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Cameron Wheeler

HIS. 4100
12/10/14

The Demonization of Marx: The Fear of Equality


Demonization is a form of reductionism, which is basically the process of reducing
complex ideas to simplistic terms in order to better understand the concept. However, most of the
attempts at understanding and explaining Marx have diluted and distorted his works. By
attempting to understand a complex concept by fragmenting it into individual segments, the
cohesive nature, and thus the meaning, of the idea can be lost. This is especially true in regards to
Marx and his critique of capitalism, wherein he asserts that the very dynamics of capitalism and
its internal contradictions are inherently self-perpetuating and ultimately self-destructive cycles.1
The public memory of Karl Marx and his ideological assertions have been intentionally distorted
into gross inaccuracies, exaggerations, and assumptions by various institutional mediums. The
reason for this opposition is that his assertions are inherently correct regarding the dynamics of
capitalism and his conception of historical materialism. The most pervasive and effective
mediums through which this demonization was achieved are the media and public education.
To echo both Ernest Mandel and David Harvey, two Marxist scholars, Marxs long-term
predictions are hauntingly accurate in hindsight. Marx asserted that technological progress would
increase drastically, productivity and intensity of labor would see an accelerated increase, capital
would become more centralized and concentrated, rate of profit would decline, and that there

1 Karl Marx, Capital, Volume One in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker,
2d ed.( New York: Norton, 1978), 327.
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would be an inevitable class struggle between capital and labor.(pg 23. Introduction Capital) In
the past fifty years alone the exponential innovation of technology is absolutely staggering,
particularly with the creation of internet technology. The rapid acceleration in technological
progress in due in part to the notion of competition inherent in capitalism that pushes innovation.
To quote Marx directly, Technology reveals the active relation of man to nature, the direct
process of the production of his life, and thereby it also lays bare the process of the production of
the social relations of his life, and of the mental conceptions that flow from those
relations.(493) However, the process of technological progress is a double-edged sword for the
capitalist: competition and the pursuit of surplus value forces the capitalists to innovate for
temporary advantages over competitors
The first volume of Marxs Capital has been largely discounted because it tackles the
capitalist system on the grounds of classic economics. In short, Marx critiques capitalism in
Volume I under the notion of free-market capitalism. However, since the 1970s the United
States moved to pursue an agenda of neoliberalism, which had the effect of making Marxs
analysis in Volume I much more relevant to contemporary political economy. To quote Harvey
directly, Sad to report, Marxs analysis is all too relevant to our contemporary condition.(160)
A popular quote from Jeff Sparrow, a modern Marxist, reads as follows: Everything we
feared about communism, that we would lose our houses and savings and be forced to labor
eternally for meager wages with no voice in the system - has come true under capitalism.2 The
very notion of we in this specific quote refers to society as a whole, or the collective memory.
This fear of communism (and ultimately Marxism by association) that Sparrow refers to is

2 "Blogging as Praxis." Blogging as Praxis. Accessed March 4, 2015.


http://anticapitalist.tumblr.com/.
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entirely socially constructed through these mediums in which the public trust is invested.3 Just as
water quenches fire and heat evaporates water, it is in the nature of capitalism to provide the
culture in which to suppress the ideology that stands in direct opposition to its essence, Marxism.
The collective agreement to place trust in public institutions creates the authority of
knowledge that these institutions hold. By deferring the responsibility of critical thinking and
investigative questioning to the state and affiliated corporations consumers are free to be
distracted. Under a Marxist perspective this notion regarding the authority of knowledge,
coupled with the commodification and privatization of various facets of education (from
textbooks to schools in general) serves as a self-perpetuating cycle of social ignorance.4 Those
who are able to see beyond the shadows and lies of their culture will never be understood, let
alone believed, by the masses. This is predominantly the reason that there has been such a severe
demonization of Marxs ideologies. His philosophical and economic (and ultimately ethical)
assertions are incredibly complex in comparison to most previous conceptions, particularly due
to the fact that his concepts are some of the first to deviate from the canon of Western
philosophic and economic thought.
Marx asserts that, The so-called historical presentation of development is founded, as a
rule, on the fact that the latest form regards the previous ones as steps leading up to itself, and

