Marine Electrical

Engineering

TRANSFORMERS
EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Theory of operation

CORE

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A TRANSFORMER IS BASED

ON MUTUAL INDUCTION

FLUX

Es
Vp

Vs

LOAD

Ep

PRIMARY WINDING

SECONDARY WINDING

Vp =PRY .APPLIED VOLTAGE

Ep =PRY .INDUCED VOLTAGE
Es =SECY .INDUCED VOLTAGE
Vs =SECY .TERMINAL VOLTAGE

AN APPLIED AC VOLTAGE(Vp) TO THE PRIY . WINDING DRIVES A

MAGNETISING CURRENT IN THE CORE CAUSING AN ALTERNATING
MAGNETIC FLUX TO BE DEVELOPED IN THE CORE( O ).
THE CORE FLUX INDUCES AN ALTERNATING VOLTAGE IN THE
PRIMARY WINDING ( Ep )
THE CORE FLUX LINKS ALSO WITH THE SECONDARY WINDING
AND INDUCES A VOLTAGE IN THE SECONDARY WINDING (Es)
A SECONDARY TERMINAL VOLTAGE (Vs) WILL BE AVAILABLE
ACROSS THE LOAD CONNECTED ACROSS SECY .TERMINALS.

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Types of transformers
Based on type of cores

CORE

SECY .WDG.

PRY .WDG

PRY .WDG

SECY .WDG.

CORE TY PE

SHELL TY PE

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Types of transformers

According to type of core

a. Core type
b. Shell type
c. Berry type
According to voltage
a. Step up
b. Step down
According to Phases
a. Single phase
b. Three phase
According to application a. Lighting
b. Distribution
c. Power d.
Instrument
According to cooling
a. Natural Air cooled- AN
b. Natural oil cooled
ON c. Forced air cooled AF
d. Forced oil cooled - OF

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

EMF Equation of a Transformer

LET

CY CLE

N1 =NUMBER OF TURNS IN PRIMARY

N2 =NUMBER OF TURNS IN SECONDARY
m =MAXIMUM FLUX IN CORE IN WEBERS =BmX A
f =FREQUENCY OF AC INPUT IN Hz.

d
dt

AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE OF FLUX = ----

max

=4 f

max
1/4 T

AVERAGE EMF PER TURN = 4f

d
dt

max VOLT

IF FLUX VARIES SINUSOIDALLY , THEN RMS VALUE OF

INDUCED EMF =AVERAGE VALUE X FORM FACTOR 1.11
RMS VALUE OF EMF PER TURN =1.11X 4f

max VOLT

RMS VALUE OF EMF IN THE WHOLE OF THE PRY WINDING

1
T =-f

Ep =4.44 f N1

max VOLTS =- Vp

SINCE THE SAME FLUX LINKS WITH THE SECY WINDING

RMS VALUE OF EMF IN THE WHOLE OF THE SECY WINDING

Es =4.44f N2

Es
Vp

Ep

max Wb/SEC OR VOLT

AVERAGE EMF INDUCED IN A COIL = NO. OF TURNS X

T
4

O
Im

max VOLTS =- Vp

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

PRY .WDG

SECY .WDG

Vp =PRY.APPLIED VOLTAGE
Ep =PRY .INDUCED VOLTAGE
Es =SECY .INDUCED VOLTAGE
Vs =SECY .TERMINAL VOLTAGE
Im=MAGNETISING CURRENT
O =CORE FLUX

TRANSFORMATION RATIO
Es
Ep

N2
= K
N1

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

An Ideal Transformer

AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER ASSUMES THE FOLLOWING

O
Im
Es
Vp

- THE WINDINGS HAVE NO RESISTANCE, HENCE NO COPPER LOSS

Ep

- ALL THE FLUX LINKS WITH BOTH WINDINGS AND THERE IS NO

FLUX LEAKAGE.
PRIMARY WINDING

SECONDARY WINDING

Vp =PRY .APPLIED VOLTAGE

BOTH ASSUMPTIONS ARE IDEAL BUT NOT PRACTICAL.

Ep =PRY .INDUCED VOLTAGE

Es =SECY .INDUCED VOLTAGE
Vs =SECY .TERMINAL VOLTAGE
Im=MAGNETISING CURRENT
O =CORE FLUX

PRACTICAL TRANSFORMERS HAVE BOTH RESISTANCE AND

REACTANCE, A PORTION OF THE TOTAL FLUX IS NOT
AVAILABLE FOR TRANSFORMATION.

