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Fox
Christopher
Steve Reich's 'DifferentTrains'
1989.
I travelledbackandforthbetweenNew YorkandLos
Angeles from .I939 to 1942 accompanied by my
SteveReich's'DifferentTrains'
TABLE 1
1 America - Before the war
'from Chicago to New York' (Virginia)
'one of the fastest trains' (Virginia)
'the crack train from New York' (Lawrence Davis)
'from New York to Los Angeles' (Lawrence Davis)
'different trains every time' (Virginia)
'from Chicago to New York' (Virginia)
'in 1939' (Virginia)
'1939' (Lawrence Davis)
'1940' (Lawrence Davis)
'1941' (Lawrence Davis)
'19411 guess it must've been' (Virginia)
Steve Reich's'DifferentTrains'
Ex.1
a)
b)
mp
(Part 2).
ments capable, through the use of different consonants, of a wide range of percussive attacks.
However the very processes underlying all
Reich's instrumental music of the I970s had
first appearedin his work in two tape pieces of
the mid-sixties, It'sGonnaRain(1965) and Come
Out (1966), both of which take as their source
materialrich examples of utterly authenticvocal
behaviour. Schwartz gives an extended account
of both these pieces;suffice it to say here that, in
each, Reich takes a tape recording of a live
speaker against which he sets one or more
identical recordings which gradually shift out
of phase with one another. Thus what begins as
documentary evidence of a particularspeaker(a
black revivalist preacherin It's GonnaRain, for
example) is slowly transformed into a dense
canonic texture in which the rhythms and
intonationof the originalperformancebecome at
least as important as the sense of what was said.
In his book, WritingsaboutMusic, Reich has
described how he began to explore ways of
developing his use of the 'phase shifting'
technique, discoveredin these tape works, within live instrumentalmusic. Although the musical
traces of this exploration are to be heard most
readily in works such as ViolinPhaseand Piano
Phase (both I967) and Drumming,the legacy of
phase shifting is present in even the most recent
music. Reich's players areno longer requiredto
imitate the mechanicalprocess of tape machines
slowly moving out of synchronization; but the
musical product of that process - the gradual
appearance of a second version of a musical
figure at a rhythmicallydiscernibledistancefrom
its first appearance- remains Reich's primary
means of achieving proliferation within a
musical texture. At its simplest this can be oldfashioned canon, as in the vocal entries at the
start of Tehillim (1981), or old-fashioned
imitation, as in the instrumental imitations of
the speakersin DifferentTrains,a device which I
shall discuss later. In the more complex textures
of ElectricCounterpoint(1987) one is aware not
so much of the workings of voice against voice
as of the elaborate cross-rhythms that result
from their combination.
In the early I98os Reich createdtwo works in
which live voices were given texts to articulate:
in Tehillimfour women's voices, accompanied
by chamberorchestra,sing settingsof the psalms
in the original Hebrew; in The Desert Music
(1984) a chorus of 27 voices, with orchestral
accompaniment, sing settings of poetry by
William Carlos Williams. However inventive
they are, either vocally or instrumentally - and
Tehillim is, I believe, one of Reich's finest
SteveReich's'DifferentTrains'
achievements - neither work can be said to break interestin the politicalimplicationsof his music,
new ground in their combination of words and last in evidence in the benefit concert that
music. Perhaps because text-setting itself was premiered Come Out in April I967, for the renew to Reich (with the exception of student trial of the "Harlem Six" of which Daniel
works) when he came to write Tehillim, and Hamm, the voice on the tape, was a member'.6
setting an English text was new to him when he DifferentTrainsis certainly a triumphant fulfilwrote The Desert Music, he adopts a straight- ment of those intentions.