3 Throughout the process of this demonization historically communist regimes have


often been incorrectly conflated with Marxism. This is primarily due to the transitory
state of a lower phase of capitalism that is required to enter into communism as
depicted by Marx. Marxism at its essence is an ideology, a lens through which to
view and understand the world around us.
4 Karl Marx, Contribution to Critique of Political Economy, in The Marx-Engels
Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker, 2d ed.( New York: Norton, 1978), 24.
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it always conceives them one-sidedly.5 The success of the dominant class is portrayed as the
prevailing narrative of history, ignoring, exploiting, or minimalizing the role of those that do not
fit the bill so to speak. Historically marginalized groups, including indigenous populations,
women, non-whites the Jewish, the Irish, the LGBT community, and many other minority
groups. As such the masses see history as a natural progression to the present, with every step
along the way viewed as a necessary obstacle to overcome no matter the price. The glaring
weakness with this ideology, as Marx and many others point out, is that it creates a particular
version of the truth that is considered correct above all else, which in itself is a paradox. Truth is
singular and its various versions that exist within society are simply untruths. The status quo,
societal norms, mainstream, and many other terms are used to signify a collective thought of
the majority. These notions are taken as truth, as what is right, and as what is permissible, which
leaves no room for questioning, critical thought, or true individuality. But the truth is that
which we experience for ourselves, what McKenna called the feeling of immediate experience.
In reality truth is the totality of all perspectives and lived experiences. The capitalistic system
dehumanizes mankind into a mechanical vessel exploited to concentrate socially constructed
wealth into the hands of the few. Therefore the passivity of knowledge is necessary in order to
justify and perpetuate the given system.

Marxs Ideology: A New Narrative


Marxs economic and philosophical contributions to humanity are incredibly controversial, the
most prominent being his notion of historical materialism. This idea effectively serves as a polar
opposite to the prevailing opinions and scholarship of contemporary society, which seeks to
5 Karl Marx, The Grundrisse in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker, 2d
ed.( New York: Norton, 1978), 242.
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understand and describe a static conception of human nature. For Marx historical materialism
flips the notion of a static human nature on its head by claiming that human nature is anything
but. Rather our consciousness and characteristics are directly determined by our sensuous contact
with the physical world. However, Marx goes even further in claiming that the economic mode
of production dominant in any given period of history directly determines the given social
relations. This means that the essence of humanity is dynamic and subject to change. He further
claims that this material contact with the world that defines humans is classified as the prevailing
economic mode of production, which then determines the relations of production, i.e. the social
and political structure of a given society.
Related to Marxs notion of historical materialism is the notion of his dialectic. The
dialectical approach developed and utilized by Marx and Engels is typically referred to as the
materialist dialectic and provides a framework through which to view the world. Materialism
asserts the primacy of the material world: in short, matter precedes thought.6 This notion and
influences from popular philosophers at the time led Marx to criticize religion as the primary
alienating factor for humanity. But through further study of Feuerbach and Bauer, Marx later
came to view the economic life rather than the religious as the primary alienating factor of
humanity.7 Money replaces religion as the ultimate illusion and dehumanizing factor in society.8
This theory holds that the world is material in which all phenomena in the universe consist of
matter in motion, wherein all things are interdependent and interconnected, and they develop
6 Singer, Peter. Marx: A Very Short Introduction. [Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2000.

7 Karl Marx, On The Jewish Question in Marx: A Very Short Introduction, Peter
Singer. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
8 Singer, 27.
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accordingly. For Marx the progression of human history has been the increase in productivity
through the struggle of opposing forces. This materialist conception of history seeks to view the
changes in human society as reflections of changes in the means of production.

