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ORIGEN DE LA AGRIMENSURA
Los comienzos de la agrimensura se remontan a casi tan lejos como la idea de propiedad
de la tierra. Su prctica fue una consecuencia del proceso de radicacin y afincamiento
experimentado por las parcialidades que de nmadas pasaran a sedentarios; que de la
economa pastoril evolucionaron hacia las actividades de tipo agrario. Esto ltimo exigi la
distribucin de la tierra y su ordenamiento parcelario imponindose entonces la
mensuracin de los respectivos predios, de cuya actividad naci la Agrimensura como
ciencia, arte u oficio. Desde entonces, la mayora de las civilizaciones en la historia del
mundo han usado algn tipo de medicin de terrenos, aunque es casi seguro que estas
se volvieron ms sofisticadas a travs de los aos a causa de los cambios de leyes y
mejora de la tecnologa. Hoy en da, GPS y otras tecnologas permiten una medicin ms
exacta de la que era posible hace slo unas cuantas dcadas atrs, y ms an que los
mapas antiguos, que ciertamente eran menos certeros. Algunos de los logros
arquitectnicos ms notables de las antiguas sociedades civilizadas no habra sido
posible sin el conocimiento de los principios bsicos de la topografa. Las grandes
pirmides de Egipto y los acueductos romanos existen, en parte, como un testimonio de la
habilidad del agrimensor, menos evidente, pero igualmente importantes son los diferentes
conceptos, herramientas y mtodos establecidos en el pasado antiguo y reciente que
forman la tierra, moderna topografa de artesana. Nuestro sistema actual de la
agrimensura de tierras y el mantenimiento de registros es en realidad una historia
compuesta de capas de tcnicas y conceptos acumulado a travs del tiempo, tan pronto
como originaria de hace 5.000 aos. Uno de los primeros ejemplos de una medicin de
terreno utilizando medios matemticos se encuentra en el antiguo Egipto. La Gran
pirmide, construida alrededor de 2.700 a.C. en Guiza, demuestra los conocimientos
egipcios de las tcnicas de la agrimensura, pues esta exhibe una base casi perfectamente
cuadrada y sus cuatro lados estn situados directamente al norte, sur, este y oeste, con
asombrosa exactitud.
El primer documento conocido acerca la propiedad de tierras es el registro de terrenos
egipcios, creado alrededor del ao 3.000 a.C, en el cual se muestra a los propietarios de
varias reas de tierra y tambin se registra su ubicacin. Tambin se conoce, gracias a
Herodoto (historiador y gegrafo griego), que en el antiguo Egipto trabajaban unos
tcnicos llamados estiradores de cuerdas, los que utilizaban cuerdas de longitudes
conocidas con las que se encargaban de replantear los lmites de las propiedades
despus de las crecidas del Nilo, asignando a cada agricultor el rea que le corresponda
tal cual haba sido relevada previo a la crecida, lo cual permita mantener el
funcionamiento del motor principal de la economa como era la agricultura, lo cual era muy
importante en un pas fuertemente centralizado como Egipto. Las herramientas de
agrimensura que eran usadas en el antiguo Egipto eran simples, pero, como es obvio,
ellos las usaban de forma completamente efectiva. Las herramientas ms bsicas eran la
plomada, una varilla de codo, para mediciones cortas y una cuerda de calibracin de 100
codos para mediciones largas. Estas cuerdas eran anudadas a intervalos de igual
distancia. Aparentemente usaron la aplicacin prctica del tringulo egipcio para
establecer ngulos de 90 grados.
Para nivelar, los egipcios usaban una herramienta en forma de A. Una plomada, colgada
desde la parte superior de la A suspendida por el centro de la viga cruzada cuando la
herramienta estaba nivelada extremo con extremo. Para nivelaciones a gran escala, se
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especula que podran haber usado canales con agua, aunque ninguno se ha conservado.
