REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

HARVARD SYSTEM
REFERENCE
- No numbers
- Authors / person referred in the text by name
and by year of publication
- Who said
- When
At every point in the text at which reference to a particular
document is made, its authors name and year of publication is
inserted.

REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

HARVARD SYSTEM
If the authors name occurs naturally in the sentence
the year is written brackets:
e.g. Beckingham (1974) describes .

If not, both name and date are so given:

e.g. In a recent study (Beckingham, 1974), it is described.

REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

HARVARD SYSTEM
When the same author has published more than once
cited document in the same year, these are distinguished
by adding lower case letters (I.e. a,b,c etc.) after the year
and within the brackets:
e.g.

Bond (1991a) discussed the subject briefly OR

The subject has been discussed briefly (Bond, 1991a)

REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

HARVARD SYSTEM
When a paper is written by 2 authors is quoted, both
names are given, the ampersand (&) being used:
e.g. Taylor & Smith (1979) stated that . OR
It has been stated (Taylor & Smith, 1979) that ...

If there are more than 2 authors, the surname of the first

author only should be given followed by et al.
e.g. Ahmad R. , Hamid .A, A.Khairuddin, & Audrey M.L.
(1999) Correct reference: Ahmad et al. (1999) OR ( Ahmad
et al., 1999)

REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

HARVARD SYSTEM
Anonymous works may be shown by Anon in place of
the authors name
e.g. Elsewhere ( Anon 1979) it is shown ....

Personal communications should not be included in the

list of references but mentioned in the text:
e.g. ( A.R.Ahmad 2001, Personal Communication)

REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

HARVARD SYSTEM
At times you are require to make reference of a piece of
work which does not stand alone as a publication in its own
right but rather forms part of a larger publication. In such
cases the reference in the text of your work must cited
under the name of the author responsible for the part or
chapter to which you have referred:
e.g. Scott contributed a chapter to the book Nursing Science
in Nursing Practice edited by J.P. Smith.
In referring to this particular chapter the reference would
take the form (Scott 1981) not (Smith 1981)

REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

HARVARD SYSTEM
e.g. Scott contributed a chapter to the book Nursing
Science in Nursing Practice edited by J.P. Smith.

In referring to this particular chapter the reference would

take the form (Scott 1981) not (Smith 1981)

Scott (1981) as cited in Smith (1981)

REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

HARVARD SYSTEM
Mengikut Sukarno (1996) kesakitan itu adalah satu phenomena yang
biasa. Ianya dapat di kurangkan dengan beberapa cara saperti mengambil
ubat, lakukan senaman, releks, yoga dan meditasi. Yong (2001) dan Lee
(1998) juga menyokong teknik-teknik yang tersebut. Beliau juga
menegaskan bahawa kaedah homeopati juga amat penting dalam
pengurusan kesakitan.
Dalam kajian yang telah dilakukan oleh beberapa pakar dan saintis,
mereka dapati bahawa kesakitan yang di alami oleh pesakit semuanya
adalah dalam pemikiran dan psikologi (Gus Dur, 2001). Amien et.al.
(2001) tidak setuju dengan kenyataan itu dan ...

LOCATION & ARRANGEMENT OF

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

E.g. Correct Reference for a Book

Author (s) : Surname plus initials:
Year of Publication:
Title plus subtitles:
Publishers name:
Place of Publications:
Edition (after first):
For e.g.
Altschul, A.T. (1972) Patient Nurse Interaction: A Study
of Interaction Patterns in Acute Psychiatric Wards.
Churchill Livingstone, Edinbrugh.

LOCATION & ARRANGEMENT OF

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

BOOKS
BOOKS
Name (s), followed by initial (s) of author. Year of
publication in brackets. The title which should be
underlined (italic, bold), the edition, volume number
(Vol) should be given, followed by the town of origin
and the publisher.
E.g. Ahmad Ramli & Hamid, A.Khairuddin (2002)

Healthy Living in Ipoh, 2nd. Ed. Ipoh: Bouganvilla.

Abdullah, B.U. & Levine, E. (1979) Better Nursing
Care, 5th Ed., Vol. 1, New York: Collier Macmillan.

LOCATION & ARRANGEMENT OF

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

BOOKS
BOOKS
If the book has been edited it is presented thus:
E.g. Smith, JP (ed) (1981) Nursing Science in Nursing

Practice, London: Butterworths.

N.B. Edited means the named individual i.e. JP
Smith compiled the book from the works of several
different authors, rather than writing the book him /
herself.

LOCATION & ARRANGEMENT OF

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

E.g. for Journals/ Articles

Author (s) :
Surname plus initials:
Date of Issue:
Title of article plus subtitles:
CAPITALISE Name of Journal:
Volume and part numbers:
Inclusive page numbers:
For e.g.
Lancaster, A. (1975) Guidelines to research in Nursing Compiling References and Bibliographies, Nursing
Times Vol. 71, No.22 .pp 49-51.

LOCATION & ARRANGEMENT OF

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

JOURNALS/
JOURNALS/ARTICLES
ARTICLES
Name (s), followed by initial (s) of author. Year of
publication in brackets. If several papers by the same
author are cited: a,b,c etc are placed after the year of
publications as in the text. The title of the paper, title of
journal which is underlined (italic, bold), volume number
(Vol), part number, first and last page numbers without the
prefix pp.

E.g. Beckingham, A.C. (1974c) Identifying problems for

Nursing Research, International Nursing Review,
Vol.21,2,49-52.

LOCATION & ARRANGEMENT OF

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
HARVARD SYSTEM

JOURNALS/
JOURNALS/ARTICLES
ARTICLES
For daily publications, the full date of the issue may be
given instead of the volume number. Either way is correct.

E.g. Bond, S. (1987) A positive contribution to practice

Nursing Mirror 2, pp 20-43.

LOCATION & ARRANGEMENT OF

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
HARVARD SYSTEM

In and Cited by
Sack, O. (1971) as cited in Seedhouse, D (1986)

Schrock, RA (1981) Philosophical Perspectives. In L. Smith JP (ed)

(1981) Nursing Science in Nursing Practice London: Butterworths.

REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

HARVARD SYSTEM
WORLD WIDE WEB
International Federation of Library / Associations. August 12,1998
10 Jan. 2001http://www.ifla.org/I/training/citation/citing.htm
Barbiero. D. (1996) The First American in Age of Electronic: Post
Modern Culture6.2
10 Jan. 2001 http://muse.jhu.edu.jpurnals/postmodern_culture/
V.006/6.2_barbiero.html>.

REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

HARVARD SYSTEM
Abu M.K. (1994) Persepsi Kesakitan. Nursing Times.p37-38.
Budin T.A. (1998) Faktor Yang Memberi Kesan Kepada Kesakitan. Malaysia
Medical Bulletin.
KhairuddinM.C.(1980) Management of Pain. 6th Ed. Prentice Hall. USA
International Federation of Library Association. August 12, 1998.
<http://www.ifla.org/I/training/citation/citing.httm.
Tan K.H. (1995) Supervision and Management. Federal Publication. Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia.
Ahmad A.R. (2001) Kursus Pos Basik Kecemasan: Perspectives. Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.