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Phasor Diagram of
An Ideal Transformer

Vp

FLUX

Io

Vp

Es

Ep

Vs
Io =

Es ,Vs

Ep

AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER ASSUMES THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS

- PRIMARY & SECONDARY HAS NO RESISTANCE
- PERMEABILITY OF THE CORE IS INFINITELY HIGH
TO ESTABLISH FLUX IN THE CORE, NEGLIGIBLE CURRENT IS REQD.
- ALL THE FLUX PRODUCED BY THE PRINARY LINKS WITH THE
SECONDARY i.e. NO MAGNETIC LEAKAGE
- CORE LOSSES NEGLIGIBLE

Vp =PRY APPLIED VOLTAGE

Ep =PRY INDUCED VOLTAGE
Io =PRY INDUCED NO LOAD CURRENT
Es =SECY INDUCED VOLTAGE
Vs =SECY APPLIED VOLTAGE
O
=CORE FLUX

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Magnetic Leakage
ALL THE FLUX IN THE CORE DOES NOT LINK WITH BOTH
THE WINDINGS.
A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF FLUX LINKS ONLY WITH ONE OF
THE WINDINGS.

Xp

FLUX

Rp

Vp

PRY . LEAKAGE FLUX

Ep

Rs

Es

THE FLUX THAT LINKS ONLY WITH THE PRY .WINDING IS

CALLED THE PRIMARY LEAKAGE FLUX.

Xs

Vs

THE FLUX THAT LINKS ONLY WITH THE SECY ..WINDING IS

CALLED THE SECONDARY LEAKAGE FLUX.
THE LEAKAGE FLUXES DO NOT TAKE PART IN TRANSFORMATION
(INDUCTION OF OF EMF IN THE ADJOINING WINDING)

SECY. LEAKAGE FLUX

BUT THEY PRODUCE AN EMF IN THE SAME COIL OPPOSING

THE APPLIED VOLTAGE
THUS THEY BEHAVE AS IF A CHOKE ( AN INDUCTANCE )
ADDED IN THE RESPECTIVE WINDING.
LEAKAGE FLUXES ARE MINIMISED BY SECTIONALISING AND
INTERLEAVING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WINDINGS.

UNLIKE IDEAL TRANSFORMERS, PRACTICAL TRANSFORMERS HAVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

No load Phasor Diagram 0f

A practical Transformer

Io - NO LOAD PRIMARY CURRENT

Io
Vp

Rp

FLUX

Xp

Rs

Es

Ep

Xs

Vp

Im=Io Sin Oo
A MAGNETISING COMPONENT
OF NO LOAD PRIMARY CURRENT
A WATTLESS COMPONENT WHICH
PRODUCES THE MAG.FLUX

Vs

o
Io

Iw
O

Im

FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY AND GOOD

REGULATION Im& Iw MUST BE KEPT SMALL

SINCE "Io" IS SMALL, VOLT.DROP IN PRY IS SMALL AND

Vp ~Ep
SINCE THERE IS NO VOLT.DROP IN THE SECONDARY ,

Iw =Io Cos Oo
A WATTFUL COMPONENT OF
NO LOAD PRIMARY CURRENT
PRODUCES THE REAL POWER
TO SUPPLY THE IRON LOSSES.

Es
Ep

Vs =Es

"Im" IS KEPT SMALL BY HAVING A

A CLOSED MAG.CIRCUIT WITH MINIMUM
AIR GAP.
"Iw" IS KEPT SMALL BY USING A
LOW-LOSS IRON AND NOT WORKING
AT TOO HIGH FLUX A FLUX DENSITY .

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Transformer on load
and its effect on Iron Losses
WHEN A SECY . CURRENT FLOWS, THE SECY AMPERE-TURNS NsIs WILL TEND TO PRODUCE A
SECONDARY M.M.F.. IF IT EXISTS, IT WOULD DISTURB THE FLUX CONDITIONS EXISTING AT NO
LOAD. THIS WOULD ALTER THE PRIMARY INDUCED EMF "Ep" AND THE BALANCE BETWEEN
BETWEEN "Vp" AND "Ep" WOULD NO LONGER EXIST.
THE PRESENCE OF THE SECONDARY M.M.F. NECESSITATES PRODUCTION OF A PRIMARY M.M.F
EQUAL IN MAGNITUDE BUT OPPOSITE IN DIRECTION. THIS IS PROVIDED BY A LOAD CURRENT
"Ip'" WHICH FLOWS FROM THE SUPPLY THROUGH THE PRIMARY . THIS "Ip'" IS CALLED THE
PRIMARY INDUCED CURRENT WHICH PRODUCES AN M.M.F. EQUAL AND OPPOSITE TO THE SECY .M.M.F.
SINCE THE INDUCED PRIMARY AND THE SECONDARY M.M.F. NEUTRALISE ONE ANOTHER, THE FLUX
ON LOAD IS THE SAME AS THE FLUX ON NO LOAD. HENCE, THE IRON LOSSES ARE CONSTANT
AND ARE INDEPENDENT OF THE LOAD

