Mathematical Induction 2015-2016

Jr.
MATHEMATICS
- IA
1. f: A B, g: B C are two bijection, then prove that gof: A C is
also bijection.
Sol: Given: f: A B, g: B C are bijection.
Part 1: To prove that gof: A C is one one.
Now f: A B, g: B C are one one functions.
gof: A C is a function.
Let a1, a2 A
Suppose that (gof) (a1) = (gof) (a2)
g [f(a1)]= g[f(a2)]
f (a1) = f(a2)
g is one one
a1= a2
f is one one
gof: A C is one one.

Part 2: To prove that gof: AC is onto.
Now f: A B, g: B C are onto functions.
gof: A C is a function.
Let c C,
Since g: B C is onto, there exists at least one element b B such that
g (b) =c.
Since f: A B is also onto, there exists at least one elements a A
such that f (a) =b.
Now (gof) (a) =g [f (a)]
=g (b)
=c.
for c C, there is an element a A such that
(gof) (a) = c
So gof: A C is onto.
Since gof: A C is both one one and onto, hence gof: A C is a
bijection.
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2. If f: AB, g: BC are bijection, then prove that

(gof)-1=f-1og-1.
A: given that f: AB, g: BC are bijection.
f-1: B A, g-1: C B.
Now gof: A C is also a bijection.
(g o f)-1:CA
Also g-1: C B, f-1: B A,
f-1 o g-1: C A
Thus (gof)-1 and f-1og-1 both the functions exist and have same domain
and the same co domain.
Let c be any element in C.
Since g: B C is onto, there exists at least one element b B such that
g (b) =c
b=g-1(c)
g is a bijection
Since g: A B is onto, there exists at least one element a A such that
f (a) =b
a=f-1(b)
f is a bijection
Consider
(gof) (a) =g [f (a)]
=g (b)
(gof) (a) =c
a = (gof)-1(c)
.. (1)
gof is a bijection
Also (f-1og-1) (c) =f-1[g-1(c)]

= f-1(b)
-1
-1
(f o g ) (c) = a.(2)
From (1) & (2)
(gof)-1(c) =f-1og-1) (c) c C.
Hence (gof)-1=f-1og-1.
3. If f: A B is a bijection, then S.T fof-1=IB and f-1of=IA.

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A: given that f: A B, bijection
Part 1: To show that
f-1: B A.
fof-1=IB
Now f-1: B A, f: A B fof-1:BB.

Also IB: BB
Thus fof-1 and IB both the functions exist and have same domain
and the same co domain .
Let a be any element in A.
Since f: AB, there is unique element b B.
Such that f (a) =b
a=f-1(b)
f is a bijection
Consider (fof-1) (b) =f [f-1(b)]
=f (a) =b
=IB (b)
IB:BB IB (b) =b
(fof-1) (b) =IB (b)
b B.
Thus fof-1=IB.
Part 2: To show that
f-1of=IA
Now, f: A B, f-1: B A f-1of:AA.

Also IA: AA
Thus f-1of and IA both the functions exist and have same domain
A and the same co domain A.
Now (f-1of) (a) =f -1[f (a)]
=f -1(b)
=a
=IA (a)
IA:AA IA (a) =a
(f-1of) (a) =IA (a) a A.

f-1of=IA.
Hence that fof-1=IB and
f-1of=IA.
4. Let f: A B, IA and IB are identity functions on A and B respectively. Then

foIA=f=IB of.
A: given that f: A B,
IA: AA is defined by IA (a) =a
a A.
IB: BB is defined by IB (b) =b
b B
Part1: to prove that foIA=f
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Now IA: AA, f: A B foIA: A B,
Also f: A B,
Thus foIA and f both the functions exist and have same domain A and the same co
domain B.
Let a A.
Since f: AB, there is unique element b B.
Such that f (a) =b
Consider (foIA) (a) =f [IA (a)]
=f (a)
(foIA) (a) =f (a) a A.
Hence foIA =f.. (1).
Part2: to prove that foIA=f
Now f: A B, IB: BB,
IB of: A B,
Also f: A B,
Thus IAof and f both the functions exist and have same domain A and the
same co domain B.
Let b B.
Consider (IB of) (a) = [IB (f (a))]
IB (b)
=f (a)
(IB of) (a) =f (a) a A.
Hence IB of =f.. (2).
From (1) & (2) foIA=f=IB of.
5. If f: A B, g: B A are two bijection such that gof=IA and fog= IB then prove
that g=f-1.
Sol: Part 1: To prove that gof: A C is one one.
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Now f: A B, g: B A are one one functions.
gof: A A is a function.
Let a1, a2 A f (a1)
Suppose that (gof) (a1) = (gof) (a2)
g [f(a1)]= g[f(a2)]
f (a1)= f(a2)
a1= a2
g is one one
f is one one
gof: A C is one one.

