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Water Resources & Water Pollution 1, Which of the following irrigation methods can potentially reduce water use the mast? A) Laser-level irrigation B) Drip irrigation systems C) Conventional gravity flow systems D) Conventional center-pivot irrigation E) Flood irrigation 2, The majority of farmers in the world A) imigate their land extensively B) imigate their land moderately ©) depend on the rain for water D) compete with city dwellers for water supplies to isrigate E) decrease their land's value by inrigating 3. One way to increase fresh water supply is to pump salt water at high pressure through a thin membrane that only allows through water molecules. This is known most specifically as B) distillation D) salinization A) osmosis ©) desalinization E) reverse osmosis 4, The majority of the California population lives south, of Sacramento while 75% of precipitation occurs north of Sacramento. The California Water Project then uses a large scale water transfer system to transport water to southern California, which uses 74% of the water for farming. However, there is much debate about how much water to transport and the environmental impacts of this transportation. Southern California needs more water for growing urban populations. Northem Califomnia however stresses environmental damage. Which of the following is the best solution? A) Improve irrigation efficiency B) Allocate additional water to southern California ©) Reduce water flow to northem California and instead divert water from the Colorado River D) Dig for more groundwater in underground aquifers E) Build more saline water treatment plants along the coast 5. High levels of fecal coliform bacteria are detected in a lake. Which of the following could have caused this? A) Saltwater intrusion B) Increased dissolved oxygen levels C) Introduction of alien species D) Acid rain E) Runoff from a nearby livestock farm 6. Countries use varying amounts of their freshwater supply for agricultural demands due to which of the following reasons? 1 Climate Il Pollution IIL Population size A) Tonly B) Ionly C) Monly D) Land It E) Land II 7. All of the following have been suggested as methods for reducing wastewater in irrigation EXCEPT. A) leveling fields with lasers B) lining irrigation ditches with concrete ©) using polyculture D) imrigating with treated urban wastewater E) providing farmers with access to freshwater commons 8. Microisrigation is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT A) adrip or trickle water delivery system B) a system of dishes and holding tanks delivering water to large patches of soil ©) a forty to sixty percent reduction in water needs for imigation D) areduction in the amount of salt deposited in the soil by irrigation water E) an increase in the precision with which fertilizer can be applied 9 10 i 13 ‘The Aral Sea has become severely diminished in both volume and surface area primarily due to A) rising temperatures due to global warming B) strong winds and dry air masses generated by El ‘Nifio's of ever-increasing strength ©) extensive irrigation in its surrounding area D) subsidence caused by the depletion of aquifers E) an extended, decade-long drought from a pollution-related thermal inversion Agricultural water use Lis expected to decrease in the 21st century IL is greatest in North Ame IIL is more inefficient in less-developed countries A) Tonly ©) Ml only E) and Ill only ‘The most agricultural land under irrigation is found in A) Affica C) Europe E) South America B) only D) Tand I only B) Asia D) North America Freshwater is most commonly used for A) drinking B) xeriscaping C) landscaping D) farming E) industry ‘Which of the following is a viable altemative to chlorination of sewage water? A) activated sludge treatment B) UV light C) trickling filters D) electrodialysis E) alum flocculation 14. The best solution for an underdeveloped agrarian nation in short supply of water would most likely be to A) use cloud seeding techniques B) use more efficient irrigation techniques C) towicebergs ashore D) build desalinization plants that use reverse osmosis E) build desalinization plants that use distillation 15, Desalinization as a method of producing fresh water A) is cheaper and more energy efficient than most other methods of producing fresh water B) is used all widely in many coastal areas in developed countries C) isused mostly in coastal areas of arid countries such as Saudi Arabia D) produces alot of harmful air pollutants near the desalinization factories E) produces mountains of salt which are harmlessly disposed of into the ocean 16. The majority of freshwater used in industrial processes is used to ‘A) heat nuclear reactors B) cool nuclear reactors C) insulate power plants D) cool