Mandel & Lenin: Contextual Concepts


Ernest Mandels work, Late Capitalism, uses the framework Marx created, his materialist
dialectic, in order to continue the critique of capitalism. His work is most famous in Marxist
ideology for resurrecting the notion of long waves in capitalism. Mandel describes these long
waves as overarching trends in the history of the development of capitalism, in which ten-year
cycles of economic growth or decline result in longer patterns of economic turbulence (which
can be viewed in roughly fifty-year cycles).9 The primary purpose of resurrecting this theory of
long waves is to depict the notion that capitalism thrives on the dynamic boom and bust cycle of
the economy. But even further, capitalism not only benefits from this turbulent cycle of growth
and decline, it actually creates and perpetuates this unequal development. Even more insidious
than the self-perpetuating and cyclical nature of capitalisms unequal development are the social
constructions it produces. For the scope of this paper the lens will be particularly focused on the
social construction of knowledge and the passivity in which the capitalistic system depicts
knowledge. The privatization and commodification of culture creates a script to be followed
rather than the potential to create culture for oneself.
Similar to Marxs works, Mandels Late Capitalism is as much a work of social theory as
one of economic theory. Rather than Marxs scientific and amoral approach Mandel makes
various claims regarding the ethical depravity that is capitalism. Most notably he claims that,

9 Mandel, Ernest. Late capitalism. Revised ed. London: NLB, 1975.


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The worst form of waste, inherent in late capitalism, lies in the misuse of existing material and
human forces of production; instead of being used for the development of free men and women,
they are increasingly employed in the production of useless and harmful things.10 That is the
nature of mass consumption coupled with the notion of planned obsolescence that characterizes
late capitalism. The very title of his work describes the third stage in the development of
capitalism in which all branches of the economy have been fully industrialized for the first
time.11 This is not to say that the capitalist mode of production has universalized in any way. The
Third World as it is currently labeled and understood is never sold the latest industrial
technology, but rather the older models that had most recently been replaced in what is deemed
as first world or developed countries. In short, the stage of late capitalism is merely an
extension of monopoly capitalist relations.12
This unequal development is not only necessary for capitalism to function optimally but
is directly caused by its internal dynamics.13 For if full industrialization of every branch of the
economy in every country around the world were to occur, and full automation of every industry
were to occur, capitalism would cease to exist, as surplus profits would erode. This is why the
development of capitalism is the subsequent development of an unequal relationship between
industrialized countries and the Third World countries which historically have typically been
colonies of powerful European nations. Mandel asserts that the very reason the Industrial

