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Point: It is an exact location. It is a fine dot which has neither length nor breadth nor thickness but has position i.e.,
it has no magnitude.
Line segment: The straight path joining two points A and B is called a line segment AB . It has and points and a
definite length.
Ray: A line segment which can be extended in only one direction is called a ray.
Intersecting lines: Two lines having a common point are called intersecting lines. The common point is known as
the point of intersection.
Concurrent lines: If two or more lines intersect at the same point, then they are known as concurrent lines.
Parallel Lines
If two lines in the same plane do not intersect, they are parallel to each other. Lines AB and CD are parallel and
denoted by ABCD.
Parallel lines and a transverse:
When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal (i.e.,
a third line intersects the two parallel lines), a
number of relationships exist between the resulting
angles.
Type of Angles:
Angles: When two straight lines meet at a point they form an angle.
Right angle: An angle whose measure is 900 is called a right angle.
Acute angle: An angle whose measure is less than one right angle (i.e., less than 90), is called an acute angle.
Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is more than one right angle and less than two right angles (i.e., less than
180 and more than 90) is called an obtuse angle
Reflex angle: An angle whose measure is more than 180 and less than 360 is called a reflex angle
Complementary angles: If the sum of the two angles is one right angle (i.e., 90), they are called complementary
angles. Therefore, the complement of an angle is equal to 90 .
1. The centroid divides each median from the vertex in the ratio 2 : 1.
2. Apollonius theorem gives the length of the median.
AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)
3. If x, y, z are the lengths of the medians through A, B, C of a triangle ABC,
x2 + y2 + z2 = (a2 + b2 + c2 ).
4. Median always divides a triangle into two equal portions.
B. Circumcentre: The point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle
AB = DE, BC = EF, AC = DF
Then ABC DEF or ABC DEF
Mid-Point Theorem: A line joining the mid points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel and equal to half of the
third side.
If in ABC, D & E are the mid points of AB & AC respectively, then we have
DE || BC
DE =1/2 BC
Similar triangles:
Two figures are said to be similar, if they have the same shape but not the same size.
NOTE: Congruent triangles are similar but similar triangles need not be congruent.
Properties of similar triangles:
If two triangles are similar, the following properties hold true.
(a) The ratio of the medians is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(b) The ratio of the altitudes is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(c) The ratio of the internal bisectors is equal to the ratio of corresponding sides.
(d) The ratio of inradii is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(e) The ratio of the circumradii is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(f) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of squares of the corresponding sides.
(g) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of squares of the corresponding medians.
(h) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of the squares of the corresponding altitudes.
(i) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of the squares of the corresponding angle bisectors.
Basic Proportionality Theorem:
In a triangle, if a line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides in the same ratio.
So if DE is drawn parallel to BC, it would divide sides AB and AC proportionally i.e.
AD/BD = AE/AC
Pythagoras Theorem:
The square of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
i.e. in a right angled triangle ABC, right angled at B,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Angle Bisector Theorem:
If in ABC, CD is the angle bisector of BCA, the ratio of the lines BD & AD is equal to the ratio of sides containing
the angle.
BD/AD = BC/ AC
Circles
If O is a fixed point in a given plane, the set of points in the plane which are at equal distances from O will form a
circle.
Properties of a Circle:
1. If two chords of a circle are equal, their corresponding arcs have equal measure.
2. Measurement of an arc is the angle subtended at the centre. Equal arcs subtend equal angles at the center.
3. A line from centre and perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.
4. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.
5. When two circles touch, their centres and their point of contact are collinear.
6. If the two circles touch externally, the distance between their centres is equal to sum of their radii.
7. If the two circles touch internally, the distance between the centres is equal to difference of their radii.
8. Angle at the centre made by an arc is equal to twice the angle made by the arc at any point on the remaining part
of the circumference.
Let O be the centre of the circle. BOC = 2 P, when BAC = P
9. If two chords are equal, the arc containing the chords will also be equal.
10. There can be one and only one circle that touches three non-collinear points.
11. The angle inscribed in a semicircle is 90o.
12. If two chords AB and CD intersect externally at P,
PA PB = PC PD
Cyclic Quadrilateral
If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle i.e. all the vertex lies on the circumference of the circle, it is said to be a
cyclic quadrilateral.
1. In a cyclic quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary.
2. In a cyclic quadrilateral, if any one side is extended, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the interior opposite
angle.
Alternate angle theorem
Angles in the alternate segments are equal.
In the given figure, PAT is tangent to the circle and makes angles PAC & BAT respectively with the chords AB &
AC.
Then, BAT = ACB & ABC = PAC
Polygons
A closed plane figure made up of several line segments that are joined together is called a polygon.
Types of Polygons
BOC = 900 + A
2. In a ABC, if sides AB and AC are produced to D and E respectively and the bisectors of DBC and ECB
Intersect at O, then
BOC = 900 A
3.
In a right angle ABC, B = 900 and AC is hypotenuse. The perpendicular BD is dropped on hypotenuse AC
from right angle vertex B, then
Coordinate Geometry
1. Equation of line parallel to y-axis
X=b
For Example: A Student plotted four points on a graph. Find out which point represents the line parallel to yaxis.
a) (3, 5)
b) (0, 6)
c) (8, 0)
d) (-2, -4)
Solution: Option (C)
2. Equation of line parallel to x-axis
Y=a
For Example: A Student plotted four points on a graph. Find out which point represents the line parallel to xaxis.
a) (3, 5)
b) (0, 6)
c) (8, 0)
d) (-2, -4)
Solution: Option (B)
3. Equations of line
a) Normal equation of line
ax + by + c = 0
b) Slope Intercept Form
y = mx + c
Where, m = slope of the line & c = intercept on y-axis
For Example: What is the slope of the line formed by the equation 5y - 3x - 10 = 0?
Solution: 5y - 3x - 10 = 0, 5y = 3x + 10
Y = 3/5 x + 2
Therefore, slope of the line is = 3/5
c) Intercept Form
x/A + y/B = 1, Where, A & B are x-intercept & y-intercept respectively
For Example: Find the area of the triangle formed the line 4x + 3 y 12 = 0, x-axis and y-axis?
Solution: Area of triangle is = * x-intercept * y-intercept.
Equation of line is 4x + 3 y 12 = 0
4x + 3y = 12,
4x/12 + 3y/12 = 1
x/3 + y/4 = 1
Therefore area of triangle = * 3 * 4 = 6
10. Area of triangle whose coordinates are (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)
[ x1 (y2 y3) + x2 (y3 y1) + x3 (y1 y2) ]
For Example: Find area of triangle whose vertices are (1, 1), (2, 3) and (4, 5).
Solution: We have (x1, y1) = (1, 1), (x2, y2) = (2, 3) and (x3, y3) = (4, 5)
Area of Triangle = [ x1 (y2 y3) + x2 (y3 y1) + x3 (y1 y2) ]
=1/2 [ (1(35) +2(51) + 4(13)) ]
=1