Magnetism

What do you think?

Section 1

An iron nail is attracted to an iron magnet but not

to another nail. Two magnets can attract each
other.
Is either end of the nail attracted to either end of the
magnet?
Is either end of one magnet attracted to either end of
the other magnet? Explain.
Both are made of iron, but the magnet behaves
differently. Why?
How does the nail change when near the magnet so
that it is attracted?
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Magnetism

Section 1

Properties of Magnets
Magnets attract metals classified as
ferromagnetic.
Iron, nickel, cobalt

Magnets have two poles, north and south.

Like poles repel each other.
Opposite poles attract each other.

When free to rotate, the north pole points toward

the north.

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Magnetism

Magnetic Domains
In ferromagnetic materials,
groups of atoms form
magnetic domains within the
material.
In a paper clip or nail, the
domains are randomly
arranged.
In a magnet, the domains are
more aligned.

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Section 1

Magnetism

Section 1

Magnetic Domains
What would happen to the
domains?
They would better align.

Suppose you rubbed

a paper clip
repeatedly in one
direction with the
north pole of a
magnet.

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How would the paper clip be

different afterward?
It would behave as a magnet.

Would it remain magnetized?

The domains would gradually
become more randomly
oriented.

Magnetism

Section 1

Magnetic Fields
What object is used to detect a gravitational field?
Any mass - when released it falls in the direction of the
field

What object was used to detect an electric field?

A positively charged test particle - when released it
moves in the direction of the field

What object would be used to detect a magnetic

field?
A compass - the north pole points in the direction of the
magnetic field

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Magnetism

Section 1

Magnetic Fields
Compass needles show
the direction of the field.
Out of the north and into
the south

The distance between

field lines indicates the
strength of the field.
Stronger near the poles

The field exists within the

magnet as well.

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Magnetism

Section 1

Earths Magnetic Field

The north pole of a magnet
points toward the
geographic north pole or
Earths south magnetic
pole.
Opposites attract

The magnetic poles move

around.
The magnetic and
geographic poles are about
1500 km apart.

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Magnetism

Section 1

Earths Magnetic Field

Which way would a compass
needle point in the U.S.?
Toward the north and slightly
downward into Earth
Field lines go into Earth as seen
in the diagram; they are not
parallel to the surface.

Earths poles have reversed

many times in the past, as
evidenced by core samples
showing differing magnetic
field directions.

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Magnetism

Section 2

What do you think?

Electromagnets are used every day to operate
doorbells and to lift heavy objects in scrap yards.
Why is the prefix electro- used to describe these
magnets?
Is electricity involved in their operation or do they create
electricity?

Would such a magnet require the use of direct current

or alternating current?
Why?

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Magnetism

Magnetism from Electricity

A compass needle held near a
current carrying wire will be
deflected.
Electric current must produce a
magnetic field.
Discovered by Hans Christian
Oersted

Many compasses placed

around a vertical current
carrying wire align in a circle
around the wire.
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Section 2

Magnetism

Section 2

Right-Hand Rule
To find the direction of the
magnetic field (B) produced by a
current (I):
Point your right thumb in the
direction of the current
Curl your fingers and they will show
the direction of the circular field
around the wire.

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Magnetism

Section 2

Magnetic Fields
C

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Use the right hand rule to

decide what direction the
magnetic field would be
at points A, B, and C.
Since magnetic fields are
vectors, how would the
net field appear in the
center of the loop?

Magnetism

Section 2

Magnetic Field of a Current Loop

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

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Magnetism

Section 2

Magnetic Field Around a Current Loop

Magnets and loops of wire
have magnetic fields that
are similar.
Solenoids are coils of wire
similar to the single loop.
More loops strengthens the
field
Placing an iron rod in the
center strengthens the field
as well
Called an electromagnet

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Magnetism

Section 3

Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field

The right-hand rule for the force
on a moving charged particle
Thumb in the direction a positive
particle is moving
Fingers in the direction of the
magnetic field
The force will be in the direction of
your palm

For negative particles, the force

is out the back of your hand.

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Magnetism

Section 3

Force on a Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

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Magnetism

Section 3

Magnetic Force as Centripetal Force

Use the right-hand rule to
determine the direction of
the force.
Which direction would the
force be when the charge
is at the top? the left side?
the bottom?
Always directed toward the
center
Because of this magnetic
force, the charge moves in a
circle.
The force is centripetal.

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Magnetism

Section 3

Parallel Current-Carrying Wires

Current carrying wires create a magnetic
field which interacts with the moving
electrons in the nearby wire.
Currents in the same direction produce
attraction.
Currents in opposite directions cause the wires
to repel.

Use the-right hand rule to verify the

direction of the force for each of the four
wires shown.

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Magnetism

Section 3

Applications - Cathode Ray Tube

Televisions and computer
monitors use CRTs.
A magnetic field deflects a
beam of electrons back
and forth across the
screen to create an
image.

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Magnetism

Section 3

Applications - Speakers
The forces on electrons as
they move back and forth
in the coil of wire cause
the coil to vibrate.
The coil is attached to the
paper cone, so sound
waves are produced by
the vibration.

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