10 Mandel, 216
11 Mandel, 191.
12 Mandel, 9.
13 Lenin, Vladimir Il, and Henry M. Christman. Essential Works of Lenin. New York:
Bantam Books, 1966, 236.
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Revolution occurred in the West is due to 300 years of colonial conquest and trade.14 These
relations developed into the capitalist world market and ushered in the circulation of
commodities to both developed and developing nations without allowing the most advanced
mode of production to penetrate the Third World. Throughout the era of imperialism,
investments in the colonies provided a permanent source of surplus-profit for the mother nations.
This relationship acted as a parasitic drain on the resources and productive labor of the colonial
nations and accelerated the rate of capital accumulation in the mother countries.15
The period of imperialism in recent world history is perhaps the most important factor in
terms of explaining the unequal development of various countries in the world market. The
Third World is merely the result of imperialistic and colonial policies that exploited both the
labor and natural resources of the various colonies. This facilitated the development of capitalism
as we understand it and prolonged a situation of underdevelopment and dependence among
countries within the so-called Third World. To quote Mandel directly, The process of the
imperialist export of capital accordingly suffocated the economic development of the Third
World.16 Lenin's Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism is a significant component,
integral in fact, in establishing a Marxist theory on the stages of capitalism.17 Mandels assertions
regarding the different stages in the development of capitalism from Freely Competitive
Capitalism to Monopoly Capitalism to Late Capitalism draw heavily from Lenins work,
14 Mandel, 60
15 Mandel, 77
16 Mandel, 55.
17 Mcdonough, Terremce. "Lenin, Imperialism, and the Stages of Capitalist
Development." Science & Society 59, no. 3 (1995): 351. Accessed November 24,
2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40403507?origin=JSTOR-pdf.
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primarily his writings regarding imperialism, which later scholars would morph into dependency
theory. For Lenin, imperialism in its simplest terms is the monopoly stage of capitalism.18
The three stages of capitalism as outlined by Lenin and Mandel are characterized by the
industrialization of domestic markets and the ensuing expansion of these new modes and
relations of production. The first stage dubbed Freely Competitive Capitalism lasted roughly
from 1700 to 1850 and is largely characterized by the growth of industrial capital in domestic
markets. The second stage, Monopoly Capitalism, ranged from 1850 until 1940 and is
characterized by the imperialistic development of international markets as well as the
exploitation of colonial territories. The rapid industrialization that had taken place in the previous
stage of capitalism in Western nations allowed for the rapid accumulation of capital. This
concentration of wealth and technology facilitated the exploitative imperialistic foreign policies
of European nations, as well as the United States. For Lenin the stage of Monopoly Capitalism is
the most crucial in the development of the modern political economy as well as the later notion
of dependency theory. The third stage of capitalism, Late Capitalism, began in the 1940s and is
ongoing. This stages dominant features include the multinational corporations, globalized
markets and labor, mass consumption coupled with planned obsolescence, and the creation of
space for liquid multinational flows of capital. In short, late capitalism sees the global
penetration and circulation of capital and commodities while preventing the universalization of
the most advanced modes of production.
Understanding the three stages of capitalism as described in the Marxian fashion is crucial to
comprehending the popular depiction of Marx and his ideologies. In conjunction with Marxs

18 Lenin, Vladimir Il, and Henry M. Christman. Essential Works of Lenin. New York:
Bantam Books, 1966, 237.
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concept of historical materialism and his assertions regarding the dynamics of capitalism, the
development of capitalism through these three stages has systematically worked to suppress and
distort Marxist thought. By understanding Marxism as a polar opposite to capitalism, in that
Marxism arose as a critique to capitalism, one can begin to realize that capitalisms historical
success is naturally suppressive of Marxist ideology. As with most opposing ideologies the
success of one inevitably relies on the suffocation of the other. The notion of imperialism serving
the economic interests of developed nations at the expense of their respective colonies serves to
solve the first crisis in the history of Marxist theory: how capitalism recovered from the Great
Depression of the 1930s.19 Mandel expands upon Lenins notion of Third World drain by
developing the theory of long waves in capitalism, particularly illustrating how the system
perpetuates itself through long-term cycles of growth and decline. The continuous agents of
distortion and suppression of these understandings have historically been the public institutions
of the United States.

Newspaper Articles: From Marxs Death to the 1950s


The immediate reaction of most American newspapers upon receiving news of the death of Karl
Marx in London on March 16, 1883, was rather varied. However, this comes as no surprise as
history cannot be analyzed, and therefore constructed, until after it occurs.20 Even in a selection
of just a few newspaper articles from around the country during the time of Marxs death it is
clear that a specific narrative regarding Marx and his ideologies had not yet taken hold of public
memory. The Boston Daily Advertiser called Marx one of the most remarkable men of our time
19 Mcdonough, 340.
20 By defining the analysis of history as the same as the construction of history I
am referring to the socio-political construction of culture that is derived from the
economic elite.
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and appears to recognize his works as more than philosophical theories but an ethical argument
against capitalism.21 Mandel and many other Marxist scholars highlight the ethical plea that is
evident and integral to Marxs works and ideology. The Daily Inter Ocean depicted Marx as a
cold and calculated man whose ideologies were only given warmth by the tenderness of his wife.
This perspective correlates Marxs communist views with an analytical perspective that is devoid
of emotion towards humanity, which simply could not be further from the truth.22 Marx himself,
in his earlier works, made various assertions about human essence, namely that humans should
be free to pursue their utmost passions and desires.23 In an article from The Cleveland Morning
Herald Karl Marx is described with little to no apparent bias. The author merely expounds upon
the known details of his life and his many notable accomplishments and writings. However, it is
made evident that Marxs Das Capital had already been translated into Russian but not into
French or English.24 This notation is evident that the public understanding of a dichotomy
between capitalism and communism had already begun to take form.

