest.
Ans.
(i) Interest paid by banks on deposits by individuals is included in national income because banks are
expected to have used individuals saving for productive purpose.
(ii) National debt interest is not included in national income as it is assumed that government uses the
national debt for the consumption purpose only.
6. Should the following be treated as final expenditure or intermediate expenditure? Give reasons for
your answer.
(i) Purchase of furniture by a firm.
(ii) Expenditure on maintenance by a firm.
Ans.
(i) Purchase of furniture by a firm is a final expenditure because furniture is repeatedly used by the
firm for several years and these are of high value.
(ii) Expenditure on maintenance by a firm is an intermediate expenditure as the things purchased for
repair and maintenance are used-up during the period of one year.
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8. Explain the concept of fiscal deficit in a government budget. What does it indicate?
Ans. Fiscal deficit is the excess of budgetary expenditure over the budgetary receipts of the government,
excluding borrowing. It indicates borrowing requirement of the government to cope with the
expenditures. Higher borrowing implies higher burden of repayment of loans and of interest on the
future generations.
Higher fiscal deficit points to lack of financial discipline in the economy. Often it triggers inflationary
pressures in the economy and lowers credit-rating of the domestic economy in the international
markets. Accordingly, investment process is hampered and GDP growth is challenged.
9. Giving reason, explain how should the following be treated while estimating national income:
(i) Expenditure on free services provided by government.
(ii) Payment of interest by a government firm.
Ans.
(i) Expenditure on free services provided by government should be included in the estimation of
national income because expenditure on these services is a part of government final consumption
expenditure.
(ii) Payment of interest by a government firm should be included while estimating national income
because it is a kind of factor payment.
10. How should the following be treated while estimating national income? Give reasons.
(i) Expenditure on education of children by a family.
(ii) Payment of electricity bill by a school.
Ans.
(i) Expenditure on education of children by a family is included in national income since it is a part of
private final consumption expenditure.
(ii) Payment of electricity bill by a school is not included in national income since it is a part of
intermediate consumption.
11. Giving reason, explain how the following should be treated while estimating national income:
(i) Payment of excise duty by a firm.
(ii) Payment of interest by a firm.
Ans.
(i) Payment of excise duty only increase the market value of final goods and services. Therefore, this
is not included in the estimation of national income.
(ii) Payment of interest by a firm is included in the national income because a firm takes loans for
productive purposes.
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13. Explain the concept of primary deficit in a government budget. What does it indicate?
Ans. Primary deficit is the difference between fiscal deficit and interest payment.
Primary Deficit = Fiscal Deficit Interest Payment
Primary deficit indicates borrowing requirement of the government owing to fiscal deficit net of
interest payment. Payment of interest highlights the extent to which we are already in debt trap.
Primary deficit indicates the extent to which we are adding to the pile of existing debt during the
budgetary year.
14. How should the following be treated while estimating national income? Give reasons for your
answer.
(i) Festival gift from an employer.
(ii) Rent free house from an employer.
Ans.
(i) Festival gift from an employer is not included in the estimation of national income because this is a
transfer payment.
(ii) Rent free house from an employer is included in the estimation of national income because it is a
kind of wages in kind, and therefore a part of compensation of employees.
15. Giving reason, explain how the following should be treated while estimating national income:
(i) Free medical facilities by the employer.
(ii) Contribution to provident fund by employees.
Ans.
(i) Free medical facilities by the employer is included in the estimation of national income because it
is a kind of wages in kind, and therefore a part of compensation of employees.
(ii) Contribution to provident fund by the employees is an integral component of income. It is paid
out of income. It is therefore not separately added in the estimation of national income.