Para mantener una lnea recta, los egipcios usaron un merjet, el cual fue bien conocido a
partir de la poca greco-romana. El merjet consista de una plomada con un mango de
madera. Esta plomada deba de estar alineada con una varilla con un corte en forma de
V en la parte superior, haciendo de retculo de un teodolito moderno. Medir los campos
era muy importante en el Antiguo Egipto. Era comn que las tierras tuvieran propietarios,
aunque la mayora de las tierras le pertenecan al Faran.
Esto es, por supuesto, lo que hizo ms importante a la agrimensura, pues el alquiler y los
impuestos estaban basados en el rea que era cultivada. En Mesopotamia tambin se
desarroll la agrimensura como consecuencia de las obras de canalizacin y regado que
se servan de las aguas de los ros Tigris y ufrates para regar sus tierras. Una prueba del
uso de la agrimensura en la antigua Babilonia es una placa de roca caliza conocida como
el Kudurru babilnico, que data del ao 1.200 a.C., la cual contiene inscripciones acerca
de terrenos. Esta piedra limite, el primer ejemplo conocido de una, tiene la descripcin de
una propiedad, el nombre del agrimensor y del propietario, y la historia de propiedad. Esta
piedra tambin contiene grandes maldiciones para cualquiera que negara el derecho de
propiedad del terreno o moviera la placa. Esta tablilla representa uno delos mtodos de la
agrimensura actual, la cual es la ubicacin de piedras lmite u otra marca en una esquina
de la propiedad. Tambin se han encontrado, en esta misma regin, otros artefactos un
poco ms recientes que representan mapas topogrficos de la traza de las tierras
agrcolas y canales de riego .Cerca del ao 500 a.C., los griegos haban adoptado
muchas de las tcnicas topogrficas egipcias. Es conocido que matemticos, incluidos
Tales de Mileto y Pitgoras, viajaron a Egipto a estudiar geometra, regresando a Grecia a
transmitir su conocimiento en matemticas y agrimensura. Estos adaptaron las tcnicas
de medidas, modificndolas con sus sofisticados avances, convirtindolas en un sistema
refinado. [].
http://www.buenastareas.com/ensayos/Historia-De-La-Agrimensura/1616220.html
La Agrimensura
La agrimensura fue considerada antiguamente la rama de la topografa destinada a la
delimitacin de superficies, la medicin de reas y la rectificacin de lmites. En la
actualidad la comunidad cientfica internacional reconoce que es una disciplina autnoma,
con estatuto propio y lenguaje especfico que estudia los objetos territoriales a toda
escala, focalizndose en la fijacin de toda clase de lmites. De este modo produce
documentos cartogrficos e infraestructura virtual para establecer planos, cartas y mapas,
dando publicidad a los lmites de la propiedad o gubernamentales. Con el fin de cumplir su
objetivo, la agrimensura se nutre de la topografa, geometra, ingeniera, trigonometra,
matemticas, fsica, derecho, geomorfologa, edafologa, arquitectura, historia,
computacin, teledeteccin.
A lo largo de la evolucin de esta disciplina los agrimensores se han servido de diversos
instrumentos especficos de su actividad. Entre ellos destac durante siglos la escuadra
de agrimensor, que permita establecer las dimensiones de diferentes ngulos en varias
direcciones.
La agrimensura ha sido un elemento esencial en el desarrollo del entorno humano, desde
el comienzo de la historia registrada (en el 5000 A. C.); es un requisito en la planificacin y
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comunicacin entre ellos. El hombre griego entenda que la ciudad no deba ser
demasiado grande para que sus miembros pudieran participar en la gestin de la misma y
adems las murallas pudieran abarcar toda la ciudad. Se tenda a edificar en lugares altos
para una mejor fortificacin de cara a los frecuentes ataques de los invasores del interior y
los piratas de la costa; esta proteccin se completaba con murallas, fosos, terraplenes,
torres. La necesidad de construccin de estas edificaciones incit a un uso mayor de la
agrimensura para que el mayor nmero edificaciones pudieran ubicarse en el espacio que
se haba estimado.