Newspaper Articles from the 1920s

21 "Karl Marx, Whose Death Occurred Yesterday in London, Was One of the Most
Remarkable Men of Our Time..." Boston Daily Advertiser, March 13, 1883. Accessed
December 4, 2014.
22 "Dr. Marx, the Socialist." The Daily Inter Ocean, January 11, 1882. Accessed
December 4, 2014.
23 Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 in The Marx-Engels
Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker, 2d ed.( New York: Norton, 1978), 103.
24 "Karl Marx The Founder and Head of the Internations." The Cleveland Morning
Herald, September 7, 1871. Accessed December 4, 2014.
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An article published on April 1, 1921, in The Washington Post describes a court case in
which a judge in New York decided to deny the Lithuania Workers Literature society their
motion to substitute Karl Marx as their governing ideology as opposed to their affiliation with
the Socialist Party.25 The article noted that the courts decision in the case stated that Marxian
ideology advocates for the violent overthrow of the established government. The most ironic fact
about this notion is that the United States Government was founded upon principles of civil
disobedience in which the citizens could overthrow the government should ever it become
tyrannical. Thomas Jefferson famously said, The tree of liberty will be watered with the blood
of tyrants.26 Violent revolution becomes absolutely necessary when the authority of the state
becomes impossible to control. Ultimately Marx, Lenin, Mandel and many others believed that
the capitalist system would inevitably end in violent revolution.

Newspaper Articles from the 1950s


One particular newspaper article that characterizes the widespread witch-hunt for Marxists
comes from the Arkansas State Press, published in September of 1952 that is headlined,
Communist Leader, Ex-Tenant Farmer Describes Violence against Negro. In this article Pettis
Perry, the subject of the headline, describes a situation in New York in which a group of peace
and democracy advocates were the target of police violence.27 He pays particular attention to the
25 "COURT OUTLAWS MARXIANS." The Washington Post (1877-1922), Apr 01, 1921.
26 Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith, August 30, 1787, in Jefferson
Quotes & Family Letters, tjrs.monticello.org/letter/100
27 "Communist Leader, Ex-Tenant Farmer Describes Violence Against
Negro." Arkansas State Press, September 5, 1952. Accessed December 4, 2014.
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systemic violence brought against the black community and asserts that this is reactionary to
programs in the south that would give blacks the ability to determine their own destiny. This
notion is particularly persuasive considering the reality of poll taxes in the south that
disenfranchised blacks. Yet despite this acknowledgement of racial tension Perry attempts to
unite the working class of both the black and white communities in order to come together for a
common cause.28 This particular article provides insight into the intersectionality of oppression,
specifically how categories and labels serve to divide and stratify the masses in order to
disempower them. This can easily be seen by merely studying history, the progression of civil
rights and the notion of universal human rights in particular. Racism, classism, sexism, heteronormative culture, and other ideological classifications inevitably stratify societies into
hierarchies based on these value-laden judgments.
Another article published in 1950 from The Washington Post entitled Marxism To Music
paints a portrait of Marxists with a very broad brush.29 Based on very limited encounters and
specifically vocal sects of Marxian ideology the author of the article claimed that communists
take credit for everything under the sun. The particular sect of communists that the article
attacked attempted to claim that the famous composer Johann Bach was actually a Marxist.30
Technically it is impossible for Bach to have been a Marxist because the ideology of Karl Marx
had yet to be thought of, let alone written down. The authors assumption that communists take
28 Ibid.
29 "Marxism to Music." The Washington Post, July 28, 1950. Accessed December 7, 2014.
http://0-search.proquest.com.wncln.wncln.org/docview/152267530?accountid=8337.