power plants E) supply drinking water 17. Since 1950, water use in the United States has I decreased for homes IL decreased for industry IIL quadrupled A) Ionly B) [only C) Monly D) Land III only E) Il and II only 18, Gray and black water I can be reused as drinking water IL are wastes derived from coal mining IIL are radioactive wastes A) Tonly B) only C) only D) Land Il only E) none of the above 19. When groundwater becomes contaminated it can eventually cleanse itself of A) sewage C) arsenic E) none of the above 20. Which of the following is NOT a high-risk health problem when found in drinking water? A) Gasoline C) Pesticides E) Arsenic 21, Of the following, which would most likely be the most serious immediate problem with China's Three Gorges dam upstream of the Yangtze River? B) septic waste D) fluoride B) Organic solvents D) Carbon dioxide A) Water pollution because of reduced river flow B) Massive flooding of land downstream the ‘Yangtze River during spring C) Aradical change to the regions intricate ecosystem D) The flooding of large areas of farmland and homes behind the dam E) Reduction of nutrients downstream of the ‘Yangtze River Las Vegas, Nevada is located in the middle of the Mojave Desert. Ten feet of water is required to keep grass green on residential lawns. Whet can be done by the government and residents to conserve water? I. Residents can choose to do xeriscaping instead of traditional landscaping IL The government can artificially raise water prices IIL Building additional water meters and charging for municipal water use A) Tonly B) Ionly ©) Land I only D) Mand Il only E) Il, and Il 23, Scientists have noticed that after a certain town has become more and more developed, the local lake has recorded steadily increasing water levels. Which of the following human actions could have influenced this? A) The construction of large parking lots and roads in the region B) The clearing of vegetation for farmland C) The construction of additional private wells in the region D) The construction of homesteads with additional septic tanks E) The construction of a dam upstream of a river that feeds into the lake. 24. In order to save and conserve water quantity and quality, which of the following is NOT advisable? A) Installing water saving toilets B) Using water fresheners in toilets C) Installing toilet dams D) Flushing toilets only when necessary E) Fixing water leaks in toilets 25, All of the following are ways conserve water EXCEPT A) using low-flow toilets B) taking long showers rather than long baths C) using gray water for irrigation D) watering lawns during the early morning or the evening E) tuming the water off while shaving, brushing teeth 26, For the average American family, the single largest portion of water consumption is generally for A) Gushing toilets B) bathing C) lawnisrigation —_D) laundry E) washing dishes 27. Removal of large amounts of water from freshwater bodies may cause A) excess soil erosion B) ground water depletion C) increased surface runoff D) thermal pollution E) all of the above 28. Rainwater drains into a stream, lake, reservoir, or other body water from what kind of region? A) Floodplain B) Watershed C) Wetland D) Swamp E) Water table 29. The Colorado River has economically transformed the United States by providing a crucial supply of freshwater to many of the western states. However large amounts of withdrawal from the Colorado River also has the effect of I Increased downstream sedimentation IL Increased organic and chemical waste in aquifers IIL Increased saltwater contamination of aquifers A) Tonly B) only ©) Ml only D) Land Il only E) 1,1, and I 30. Most of the fresh water in the world is A) in the atmosphere B) in lakes C) deep underground D) inice caps or glaciers E) dready in use 31, Whet percent of the Earth's water is not freshwater? A) 975% B) 75% C) 50% D) 25% E) 10% 32. Negative environmental consequences associated with large scale water transfers have been confirmed without debate in which of the following areas? A) Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania B) Three Gorges Dam, China C) Colorado River Basin, US D) Aral Sea, former USSR E) Aswan High Dam, Egypt 33 34 35 36 37. The desalinization of sea water is commonly »mplished by A) fractional distillation B) reverse osmosis C) electrolysis D) trickle irrigation E) phytoremediation ac Mono Lake in California is suffering from problems arising from A) air pollution B) acid deposition C) diversion D) cultural eutrophication E) saltwater intrusion Saltwater intrusion is of the greatest concen A) in the Chicago area B) on Long Island C) in the San Diego area D) in the Salt Lake City area E) in northern New Hampshire After the Aswan High Dam was constructed in the 1960's, all of the following