Part 2: To prove that gof is onto
Let b B ,
g: B A, there exists a unique elements a
Such that g(b)=a

Now f (a) =f [g (b)]
(fog) (b)
IB (b) =b
So f: A B is onto
Since f is both one-one and onto, so f is a bijection.
f-1:BA
Also g: BA
Thus both the functions f-1 and g have the same domain B and same co domain A.
Part 3: to show that g=f-1.
From previous part, f(a)=b
a=f-1(b)
Also g (b) =a
g (b) =f-1(b)
b B .hence g= f-1
1. Using mathematical induction, Show that

n ( n+1 ) (2 n+1)
12+ 22+3 2+ ..+ n2=
.
6
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2
2
2
2
Sol: let p ( n )=1 + 2 +3 +..+ n =
n ( n+1 ) (2 n+1)
.
6
Step-1:
put n=1
L.H.S
R.H.S
n
(
n+1
)
(2n+
1)
n2
.
6
= (1)
t n=n
t k =k 2
1.2 .3
=
6
=1
t k+1=(k +1)2
p (1) is true for n=1.
=1
L.H.S=R.H.S
Step- 2:let us assume that p ( k ) istrue for n=k .

p ( k )=12 +22 +32 +..+k 2=
k ( k +1 ) (2 k +1)
6
adding bothsides (k +1)term
Step-3:
2
p ( k +1 )=1 +2 +3 +..+k + ( k + 1 )
k ( k +1 ) (2 k +1)
(k +1)
1
k ( k +1 )( 2 k +1 ) +6 (k +1)
6
( k +1 ) [k ( 2 k +1 )+ 6 ( k +1 ) ]
6
=
( k +1 ) [2k 2+ k +6 k + 6]
6
=
( k +1 ) [2k 2+7 k +6]
6
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=
( k +1 ) [2k 2+ 4 k + 3 k +6]
6
=
( k +1 ) [2k (k +2)+3(k + 2)]
6
=
( k +1 ) (k +2)(2 k +1)
6
Thus
p ( k +1 ) is true for n=k +1 .
by the principle of mathematical induction , p (n)
is true for all n N.
2. Using mathematical induction, Show that

n2 ( n+ 1)2
3
3
3
3
1 + 2 + 3 + ..+n =
.
4
Sol: let
3
p (n) = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..+n =
Step-1:
put n=1
L.H.S
n2 ( n+ 1)2
3
n =
4
= (1)
R.H.S
t n=n3
t k =k
1. 22
= 4
=1
L.H.S=R.H.S
n ( n+ 1)
4
t k+1=(k +1)3
=1
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2
n ( n+ 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ..+n =
4
3
p ( k )=
Step-3:
p ( k +1 )=
1 + 2 + 3 + ..+k + ( k +1 ) =
k (k +1)
4
(k +1)
1
=
k 2 (k +1)2+ 4 (k +1)3
4
(k +1) {k +4 ( k +1 ) }
=
4
(k +1)2 {k 2 +4 k + 4 }
=
4
(k +1) (k +2)
=
4
Thus
p ( k +1 ) is tru e for n=k +1 .
3. 1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+..up to n terms=
n ( n+ 1 )( n+ 2 ) (n+3)
.
4
Sol: let
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p ( n )=1.2 .3+2.34+ +n ( n+1 ) ( n+2 )=
n ( n+1 ) ( n+2 ) (n+ 3)