30 "Marxism to Music." The Washington Post, July 28, 1950. Accessed December 7, 2014.
http://0-search.proquest.com.wncln.wncln.org/docview/152267530?accountid=8337.

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credit for everything that is likely stems from a misunderstanding of Marxs historical
materialism, under which the present moment is considered the product of the progression of
history. So truthfully anyone alive today cannot take credit for much of anything that surrounds
them, because it is the history that precedes the present that determines our conscious reality.

Public Education
The notion of censorship is most famously traced back to Platos Republic, in which he defends
the use of censorship in creating the ideal city. It is not uncommon for those in power to alter the
information they impart onto others, typically in ways that benefit themselves and their
supporters. This is the inherent structure of an education system that exists within the confines of
a capitalist system. In an economic setting in which everything in life is given a particular
measure of value or worth, the harsh reality is that the most profitable avenues will be taken
rather than the most beneficial. By understanding Marxs assertions, one can begin to see how
public institutions such as public education are mere reflections of the economic structure of any
given society. Hence the reason that education in the era of feudalism was limited to land-owning
nobles. Even today there are hierarchical disparities in the education system that
disproportionately affect low-income families, minorities in particular who historically have
already been subject to much worse, producing a repetitive cycle that feeds the prison-industrial
complex. There is a glaring reason behind the fact that the disparities in public education
correlate very positively with low socio-economic status, both of which correlate strongly with
those who identify as black. History determines the present, just as our tangible reality
determines our conscious potential. Our social and political lives are directly related to the
prevailing economic system of production and the institutions that are created serve the purpose
of perpetuating the system.
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Conclusion
Marxist ideology has been drastically misunderstood, misrepresented, and misinterpreted
over the course of time. Both unintentionally and intentionally distorted by various societal
institutions, particularly the media and public education, much of Marxian thought has been
falsely conflated with physical manifestations of tyrannical regimes. Though in reality these
attempts cannot be Marxist, for Marx never described the ideal world that would follow
capitalisms collapse. His ideology merely opened the door to discover how to begin creating the
world in an ideal manner. Marxs contributions to humanity are not limited in any one field of
knowledge or expertise. His economic assertions are ultimately philosophical in nature due to his
notion of historical materialism. Even though Marx approaches the topic in a scientific manner
and from a materialist perspective his works are inherently ethical pleas to humanity. By giving
in to distraction we have shirked our responsibility and capacity to create culture rather than
merely consume it. Robert Tucker asserts the following in the preface to his The Marx-Engels
Reader:
The basis of the moral condemnation of wage labor is not that wages are too low, but that
wage labor by its very nature dehumanizes man. This means, for Marx, that it defeats his
natural human urge towards spontaneous productive activity, converts his free creativity
into forced labor and drudgery, and frustrates his human need for a variety of
occupations:...31
Marxs ideology is exceptionally radical and his many works serve the purpose of
depicting capitalism as a transient stage in human history, one that has to be overcome in order to
31 Tucker, Robert C. "Preface." In The Marx-Engels Reader, Xxxi. 2d ed. New York:
Norton, 1978.
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realize humanitys full potential.32 Singer asserts that Human beings cannot be free if they are
subject to forces that determine their thoughts, their ideas, their very nature as human beings.33
The economic system through which humanity meets its needs ultimately determines the
potential range of human expression. Therefore human nature is malleable and directly
influenced by our sensuous contact with the world in which we live. As such, human vices such
as greed, envy, jealousy, and egoism are not manifestations of human nature, merely the cultural
constructions which reflect the economic means of production. For Marx the destruction of the
concept of private property would allow the masses to regain control of the means of production
and their mutual relations therein.34 Therefore Marxs ideology is not a cut and dry treatise on
what the next step should be after capitalism, merely the beginning of the discussion about
potential alternatives that actually provide freedom and equality to every human being. By
altering the means of production by casting aside private ownership the contemporary economic
system is no longer depicted as natural law, the collective labor of each individual can serve to
benefit the collective needs of all.35
Capitalism is a system of infinite growth in a finite world. To quote David Harvey,
Capitalism abhors limits of any sort, precisely because the accumulation of money power is in
principle limitless. Capitalism perpetually strives therefore, to transcend all limits
(environmental, social, political and geographical) and to convert them into barriers that can be
bypassed or circumvented.(162) Since the Industrial Revolution in England the human
32 Singer, 74.
33 Singer, 46.
34 Karl Marx, German Ideology in Marx: A Very Short Introduction, Peter Singer. (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2000), 170.