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Current Transformation
Primary induced m.m.f = secondary m.m.f.
Np x Ip = Ns x Is
Ip = (Ns/Np) x Is
The total primary current theIp is therefore the vector sum of Ip and
Io and for all but light loads can be taken as equal to Ip. We thus
have
Ip = (Ns/Np) X Is
Ip/Is = Ns/Np
The current transformation ratio is thus the inverse of the voltage
transformation ratio

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

Transformer on load
Phasor Diagrams
EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH
Vp

Vp
Ip
Ip

Ip'

Io

Vp - PRY APPLIED VOLTAGE

Io - PRY NO LOAD CURRENT
Ip' - PRY INDUCED CURRENT
Ip - PRY . CURRENT
Es - SECY . INDUCED EMF
Is - SECY . CURRENT
0p - PRY PHASE ANGLE
0s - SECY .PHASE ANGLE

Ip'

Io

0p

0s

Es

APPLICATION OF LOAD ON THE SECY REDUCES

THE PRIMARY P.F.

Es

Is

A RESISTIVE LOAD

A PRACTICAL LOAD

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Equivalent circuit of a
Transformer on load

SECONDARY WINDING

PRIMARY WINDING

PRY RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE

Ip

SECY . RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE

Xp

Rp

Rs
Np

Vp

Xs

Is

Ns

Ep

Vs

Es

IDEAL TRANSFORMER WITH ZERO RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE

THE EQUIVALENT DRAWING HELPS US TO CALCULATE THE VOLTAGE DROPS AND

LOSSES IN THE WINDINGS SEPARATELY
THE RESISTANCES AND REACTANCES OF BOTH WINDINGS ASSUMED TO BE
CONNECTED EXTERNAL TO THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER IN SERIES.

Ep =VOLTAGE AVAILABLE FOR TRANSFORMATION ='Vp' - DROP OF VOLTAGE IN THE PRIMARY WINDING
Vs =TERMINAL VOLTAGE ACROSS LOAD ='Es' (K x Ep) - DROP OF VOLTAGE IN THE SECONDARY WINDING
"K" - TRANSFORMATION RATIO =Ns/Np

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Characteristics of a
Good Transformer

Good Voltage Regulation Difference

between No-load voltage and On-Load
and depends on the voltage drop in the Pry
and Secy windings on load. Transformers
with 2-5% voltage regulation are considered
to be good.
Higher efficiency Depends on the total
losses in a transformer on Full load.
Transformers with 95-97% are considered to
be good

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Regulation of a Transformer

Voltage drop in the windings will depend on

a. Degree of loading and
b. Power factor of the load
Voltage regulation gives us the idea about changes in
magnitude of Secondary voltage from no load to full load
condition.
With primary at rated voltage, if
V1 = Secy. Terminal voltage on no load and
V2 =
Secy. Terminal voltage on load,
Percentage
regulation = V1-V2/V1 X 100
For a well designed transformer at Full load and PF=0.8, the
load regulation may lie in the range of 2 5%
(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

Voltage Drops in
Primary & Secondary

Transformer on load
Derivation Of Secy.Term. voltage-1
PRY INDUCED EMF (Ep) =Vp - OD approx.
Ep =Vp - (RpIp COS O1+XpIp SIN O1)

Vp

D
1

LET "K" BE THE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION RATIO

Ep
Ip

THEN, SECY INDUCED EMF (Es) =K X Ep

B
O

Es =KVp - K (RpIp COS O1+XpIp SIN O1)

SECY .TERMINAL VOLTAGE(Vs) =Es - OE approx.

