Cellular Transport

Notes

Homeostasis is Important for All Life!

Homeostasis: Homeo = same; stasis =
state
Living things work to maintain a constant
physical state, including temperature, pH,
hydration, glucose levels.
Too much or too little of any of these can
be deadly!

How are buffers used to regulate pH,

temperature, glucose, and water
balance?
Buffer: A solution with an extremely stable
pH
Cells use buffers to maintain cellular pH of
around 7.

I. About Cell Membranes

A. All cells have a cell
membrane
1.Functions:
a.Controls what enters
and exits the cell to
maintain an internal
balance called
homeostasis

TEM picture of a
real cell membrane.

About Cell Membranes (continued)

2. Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it
a.Selectivelypermeable: Allows some
molecules in and keeps other molecules out

Pores

3.StructureoftheCellMembrane
Outsideofcell
Proteins

Lipid

Bilayer
Transport
Protein
Animations
of membrane
Go to structure
Section:

Carbohydrate
chains

Phospholipids

Insideof
cell
(cytoplasm)

4. Types of Cellular Transport

Animations of Active
Transport & Passive
Transport

a.PassiveTransport High concentration to

low concentration - cell doesnt use energy
Weeee!!

i. Diffusion
ii. Osmosis
high

low

b.ActiveTransportcell does use energy

i. Membrane Pumps
ii. Endocytosis
iii. Exocytosis

This is
gonna
be hard
work!!
high

low

II.PassiveTransport
1. cell usesnoenergy
a. molecules move randomly
b. Molecules spread out fromanareaof
highconcentrationtoanareaoflow
concentration. (HighLow)
2.Twotypes:Diffusionandosmosis

PassiveTransport:

Simple Diffusi
on Animation

a.Diffusion: random movement

of particles fromanareaof
highconcentrationtoanarea
oflowconcentration.

(High to Low)
i. Continues until all molecules
are evenly spaced (equilibrium)

http://bio.winona.edu/berg/Free.htm

Intheprocessofcellrespirationinananimal,
oxygenhastomovefromthelungsintothe
bloodthroughthelungsbywhichprocess?
A)activetransport
B)diffusion
C)exhalation
D)transpiration

Passive Transport:

Osmosis
animation

b. Osmosis: diffusion
of water through a
selectively permeable
membrane
i. Water moves from
high to low
concentrations
Water moves freely
through pores.
Solute (green) to large
to move across.

ii. Hypotonic Solution

Osmosis
Animations for
isotonic, hypertonic,
and hypotonic
solutions

Solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a

higher concentration of water than inside the cell.
(Lowsolute;Highwater)

Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the

cell): Cell Swells

iii. Hypertonic Solution

Osmosis
Animations for
isotonic, hypertonic,
and hypotonic
solutions

Solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a

lower concentration of water than inside the cell.
(Highsolute;Lowwater)

shrinks
Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the
solution: Cell shrinks

iv. Isotonic Solution

Osmosis
Animations for
isotonic, hypertonic,
and hypotonic
solutions

Concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the

concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Result: Water moves equally in both directions and

the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)

What type of solution are these cells in?

How Organisms Deal

with Osmotic Pressure

Paramecium (proti
st) removing exce
ss water video

Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them

from over-expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on
the cell wall is called tugor pressure.
A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that
collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them
from over-expanding.
Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so
they do not dehydrate.
Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the
blood isotonic by remove excess salt and water.

1.Whichisanexampleofosmosis?
Apotassiumionsmovinginandoutofananimalcell
Bcarbondioxidemovingintotheleafcellsofaplant
Coxygenmovingintothebloodstreamfromthelungs
Dwatermovingintotherootcellsofaplant
2.Apersonwithswollengumsrinseshisswelling
decreases.Whichhasoccurred?
ATheswollengumshaveabsorbedthesaltwatersolution.
BThesaltwatersolutionlowersthetemperatureofthe
waterinthegums.
CThesaltinthesolutionhasmovedagainstthe
concentrationgradient.
DThewaterinthegumshasmovedfromahightoalow
concentrationofwater

What happens if you need a

molecule in a cell that already has
a high concentration?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XS-brLcZh1M
http://www.hulu.com/watch/107403/speed-x-xtreme-climbs

B.ActiveTransport
1. cell usesenergy
2. actively moves molecules to where they are
needed
3. Moves fromanareaoflowconcentrationto
anareaofhighconcentration(Low

High)
4. Three Types:

Types of Active Transport

a. ProteinPumps
-transport proteins that
require energy to do
work
Example: Sodium /
Potassium Pumps
are important in nerve
responses.

Sodium Potassiu
m Pumps
(Active Transport
using proteins)

Protein changes
shape to move
molecules: this
requires energy!

Types of Active Transport

b. Exocytosis: Forces
material out of cell in
bulk
Cell changes shape
requires energy

Types of Active Transport

c. Endocytosis: taking
bulky material into a cell
i. Two types

i. Phagocytosis cell eating Solids are

taken into the cell

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/8546-the-living-cell-food-vacuoles-and-lysosomes-video.htm
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=C956E650-D464-4356-98A7-1B6B077A7331&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

ii. Pinocytosis - "cellular

drinking" liquids are ingested by
the cell

Critical Thinking
1. What does the Simpsons Video
have to do with cell transport? What
type of transport would it be?
a)Elodea(plant)liveinfreshwater.Thecellsnormally
contain1%saltand99%water.
b)Tapwatercontains1%saltand99%water.
c)Saltwatercontains6%saltand94%water.
Answerthefollowingquestionsusingtheinformationabove
aboutthecellintapwater:
2)Whatisthepercentageofwateroutsidethecell?
3)Whatisthepercentageofwaterinsidethecell?
4)Howdothepercentagescompare?
5)IfyoutookanElodeaplantandplacedininamarine
environment,wouldthecellshapechange?How?