6 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Find out (a) National Income, and (b) Net National Disposable Income:
Items
(i) Factor income from abroad
( crore)
15
600
50
200
()5
110
10
()20
70
()10
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()10
1,000
Introductory Macroeconomics
102
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()20
100
80
(vi) Rent
300
120
50
(ix) Dividend
200
60
(xi) Interest
Ans. Net National Product at Market Price
400
= Wages and salaries + Social security contributions by employers + Rent + Interest + Corporate
tax + Dividend + Undistributed Profits + Mixed income + Net indirect tax Net factor income to
abroad
= ` 1,000 crore + ` 100 crore + ` 300 crore + ` 400 crore + ` 50 crore+ ` 200 crore + ` 60 crore
+ 80 crore (-) ` 20 crore
= ` 1,000 crore + ` 100 crore + ` 300 crore + ` 400 crore + ` 50 crore+ ` 200 crore + ` 60 crore
+ 80 crore + ` 20 crore
= ` 2,210 crore
Gross National Disposable Income
= Net National Product at Market Price+ Consumption of fixed capital + Net current transfers from
abroad
= ` 2,210 crore + ` 120 crore + () ` 10 crore
= ` 2,320 crore
(a) Net national product at market price = ` 2,210 crore.
(b) Gross national disposable income = ` 2,320 crore.
5. Find out (a) Gross National Product at Market Price, and (b) Net Current Transfers from Abroad:
Items
( crore)
(i) Net indirect tax
35
500
750
10
150
100
() 15
20
10
50
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= ` 500 crore + ` 150 crore + ` 100 crore + ` 0 crore + ` 50 crore ` 20 crore + ` 15 crore
= ` 795 crore
Net National Disposable Income
= Gross National Product at Market Price Consumption of fixed capital + Net current transfers
from abroad
Or, Net Current Transfers from Abroad
= Net National Disposable Income Gross National Product at Market Price + Consumption of
fixed capital
= ` 750 crore ` 795 crore + 50 crore
= 5 crore
(a) Gross national product at market price = 795 crore.
(b) Net current transfers from abroad = ` 5 crore.
6. Find out (a) Gross National Product at Market Price, and (b) Net Current Transfers to Abroad:
Items
( crore)
(i) Private final consumption expenditure
1,000
(ii) Depreciation
100
1,500
20
300
50
20
110
15
()10
Introductory Macroeconomics
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7. Explain the concept of inflationary gap. Also explain the role of legal reserves in reducing it.
Or
Explain the concept of deflationary gap. Also explain the role of margin requirements in
reducing it.
Ans. Inflationary gap is the excess of aggregate demand over and above its level required to maintain full
employment equilibrium in the economy.
Legal reserves refer to that part of bank deposits which commercial banks are legally required to set
aside in the form of (i) cash, (ii) gold, or (iii) approved securities. These reserves are determined by
CRR (cash reserve ratio), and SLR (statutory liquidity ratio). During inflation, both CRR and SLR are
raised with a view to mopping up liquidity from the banking system. This reduces credit creation
capacity of the commercial banks. Accordingly, availability of credit decreases in the capital market. As
a result, aggregate demand reduces as required to correct inflationary gap in the economy.
Or
Deflationary gap is the shortfall in aggregate demand from the level required to maintain full
employment equilibrium in the economy.
Margin requirements refer to minimum down payment that the borrowers are to make as a
percentage of their total borrowing from the commercial banks. Margin requirement is reduced to
correct situations of deflationary gap. Lower margin requirement induces borrowing. This raises
borrowing capacity of even the marginal borrowers. Implying a rise in the flow of credit and
therefore a rise in aggregate demand. This is what is required to correct deficient demand or
deflationary gap.
8. Give the meaning of foreign exchange and foreign exchange rate. Giving reason, explain the
relation between foreign exchange rate and demand for foreign exchange.
Ans. Foreign exchange refers to any currency other than the domestic currency.
Foreign exchange rate is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for the other currency in
the international foreign exchange market.