Atenas la capital haba crecido desordenadamente, sin un plan urbanstico, por lo que la
mayora de sus calles eran estrechas y retorcidas, con innumerables casuchas muy
modestas, aunque si bien es verdad haba algn barrio de cierto acomodo con viviendas
ms amplias. Pero los barrios de los artesanos padecan el hacinamiento motivado por
pequeos talleres que estaban distribuidos en las calles por oficios; y mucho ms el de las
viviendas anejas que deban albergar a una poblacin creciente sin posibilidad de
ampliacin: paradjicamente el desarrollo econmico conduca a un empeoramiento de
las condiciones de vida, agravado por la escasez de agua. Estas fueron otras razones
para comenzar a crear planes de urbanizacin, los cuales podran haber consistido en la
mejor distribucin de territorio destinado para la construccin de edificaciones y calles.
La agrimensura como muchas de las ms antiguas ciencias ha ayudado a l forjamiento
de todas las civilizaciones, ya sea dotndonos de vidas ms organizadas gracias a
construccin de edificaciones comunes, calles, etc. O tambin mostrando su aporte en los
ms grandes monumentos de la historia como son: La pirmide de Giza, la gran muralla
china, la acrpolis griega, entre otras.
http://www.entradagratis.com/Enciclopedia-de-Agricultura,-ganaderi
%C3%82%C2%ADa,avicultura/47/Agrimensura.htm
LA AGRIMENSURA
En el antiguo Egipto, los desbordamientos peridicos del ro Nilo producan constantes
confusiones en la delimitacin de las propiedades agrarias. Como consecuencia de ello
hubieron de idearse procedimientos y aparatos de medicin que permitieron precisar los
esquemas necesarios para la reposicin de las lindes y constituyeron el origen de la
moderna agrimensura.
La agrimensura es la rama de la topografa destinada a la delimitacin de superficies, la
medicin de reas y la rectificacin de lmites. A lo largo de la evolucin de esta disciplina
los agrimensores se han servido de diversos instrumentos especficos de su actividad.
Entre ellos destac durante siglos la escuadra de agrimensor, integrada por dos varillas
perpendiculares de cuyos extremos pendan filamentos emplomados y que presentaba un
orificio en el pie para diferenciar las lneas visuales. El mecanismo permita establecer las
dimensiones de diferentes ngulos en varias direcciones. En la prctica de la agrimensura
se introdujeron sucesivamente nuevos recursos tecnolgicos como la cadena de
agrimensor, ligadura metlica de eslabones largos destinada a la medicin de superficies
irregulares; la alidada, regla aplicada al establecimiento de la direccin de visuales; o los
diferentes tipos de brjulas.
http://www.buenastareas.com/ensayos/Historia-De-La-Agirmensura/82282090.html
HIATORIA DE LA AGRIMENSURA
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TRADUCCION:
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This is, of course, which made it more important to surveying, since the rent and taxes
were based on the area that was cultivated. In Mesopotamia also developed surveying as
a result of the works of pipeline and irrigation which is served from the waters of the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers to irrigate their land. A test of the use of the surveying in ancient
Babylon is a plate of limestone rock known as the Babylonian Kudurru, which dates back
to the year 1200 B.C., which contains inscriptions on land. This stone limit, the first known
example of a, has the description of a property, the name of the surveyor and the owner,
and the history of property. This stone also contains large curses for anyone who denied
the right of ownership of the land or move the plate. This splint represents one of the
methods of surveying current, which is the location of stones or other mark limit in a corner
of the property. They have also been found in this same region, other devices a little more
recent that represent topographical maps of the trace of agricultural land and irrigation
channels .near the year 500 B.C., the Greeks had adopted many of the Egyptian surveying
techniques. It is known that mathematicians, including Thales of Miletus and Pythagoras,
travelled to Egypt to study geometry, returning to Greece to transmit their knowledge in
mathematics and surveying. These adapted the techniques of measures, adapting with its
sophisticated progress, turning them into a refined system. [].
http://www.buenastareas.com/ensayos/Historia-De-La-Agrimensura/1616220.html
The Surveying
The surveying was considered formerly the branch of the topography intended for the
delimitation of surfaces, the measurement of areas and the rectification of limits. At present
the international scientific community recognizes that it is an autonomous discipline with its
own statute and specific language that studies the territorial objects to any scale, focusing
on the fixing of all kind of limits. This mode produces cartographic documents and virtual
infrastructure to establish drawings, charts and maps, giving publicity to the limits of the
property or governmental organizations. In order to fulfill its objective, surveying is
nourished by the topography, geometry, trigonometry, engineering, mathematics, physics,
right, geomorphology, pedology, architecture, history, computing, remote sensing.