Is

Vs =KVp - K (RpIp COS O1 +XpIp SIN O1) - (RsIs COS O2+XsIs SIN O2)
SINCE O1AND O2 ARE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL, REPLACING THEM BY O
Vs =KVp - K (RpIp COS O +XpIp SIN O) - (RsIs COS O + XsIs SIN O)

Transformer on load
Derivation Of Secy.Term. voltage-2

Vs =KVp - K (RpIp COS O +XpIp SIN O) - (RsIs COS O + XsIs SIN O)

A

Vs =KVp - (KRpIp +RsIs) COS O) +(KXpIp +XsIs) SIN O)

Vp

D
1

Ep

AGAIN, Ip =KIs AND SUBSTITUTING "KIs" FOR "Ip" IN (5)

2
Vs =KVp - (K Rp +Rs) COS O +(K2Xp +Xs) SIN O

Is

"KVp" IS THE SECONDARY VOLTAGE ON NO LOAD.

THE EXPRESSION

(K Rp +Rs) COS O) +(K Xp +Xs) SIN O Is

IS THE TOTAL VOLTAGE DROP

Is

IF LOAD IS PURELY RESISTIVE, DROP =(K Rp +Rs)Is

IF LOAD IS PURELY INDUCTIVE, DROP =(K Xp +Xs) Is
IF LOAD IS PURELY CAPACITIVE, DROP =(K Xp +Xs)Is

SINCE SIN O IS ZERO

SINCE COS O IS ZERO. "Vs" REDUCES

SINCE COS O IS ZERO. "Vs" INCREASES

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Resistances and Reactances

referred to Primary or Secondary

Vp

Ip

Rs

Rp
Iw

Im

Ep

Es

Xs

Is'

Rp

Rs
K2Rp

Ep
=Es/K

Is

ALL PARAMETERS REFERRED TO PRIMARY

Rs =SECY .WDG.RESISTANCE
Xs =SECY .WDG.REACTANCE
Is =SECY .CURRENT

Rp =PRY . WDG. RESISTANCE

Xp =PRY .WDG. REACTANCE
Io =PRY NO LOAD CURRENT
Iw =IRON LOSS COMPONENT OF 'Io'
Im=MAG.COMPONENT OF 'Io'
Ip =PRY CURRENT =Io+Ip'
Ip' =PRY .INDUCED CURRENT

Xs/K

Xp

Ip

Vp

Xp

Rs/K 2

Rp

LOAD

Xp

Vs

Xs
2
K Xp

Rs

Xs

Is

Vp =PRY .APPLIED VOLTAGE

Ep =Vp - DR0P IN PRY WINDING

Es

ALL PARAMETERS REFERRED TO SECONDARY

=VOLTAGE FOR TRANSFORMATION

K =TRANSFORMATION RATIO =N2/N1

Es =SECY INDUCED VOLTAGE =K.Ep

Vs =SECY TERMINAL VOLTAGE
=Es - DROP IN SECY . WINDING

Rp =TOTAL RESISTANCE REFERRED TO PRY .

Rs =TOTAL RESISTANCE REFERRED TO SECY
Xp =TOTAL REACTANCE REFERRED TO PRIMARY
Xs =TOTAL REACTANCE REFERRED TO SECY .

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

Small Things

* We cannot do great things on this Earth,

but we can do small things with great
love * - Mother Theresa-

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Losses in a Transformer

Iron Losses Core losses are due to

Eddy current loss and

Hysteresis loss

which are proportional to flux density are constant, whether the

transformer is on load or on no load because the flux conditions
are same on no load and on load.. Iron losses can be computed
by carrying out an Open Circuit Test done on No-Load.

Copper Losses are due to current flowing in Pry and Secy

windings and depend on the magnitude of currents. Copper
losses can be computed by carrying out a Short Circuit Test
done on simulated Full Load

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Open Circuit Test

& Allied Derivations
WATTMETER
Io
A
Vo

H.V.

L.V.

0.C. TEST IS CONDUCTED ON "NO LOAD" FOR FINDING OUT IRON LOSSES.
WATTMETER READS APPROXIMATELY THE "IRON LOSSES" =VoIo COS Oo =Wo
Wo
NO LOAD PF (COS Oo) = -----VoIo
FROM COSOo, CALCULATE SIN Oo