occurred EXCEPT A) an increase in soil salinization B) lowered crop productivity C) a build-up of snail populations that led to schistosomiasis in humans D) an increase in fish catches in the Mediterranean E) anincrease in the cost and use of fertilizer Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, local water systems must ‘A) monitor their drinking water for contaminants with funds provided by the federal government B) monitor their drinking water for contaminants with funds provided by the state government C) monitor their drinking water for contaminants ‘without assistance from state and federal government D) rely on the federal government to monitor their drinking water for contaminants E) rely on the state government to monitor their drinking water for contaminants 38. Withdrawal of fresh water from streams, lakes, and underground sources has resulted in which of the following? 1 Intrusion of ocean salt water into groundwater IL Groundwater depletion IIL Alteration of water quality and consequently changing ecological processes A) Tonly B) only C) Land Il only D) Mand Il only E) 1,1, and I 39. Human impact on the water cycl following except A) adding nutrients through agricultural runoff B) increased risk of floods C) increased risk of landslides D) saltwater intrusion E) increased water levels involves all of the 40. Why is ground water sometimes considered a nonrenewable resource? A) It can not be used once it reaches a certain depth B) Itis often contaminated by pollutants C) Itis part of a continuous cycle D) Itis removed at arate faster than it can be replaced E) Itisnot anonreneweble resource 41. All of the following are primary causes of thermal pollution EXCEPT A) soil erosion B) the deforestation of shorelines C) coolant use in nuclear reactors D) run-off from paved surfaces E) decrease in dissolved oxygen content ts ‘Thermal pollution primarily affe A) desert ecosystems B) aquatic ecosystems C) forest ecosystems D) urban ecosystems E) tundra ecosystems 43. Thermal pollution A) destroys aquatic life by increasing dissolv oxygen levels, B) makes aquatic organisms more vulnerable to parasites and toxic chemicals C) is mainly a result of overexposure to the sun's rays D) can be prevented by the ample use of air conditioning E) none of the above 44. Which of the following observations is NOT a sign that a coastal water area is polluted by municipal sewage and industrial waste? A) The water tums dari red or dark brown B) The beach smells like rotting eggs during low tide C) There is a large oxygen-depleted zone D) One fourth of the people using the beach develop ear infections, sore throats, or other diseases E) Fish are found with cancerous sores and rotting fins 45. Lowlevels of indicate that water is safe to drink I dissolved oxygen IL biological oxygen demand UL. fecal coliform bacteria A) Tonly B) Tonly C) Ionly D) Tand IIT E) land IIT 46. Which of the following would not increase the biochemical oxygen demand of asiver? A) Addition of decomposing plant matter to the river B) Addition of raw sewage to the river C) Addition of dead fish to the river D) Addition of live fish to the river E) All ofthe above 47. Which of the following is NOT a common source of groundwater contamination? A) Water pumping wells B) Landfills C) Road salt D) Hazardous waste injection wells E) Cesspools 48. Which of the following bodies of water have suffered large amounts of fertilizer pollution, causing eutrophication and anoxic conditions but have made major improvements due to government actions? 1 Chesapeake Bay IL Gulf of Mexico IIL. Great Lakes A) Tonly C) Monly E) 1,11, and Ill 49. The chlorination of water is widely applied because B) only D) Tand I only A) itimproves tooth and bone formation B) it removes toxic metals and ions from the water C) it decreases the risk of water-bome illness D) itis less expensive than ozonation E) itis less expensive than fluoridation 50. Drip irrigation promises to A) spoil groundwater with pesticide and fertilizer-rich runoff B) eliminate the problems associated with monoculture C) enrich the heavy metal content of the soil D) increase efficiency and crop yields E) provide a steady source of nitrogen for lawns and perennial crops 51, Biochemical oxygen demand (BODs) is ameasure of A) the total amount of oxygen required by the animals in an ecosystem for a five day period B) the total amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to break down sewage C) the total amount of oxygen required by the animals and plants (at night) in a given system D) the total amount of oxygen required by a community of aerobic organisms in a five day period E) the total amount of oxygen required by an aerobic organism in a twenty-four hour period

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