.
4
Step-1:
L.H.S
put n=1
R.H.S
n ( n+ 1 )( n+2 )( n+3)
n ( n+1 ) (n+2)
.
4
=1.2.3
=6
L.H.S=R.H.S
1.2 .3 .4
4
=6
Step- 2:let u s assume that p ( k ) is true for n=k .

p ( k )=1.2 .3+2.3 .4++ k ( k +1 ) ( k +2 )=
Step-3:
n ( n+1 ) ( n+2 ) ( n+3)

4
P(k+1)=1.2.3+2.3.4+.+ k ( k +1)( k +2)+(k + 1)(k + 2)( K +3)
k ( k +1 ) ( k +2 ) (k +3)
+
4
(k +1)(k +2)( k+3)

1
=
k ( k +1 ) ( k +2 ) ( k +3 ) + 4(k +1)(k +2)( k +3)
4
IPE
Thus
( k +1 )( k +2 )( k +3 ) {k + 4 }
4
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n(n +6 n+11)
4. 2.3+3.4+4.5+up to n terms=
.
3
Sol:
let
n(n2 +6 n+11)
p ( n )=2.3+3.4 ++ ( n+ 1 )( n+2 )=
.
3
Step-1:
L.H.S
put n=1
n
n( 2+6 n+11)
3
( n+1 )(n+2)
R.H.S
=2.3
1.(1+ 6+11)
3
=6
L.H.S=R.H.S
18
=6
3

p ( k )=
k
k ( 2+ 6 k +11)
3
2.3+3.4+ + ( k +1 ) (k +2)=
Step-3:
P (k+1) = 2.3+3.4+ + ( k +1 ) ( k +2 ) + ( k +2 )( k +3 )
IPE
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k
k ( 2+6 k + 11)
+ ( k +2 )(k +3)
3
k
k ( 2+6 k + 11) ( k +2 ) (k + 3)
+
=
3
1
k
k ( 2+6 k + 11)+3 ( k+ 2 ) (k +3)
3
k 3 +6 k 2 +11 k +3 (k 2 +5 k +6)
=
3
k 3 +6 k 2 +11 k +3 k 2+ 15 k +18
=
3
k 3 +9 k 2 +26 k + 18
=
3
( k +1 ) (k 2 +8 k + 18)
=
3
( k +1 ) (k 2 +2 k +1+6 k +6+11)
=
3
k +1
=
( k +1 )
Thus
a+ ( a+d ) + .+up n terms=
n[2 a+(n1)d ]
.
2
11
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5.
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sol :
let p ( n )=a+ ( a+d ) + .+a+ ( n1 ) d=
n[2 a+( n1)d ]

.
2
Step-1:
L.H.S
put n=1
R.H.S
n[2 a+(n1) d ]
a+ ( n1 ) d
2
=a+0
=a
L.H.S=R.H.S
1. [2 a+0 ]
2a
=
2
2
=a
p(1) is true for n=1.