forward, predominantly syllabic approach in
Perhapsthe most obvious differencebetween
both pieces. As Keith Potter observed soon after Reich's plans for the successor to My Name Is
the premiere of The DesertMusic:'The use of an and DifferentTrainsis the absenceof any attempt
English-language text is entirely new in Reich's at real-timeprocessingof the voices used. Above
mature, "repetitive" music and... he sets the all else Reich is a composer with a strong sense of
words in a manner resembling the Western the art of the possible: much of his instrumental
music in the I970s evolved aroundthe particular
traditional notion of the term "setting" '.3 Only
in Different Trains is the significance of the re- gifts of the musicianswith whom he worked, and
introduction of words into Reich's music the documentationaccompanyingthe recordings
through Tehillimand TheDesertMusicconfirmed. of works such as MusicforLargeEnsemble(1978)
It might appear that the problems presented and Octet (1978-9), in which the process of
by texts were ignored in the years between It's revision after the first performanceis described,
Gonna Rain and Tehillim until the potential of demonstrates Reich's determination always to
the phase shifting technique discovered in the achieve the most idiomatically successful form
early tape pieces had been refined. It is neverthe- for his ideas. Reich'svisits to IRCAM, in I980 for
less important to note that throughout this work on My Name Is and laterwhile he worked
period Reich returned from time to time to a on Sextet (I985), must surely have convinced
'work in progress' that did involve words. This him that, although equipment was available
be capableof the sort of
was My Name Is: EnsemblePortrait,begun in which would technically
live signal processing he required, the problems
1967 and only provisionally completed in 1980.
Ian Gardiner has described it as
presentedby the use of this equipmentin rehearsal
and performancewere too greatto be practicable.
dating back to a loosely structuredpiece of 1967,
In particularthe live integrationof passagesof
wherethenamesof theaudience,tapedastheyentered
the hall and then edited onto tape loops, were prerecordedspeech with the sort of instrumental
improvisedon by Reich,crossingphaserelationships music that Reich writes is bedevilled by the fact
acrossthreeportabletaperecorders.In 1980hevisited that few speakers adhere to the regular pulse
IRCAMin Pariswith theaimof discoveringthetech- that is such a characteristicof all Reich's work.
nologicalmeansto reapplythis conceptin realtime, If this pulse was absent in the vocal material,
of hisown ensemble, that material would be felt to stand outside the
usingthenameof theperformers
andwith thephaserelationships
organizedin advance. world of the live instruments; whereas Reich's
At its firstperformance,in New YorkonJanuary6, aim
was, as Schwarts says, 'to utilize live
198I, the eight performersof Octetsteppedforward instruments ... to imitate the sounds
[of the
to the microphonesandintroducedthemselves...the
...
as
well
as
to
the
voices]
complete
implied
tapephasedeachname,one at a time.4
harmonic, melodic and rhythmic inferences of
Schwartz quotes Reich as insisting thatMy Name the resulting patterns'.' (It is worth noting that,
Is: EnsemblePortrait'is just a sketch... because in the initialstages of planning TheDesertMusic,
the important part of it is to introduce... instru- Reich considered using a tape of William Carlos
ments' so that 'one would end up with a tape Williams - author of the poetry chosen as text
and a live score'.5 Schwartz also reports that, in for the work - reading one of his poems. Here
the work for which My Name Is was the sketch, too the rhythms of the prerecordedvoice would
Reich hoped also to add real-time treatments of inevitably have meant that the voice was heard
voices from history, such as Hitler or Roosevelt at one remove from Reich's music and, perhaps
perhaps. As Ian Gardiner has observed, these for that reason, Reich abandoned the idea.)
Reich's solution of this technicalproblem was
intentions 'would seem to indicate a renewed
typically
elegant and practical. One of the great
3KeithPotter,'TheRecentPhasesof SteveReich',Contact
29
in commercially manufactured
revolutions
(Spring 1985), p.3 1.
in the I98os has been the
music
technology
4 lan
Music was a
the
Gardiner,
gradualprocess: rediscoveryof
traditionin the music of Steve Reich since I976, (MA Thesis,
Keele University, 1983), pp.37-8.
s Schwartz, op cit.,
p.263.
Steve Reich's'DifferentTrains'
Ex.2
.m
est trains
of the
one of
fast
the fast
one
est trains
trains
est
//'
fast
fast
n j.
--
est trains
trains
est
i.
-
J
est trains
.fast
L
fast
of the
the fast
one of
one
est trains
trains
est trains
est
SteveReich's'DifferentTrains'
In the sleeve-notes for the recording of The
Desert Music, Reich talks about his fascination
with 'that constant flickering of attention
between what words mean aridhow they sound'.8
In Diferent Trains where, rather than being set
to music as in The Desert Music, the words
themselves becomemusic, that ambiguity is even
more evident. Reich says in the sleeve-notes for
Different Trains that 'in order to combine the
taped speech with the stringinstrumentsI selected
small speech samples that are more or less clearly
pitched and then notated them as accurately as
possible in musical notation'. As example he
gives the opening phrase (see Example 3). Yet it
Ex.3
T
_
P4
from
Chi-ca - go
1980, p.20.
to New Yor - k
Steve Reich's'DifferentTrains'