Wo = WATTMETER READING DURING TEST

Io = NO LOAD PRIMARY CURRENT

CALCULATE MAGNETISING CURRENT (Im) =Io SIN Oo

CORE LOSS COMPONENT OF CUREENT (Iw) =Io COS Oo
Vo
MAGNETISING REACTANCE (Xp) = -----Im

Vo
RESISTANCE REPRESENTING CORE LOSS (Rp) = -----Iw

Vo = VOLTAGE APPLIED TO PRY WINDING

Oo = PHASE ANGLE AT NO LOAD

WATTMETER READING INCLUDES A SMALL PRY COPPER LOSS

DUE TO THE LOW NO LOAD CURRENT. THE COPPER LOSSES
ARE THEREFORE CONSIDERED NEGLIGIBLE AND THE READING
OF THE WATTMETER IS CONSIDERED PURELY IRON LOSSES

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

A Typical problem & solution

based on Open Circuit Test
Rs'

Io
Iw

Xs'

Im

Vp

NO-LOAD PF (COS Oo),

WATTMETER READING =VpIo COS Oo

150WATTS

COS Oo =-----------------

200V X 1.25A

=0.6

o
o
AND SIN 53 13' =0.8

Oo =COS O.6=53 13'

IN A TY PICAL SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER,

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST DATA ( GIVEN )
WATTMETER READINGS =150WATTS
PRY .APPLIED VOLTAGE(Vp) =200V0LTS
PRY NO-LOAD CURRENT(Io) =1.25AMPS
TO FIND THE FOLLOWING
NO-LOAD PF (COS Oo),
CORELOSS CURRENT COMPONENT OF 'Io' (Iw)
MAGNETISING CURRENT COMPONENT OF 'Io' (Im)
RESISTANCE RELATED TO CORE LOSS (Rw)
REACTANCE RELATED TO MAG.CURRENT (Xm)

Rs' =SECY ,WDG RESISTANCE REFERRED TO PRY

Xs' =SECY .WDG REACTANCE REFERRED TO PRY

CORELOSS COMPONENT OF Io (Iw)

CORELOSS COMPONENT OF Io (Iw) =Io COSOo =1.25X 0.6=0.75A
MAGNETISING COMPONENT OF Io (Im)
MAGNETISING COMPONENT OF Io (Im) =Io SIN Oo =1.25X O.8=1.0A
RESISTANCE RELATED TO CORE LOSS (Rw)

PRY APPLIED VOLTAGE

200V

Rw =-------------------------------------------- =------ =

CORELOSS COMPONENT OF Io 0.75A

266.67OHMS

REACTANCE RELATED TO MAG.CURRENT (Xm)

PRY APPLIED VOLTAGE

Xm=------------------------------------------------

200V

=------

MAGNETISING COMPONENT OF Io 1.0A

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

=200OHMS

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Short Circuit test

& Allied Derivations
WATTMETER
Wsc
A

PRY

SECY

Isc

Vsc

S.C. TEST IS CONDUCTED ON SIMULATED FULL LOAD FOR FINDING OUT COPPER LOSSES.
2
WATTMETER READS APPROXIMATELY THE COPPER LOSSES =Isc X Rp
SECY IS SHORTED AND A REDUCED VOLTAGE APPLIED TO PRY
TO CAUSE A F,L CURRENT TO FLOW IN THE PRIMARY .
Wsc
RESISTANCE REFERRED TO PRY (Rp) =-----Isc 2

Isc = AMMETER READING DURING TEST

Vsc = VOLTMETER READING DURING TEST

Vsc
IMPEDANCE REFERRED TO PRY (Zp) =-----Isc
REACTANCE REFERRED TO PRY (Xp) = V

Wsc = WATTMETER READING DURING TEST

2
2
Zp - Rp

Rs
RESISTANCE REFERRED TO PRY (Rp) =Rp +-------2
K

SINCE THE APPLIED VOLTAGE DURING THIS TEST IS A SMALL

PERCENTAGE OF THE NORMAL APPLIED VAOLTAGE, THE FLUX
AND THEREFORE THE IRON LOSSES ARE CONSIDERED NEGLIGIBLE
AND THE READING OF THE WATTMETER IS PURELY COPPER LOSSES

Xs
2

REACTANCE REFERRED TO PRY (Xp) =Xp +--------

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

A Typical problem & solution

based on Short Circuit Test
Rp+Rs'

Io

Vp

Xp+Xs'

WATTMETER READING TAKEN PURELY AS THAT OF COPPER LOSSES

SINCE THE IRON LOSSES ARE NEGLECTED BECAUSE OF LOW APPLIED VOLTAGE

NEGLECTED
RESISTANCE OF TRANSFORMER REFERRED TO PRY . (Rp')

IN A TY PICAL SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER,

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST DATA (GIVEN)
WATTMETER READINGS =175 WATTS
PRY .APPLIED VOLTAGE(Vp) =20V0LTS
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT (Ip') =12.5 AMPS