All along the evolution of this discipline the surveyors have used various instruments
specific to your activity. Between them stressed during centuries the bracket of surveyor,
which allowed to establish the dimensions of different angles in several directions.
The surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human
environment, since the beginning of the recorded history (in the 5000 A. C.); is a
requirement in the planning and execution of almost all forms of construction. Its
applications, current, more known are in the transport, building and construction,
communications, cartography and the definition of the limits of the egales l ownership of
land. Surveying techniques have been applied over a large part of our written history.
Historically, it is measured distances of multiple forms; as joining the points with chains of
a known length, for example, the string of Gunter or tapes of steel or invar. In order to
measure the horizontal distances, these strings or ribbons are tens ban according to the
temperature, to reduce the sag and clearance.
In Mesopotamia from date very remote surveyors or "shooters of rope" measured the land
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with ropes and recorded results. The oldest document is a papyrus written between 60005000. C. In the given rules to measure, multiplication based on amounts and details about
repeated fractional amounts.
To reach these complicated calculations, mathematics were the main instrument. Was a
science inspired by everyday life: the regulation of the calendar through the introduction of
extra months and calls "tables" are clear examples. The latter were mathematical texts of
which the Mesopotamian were served to solve problems of weights and measures derived
from daily activities such as trade or surveying. The peculiarity lay in the use of the system
hexadecimal (1:60) and in the fact of being able to add and subtract, but not multiply or
divide; to perform these operations were prepared the first "multiplication tables" together
with tables of squares and cubes, that read backwards became tables of square and cube
roots.
In ancient Egypt, year after year, the Nile flooded fields, with his destroying limo divisions
carefully plotted. When the waters returned to normal, the surveyors should draw back the
limits of the properties of each owner.
The surveyors and builders of pyramids outlined perpendicular lines on the ground, a rope
of twelve knots equidistant. With this method they depicted on the floor right triangles of
sides 3, 4 and 5.
Turning to the ancient China The Chou Pei (work math) reveals to us that in its geometry,
such as in Egypt, due arise of surveying, and that, as it happened in Babylon, the
geometry China was reduced to a numerical exercise of arithmetic and algebra. Seems to
have in him some indications concerning the theorem of Pythagoras, a theorem treaty, in
any case, algebraically: by the Chinese. This book includes 246 problems on surveying,
agriculture, Company, engineering, taxes, calculation, and resolution of equations and
properties of the triangles rectangles. While the Greeks from the same era wrote treatises,
sorted in systematic expository way logic, the Chinese engaged to repeat the old habit of
the Babylonians and Egyptians of collecting sets of specific problems.
In Greece under the thrust of the construction of roadways and bridges are developed a
refined engineering, which brought about the emergence of numerous techniques of
accuracy of surveying and measurement of buildings. This also resulted in the benefit of
the construction of large urban installations and the military, among which we highlight the
execution of the aqueducts to supply drinking water and fitting of pipe systems.
By the orographic circumstances of Greece, the population nuclei (surrounded by the
corresponding fields of crops) are next to the sea, which serves as a channel of
communication between them. The Greek man understood that the city should not be too
large so that its members could participate in the management of the same and in addition
the walls could cover the entire city. It tended to build in high places for a better fortification
of face to the frequent attacks of the invaders of the Interior and the pirates of the coast;
this protection is completed with ramparts, moats, embankments, towers. The need for the
construction of these buildings incited a greater use of surveying for the largest number
buildings could be located in the space that had been estimated.