35 Singer, 84.
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population has incessantly extracted resources from the Earth at unsustainable rates. The largescale mass production and consumer culture induced by capitalism have ensnared humanity into
a destructive, self-perpetuating cycle. The natural resources of Earth have been increasingly
exploited since Marxs time which has contributed to the volatile tension between the classes of
capital and labor.

Bibliography
Mcdonough, Terrence. "Lenin, Imperialism, and the Stages of Capitalist
Development." Science & Society 59, no. 3 (1995): 339-67. Accessed
November 24, 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40403507?origin=JSTOR-pdf.
17

Singer, Peter. Marx: A Very Short Introduction. [Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2000.
"Communist Leader, Ex-Tenant Farmer Describes Violence Against
Negro." Arkansas State Press, September 5, 1952. Accessed December 4,
2014.
"Dr. Marx, the Socialist." The Daily Inter Ocean, January 11, 1882. Accessed
December 4, 2014.
"COURT OUTLAWS MARXIANS." The Washington Post (1877-1922), Apr 01,
1921. http://0-search.proquest.com.wncln.wncln.org/docview/145932106?
accountid=8337. Accessed December 7, 2014.
"Karl Marx, Whose Death Occurred Yesterday in London, Was One of the Most
Remarkable Men of Our Time..." Boston Daily Advertiser, March 13, 1883.
Accessed December 4, 2014.
"Karl Marx The Founder and Head of the Internations." The Cleveland
Morning Herald, September 7, 1871. Accessed December 4, 2014.
"Marxism to Music." The Washington Post, July 28, 1950. Accessed December
7, 2014. http://0-search.proquest.com.wncln.wncln.org/docview/152267530?
accountid=8337.
Tucker, Robert C. "Preface." In The Marx-Engels Reader, Xxxi. 2d ed. New
York: Norton, 1978.
Karl Marx, Contribution to Critique of Political Economy, in The Marx-Engels
Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker, 2d ed.( New York: Norton, 1978), 24.
Karl Marx, The Grundrisse in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker,
2d ed.( New York: Norton, 1978), 242.
Karl Marx, On The Jewish Question in Marx: A Very Short Introduction, Peter
Singer. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 in The MarxEngels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker, 2d ed.( New York: Norton, 1978), 103.
Lenin, Vladimir Il, and Henry M. Christman. Essential Works of Lenin. New
York: Bantam Books, 1966.
Karl Marx, Capital, Volume One in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C.
Tucker, 2d ed.( New York: Norton, 1978), 327.

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"Blogging as Praxis." Blogging as Praxis. Accessed March 4, 2015.


http://anticapitalist.tumblr.com/..
Jefferson, Thomas to William Stephens Smith, August 30, 1787, in Jefferson
Quotes & Family Letters, tjrs.monticello.org/letter/100

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