Rate of Exchange
Y
Foreign exchange rate and demand for foreign
D
exchange are inversely related to other. When the
R2
price of foreign currency falls, (or the availability of
foreign exchange becomes cheaper than before) we
get more dollar per unit of our currency. Accordingly,
R
domestic traders would tend to buy more goods in
the international market. This raises demand for
R1
foreign currency from OD to OD1 when exchange
rate falls from OR to OR1 in Fig. 4. Similarly, when
O
D2
D1
D
the price of foreign currency rises, we get less dollar
Quantity Demanded
per unit of our currency. Accordingly, domestic
(Foreign Currency)
traders would be able to buy less goods in the Figure 4
international market. As a result, demand for foreign
currency will fall from OD to OD2 when exchange rate rise from OR to OR2 in Fig. 4.
D
X
9. Find out (a) National Income, and (b) Net National Disposable Income:
Items
( crore)
()10
100
600
60
()50
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200
20
30
70
10
20
800
(iii) Rent
300
(iv) Dividend
100
(v) Royalty
40
()30
50
(viii) Interest
400
(ix) Depreciation
70
()10
60
Introductory Macroeconomics
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( crore)
700
(ii) Rent
100
10
70
(v) Royalty
50
(vi) Profits
300
()20
120
60
40
(xi) Interest
400
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deficient demand, planned level of output is reduced. Along with reduction in the level of output, level
of income and employment also tend to reduce. The economy is driven into a state of low level
equilibrium trap.
Open market operations is the policy that focuses on increasing and decreasing the stock of liquidity
(or cash balances) with the people as well as with the commercial banks, through sale and purchase of
securities by the central bank. During the situations of deflationary gap, when cash balances need to be
increased (to stimulate the level of aggregate demand) the central bank starts buying securities.
Purchase of securities injects purchasing power into the money market. Cash balances of the
commercial banks start picking up. This enhances their capacity to create credit. Consequent upon
the greater flow of credit in the economy, aggregate demand is increased. Deflationary gap is
corrected.
Or
Excess demand refers to a situation when aggregate demand (AD) is in excess of aggregate supply (AS)
corresponding to full employment in the economy. It causes inflationary gap in the economy. Price
level tends to rise without any rise in the level of income or employment.
Bank rate is the rate at which the central bank lends money to the commercial banks. To correct the
situation of excess demand, bank rate is increased. As a follow-up action, the commercial banks raise
the market rate of interest (the rate at which the commercial banks lend money to the consumers and
the investors). This reduces demand for credit. Consequently, consumption expenditure and
investment expenditure are reduced. Implying a reduction in aggregate demand, as required to
correct excess demand.
13. Give two sources each of demand and supply of foreign exchange. Giving reason, explain the
relation between foreign exchange rate and supply of foreign exchange.
Ans. Two sources of demand for foreign exchange are as these:
(i) Payments of international loans.
(ii) Gifts and grants to rest of the world.
Two sources of supply of foreign exchange are as these:
(i) Purchases of domestic goods by the foreigners.
(ii) Direct foreign investment as well as portfolio investment in home country.
Y
S
Rate of Exchange
R1
R
R2
S
O
S1
S2 S
Quantity Supplied
(Foreign Currency)
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14. Find out (a) Gross National Product at Market Price, and (b) Net Current Transfers from Abroad:
Items
( crore)
(i) Net national disposable income
1,100
120
750
250
200
()40
()20
(viii) Depreciation
50
10
( crore)
200
30
()20
120
()10
800
100
300
40
()50
Introductory Macroeconomics
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= ` 800 crore + ` 300 crore + ` 200 crore + () ` 20 crore () ` 50 crore ` 120 crore ` 40 crore
= ` 800 crore + ` 300 crore + ` 200 crore ` 20 crore + ` 50 crore ` 120 crore ` 40 crore
= ` 1,170 crore
(b) Net National Disposable Income
=National income + Net indirect tax Net current transfers to abroad
= ` 1,170 crore + ` 120 crore () ` 10 crore
= ` 1,170 crore + ` 120 crore + ` 10 crore
= ` 1,300 crore
(a) National income = ` 1,170 crore.
(b) Net national disposable income = ` 1,300 crore.
zzz
Introductory Macroeconomics
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