Athens the capital had grown haphazardly without an urban development plan, so that the
majority of its streets were narrow and bent, with countless shacks very modest, although
it is true there was some neighbourhood of some accommodation with more spacious
housing. But the neighbourhoods of the craftsmen suffered from overcrowding motivated
by small workshops that were distributed in the streets by offices; and much more of the
dwellings annexed to be host to a growing population without the possibility of
enlargement: paradoxically the economic development led to a worsening of living
conditions, aggravated by the lack of water. These were other reasons to begin creating
urbanization plans, which could have been the better distribution of land intended for the
construction
of
buildings
and
streets.
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The surveying as many of the oldest sciences has helped him forging of all civilizations,
either by providing more lives organized thanks to construction of common buildings,
streets, etc. or showing their contribution in also the greatest monuments of history as are:
The Pyramid of Giza, the Great Wall of China, the Greek Acropolis, among others.
http://www.entradagratis.com/Enciclopedia-de-Agricultura,-ganaderi
%C3%82%C2%ADa,avicultura/47/Agrimensura.htm
The surveying
In ancient Egypt, the periodic overflows the Nile river produced constant confusion in the
delimitation of the agrarian properties. As a result had to be devised procedures and
measurement devices that were an opportunity to clarify the diagrams necessary for the
refitting of the boundaries and constituted the origin of modern surveying.
The surveying is the branch of the topography destined to the delimitation of surfaces, the
measurement of areas and the rectification of limits. All along the evolution of
this discipline the surveyors have used various instruments specific to your activity.
Between them stressed during centuries the bracket of surveyor, composed of two
perpendicular rods of whose ends hung stained and that presented filaments a hole in the
foot to differentiate the visual lines. The mechanism allowed set the dimensions of different
angles in several directions. In the practice of surveying were successively introduced new
technological resources such as the chain of surveyor, metal ligature long links intended
for the measurement of irregular surfaces; the alidada, rule applied to the establishment of
the directorate of visuals; or the different types of compasses.
http://www.buenastareas.com/ensayos/Historia-De-La-Agirmensura/82282090.html
History of Surveying
In reality origin is unknown of surveying. It is believed that he was in Egypt where you
made the first work in accordance with references by the scenes depicted in walls
and tablets.
The Egyptians knew as pure science which after the Greeks was christened with the name
of geometry (measure of the earth) and its application. More than 5000 years ago there
was a division of plots for tax purposes, as well as for reinstallation of boundaries to the
avenues of the Nile.
Possibly, from which the man became sedentary and began to cultivate the earth was born
the need to make measurements or, as noted by the engineer French geographer P.
Merlin, "is born at the same time as the private property". The evidence that locate the
historical reality of the surveying have been found in isolation as it shows a splint of mud
found in Ur in Mesopotamia, dating from three centuries before our era and the
testimonies found in other territories, in various parts of the world ' but is from Egypt where
they have achieved the highest and best references.
The measurements made in Egypt by the first chain man or stretched cables, as
apparently called, were performed with rope knotted, or with marks, which corresponded to
conventional length units, as the so-called "elbow". Each knot or mark was separated in
the rope, by the equivalent of 5 elbows and this gave an approximate length of 2.5 m.
The need to measure regions more or less extensive conceived empirical knowledge,
disconnected and rudimentary that after evolved. Perhaps in a principle the man used as
patterns of measure the things you were relatives, particularly his own body; for example,
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the appeal of a horse was measured in palmos, i.e., so many times the width of the hand.
The distance between the tip of your little finger and the tip of the thumb, with the hand
fully extended, was considered as a means elbow and this was the distance between the
elbow and the tip of your fingers. The foot was another measure and was regarded as the
three quarters of the Elbow
The breaststroke or height of the man was considered four cubits, but all these units of
measure presented difficulties, due to the different sizes between individuals. This made in
Egypt to establish, toward the year 3000 before our era, the real elbow as patron of
conventional measure. Possibly based on the measure of "elbow" of some of the Pharaoh,
his dimension was 52.3 centimeters. [].
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