175W
WATTMETER READING
Rp' =---------------------------------------------- =---=1.12OHMS
2 12.5A 2
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT (Ip')
IMPEDANCE OF TRANSFORMER REFERRED TO PRY (Zp')

20V
PRY APPLIED VOLTAGE
Zp' =--------------------------- ----------------- =---- =1.6 OHMS
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT (Ip') 12.5A

TO FIND THE FOLLOWING

IMPEDANCE OF TRANSFORMER REFERRED TO PRY (Zp')
RESISTANCE OF TRANSFORMER REFERRED TO PRY . (Rp')
RESISTANCE OF TRANSFORMER REFERRED TO PRY . (Xp')

REACTANCE OF TRANSFORMER REFERRED TO PRY (Xp')

Xp' =V

2 - Rp'
2
Zp'

Io, Rw, XmARE NEGLECTED AS THE APPLIED

VOLTAGE(Vp) IS VERY SMALL.

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

= V

1.62- 1.122

=1.14 OHMS

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Power Efficiency of Transformer

Condition for maximum efficiency
EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER =

OUTPUT IN KW
------------------------------------------------------OUTPUT IN KW +IRON LOSSES IN KW +COPPER LOSSES IN KW

OUTPUT OF TRANSFORMER =Vs Is COSOs

IRON LOSSES =Pi =A CONSTANT
PRY . COPPER LOSS =Ip Rp2
SECY . COPPER LOSS =Is Rs 2

2
2
2
TOTAL COPPER LOSS =Is Rs +Ip Rp =Is Rs (ALL RESISTANCES REFERRED TO SECY .)
Vs Is COS Os
IN A SINGLE PH. TRANSFORMER, EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER =------------------------------------------------------Vs Is COS Os +Rs Is2+Pi
DIVIDING BY "Is"

Vs COS Os
=------------------------------------------------------Vs COS Os +Rs Is +Pi/Is

FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY ( Rs Is +Pi/Is) MUST BE A MINIMUM

( Rs Is +Pi/Is) WILL BE A MINIMUM IF RsIs =Pi/Is
i.e. IF RsIs2=Pi
i.e. WHEN COPPER LOSSES =IRON LOSSES
IF A TRANSFORMER IS INTENDED TO WORK MOST OF THE TIME ON FULL LOAD, IT IS DESIGNED TO HAVE THE MAX.EFFICIENCY AT F.L..
IF THE LOAD IS VARIABLE, IT IS DESIGNED TO HAVE MAX.EFFICIENCY AT ABOUT THREE-QUARTERS OF F.L.

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

All-Day or Energy efficiency

Power efficiency, calculated on the basis of power,
depends on the degree of loading and load PF.
Knowledge of Power efficiency is useful if the load and
its PF remains constant throughout.
For obvious reasons, the load on the transformer vary
widely over a day or 24 hours. So, an All-day efficiency
or Energy efficiency is calculated on the basis of energy
to judge the efficiency of transformers.
To estimate the efficiency, the whole day is broken up into
several time-blocks over which the load remains constant.
Energy output and losses in these time-blocks are added
up to calculate the efficiency.
(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

Discipline

* Discipline is the bridge between

aims and achievements *
- Anonymous -

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Auto Transformer

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Parts of an
Oil-filled Transformer
9
4
10

5
6

PRY BUSHINGS (3N0S.)

SECY . BUSHINGS (3N9S.)

NEUTRAL BUSHING (1NO)

CONSERVATOR

BUCHHOLZ RELAY

BREATHER

RADIATOR

DRAIN COCK

WDG,TEMP,INDICATOR

10

PRESSURE VENT PIPE

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Requirement of a good
Transformer oil.

A good Dielectric strength. Dielectric strength

can reduce due to moisture or contaminants.
A good viscosity to maintain a good flow of oil.
Highly viscous oil reduces flow and makes it
difficult for heat removal.
Purity- Sulphur or its compound can lead to
sludge formation and also erode metal parts like
tank,radiator etc.
Flash Point- Must be > 160 C for safety
Fire Point Must be above 100 C for safety
(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

Instrument Transformers

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

3 Phase Transformer Bank

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

EDITED BY : D E DHANSINGH

440/220V 3Ph. Transformer

A Typical Arrangement

Transform Yourself !
Be a candle !!

* A candle loses nothing of its light when

lighting another *
-Khalil Gibran-