k
p ( k )=a+ ( a+d ) ++ a+ ( k 1 ) d= 2 {2 a+(k1) d }
Step-3:
adding both sides (k +1)term
p ( k +1 )=a+ ( a+d ) ++ { a+ ( k 1 ) d } + ( a+ kd )
k
{2 a+(k 1) d } + (a+ kd)
2
k {2 a+ ( k 1 ) d } {a+ kd }
+
2
1
2
2 ak + k dkd +2 a+2 kd
=
2
2 a ( k + 1 )+ k 2 d+ kd
=
2
2 a ( k + 1 )+ kd (k +1)
2
( k +1 ) {2 a+kd }
2
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( k +1 ) {2 a+( k +11) d }
=
2
Thus
by the principle of mathematical induction, p (n)
( r n1 )
a+ ar+ a r2 + up n terms=a
( r 1 )
sol :let
(r n1)
p ( n )=a+ ar +a r2 + a . r n1=a
(r1)
Step-1:
L.H.S
put n=1
R.H.S
n
n1 ( r 1)
a.r a
(r1)
r1
= a r1
=a.r0
=a
L.H.S=R.H.S
=a
( r k 1 )
k1
p
(
k
)
=a+ar
+a
2 + a . r
=a
.
r
( r1 )
Step-3:
p ( k +1 )=a+ ar +a r2 + a . r k1 +a . r k
( r k 1 )
( r 1 )
+a . r k
13
IPE
6.
Is true for all n N.
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( r k 1 ) r k
+
=a { ( r 1 )
1 }
= a
r 1+r .r r
r 1
r k +11
a(
) .
=
r 1
Thus
p ( k +1 ) is true fo r n=k +1 .
1
2
2
n ( n+ 1 )2( n+2)
1 +2 + 2
2
2
7. 1 + +2 ) +
3 )+ up to n terms =
.
12
1
12+ 22+ 2
2
2
Sol: let p (n) = 1 + +2 ) +
3 ) + ..
+ n ( n+ 1 ) (2 n+ 1)
6
n ( n+ 1 )2( n+2)
=
.
12
Step-1:
put n=1
L.H.S
R.H.S
n ( n+ 1 ) (2 n+1)
6
n ( n+ 1 )2( n+2)
.
12
1.2 .3
=
6
=1
L.H.S=R.H.S
12
1 ( 1+1 )2 ( 1+2 )
=
12
12
=1
IPE
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1
p ( k )=1 2+
12+ 22+3
+
k ( k +1 ) ( 2 k +1 ) k ( k +1 ) ( k + 2 )
+.. +
=
.
6
12
Step-3:
p ( k +1 )=1
12+ 22+3
+
+ . +
k ( k +1 ) ( 2 k +1 )
6
+(k +1) ( k +2 ) (2 k + 3 ) k ( k +1 )2 ( k + 2 ) (k +1) ( k +2 ) ( 2 k +3 )

=
+
6
12
6
k ( k +1 )2 ( k +2 ) +2(k +1) ( k +2 ) (2 k + 3 )
=
12
( k +1 )( k +2 ) {k ( k +1 ) +2 ( 2 k +3 ) }
=
12
( k +1 )( k +2 ) {k 2 +k + 4 k + 6 }
12
( k +1 )( k +2 ) {k 2 +5 k +6 }
12
( k +1 )( k +2 ) {(k +2)(k +3)}

12
(k +1) ( k +2 )2 ( k +3 )
.
=
12
Thus
1 1 +2 1 +2 +3
n
+
+
+ up n terms= (2 n2+ 9 n+13) .
1 1+3
1+ 3+5
24
15
IPE
8.
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3
(n+1)
1 1 +2 1 +2 +3
n
2
let p ( n )= +
+
++
= (2 n +9 n+13) .
1 1+3
1+ 3+5
4
24
sol :
Step-1:
L.H.S
(n+1)2
4
4
= 4
put n=1
R.H.S
n
(2 n2+ 9 n+13) .
24
=1
24
(2+9+13)
=
24
24
=1
L.H.S=R.H.S
=1
=1

2
(k +1)
13 13 +23 13 +23+ 33
k
p ( n )= +
+
+ +
= ( 2 k 2+ 9 k +13) .
1 1+3
1+3+5
4
24
Step-3:
(k + 1)
13 13+ 23 13+ 23+3 3
+
+
++
1 1+ 3
1+3+5
4
( k +2 )2
+
4
2
k
(2 k 2+ 9 k +13) + ( k +2 )
24
4
2 k + 9 k +13 k +6( k +4 k +4 )
=
24
(2 k 3 +9 k 2 +13 k + 6 k 2 +24 k + 24)

=
24
3
2 k +15 k +37 k +24
=(
24
( k +1 ) (2 k 2 +13 k +24)
=
24
16
IPE
p ( n )=
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( k +1 ) (2 k 2 +4 k +2+9 k + 9+13)
=
24
( k +1 ) {2 ( k +1 )2+ 9(k +1)+13 }
=
24
P (k+1) is true
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given
statement is true for all n N.
1
1
1
n
+
+
+
upton
terms=
9. Show that 1.4 4.7 7.10
3 n+1 .
Sol: let
p ( n )=
1
1
1
1
n
+
+
++
=
1.4 4.7 7.10
( 3 n2 ) (3 n+1) 3 n+1 .
Step-1:
L.H.S
put n=1
1
n
( 3 n2 ) (3 n+1) 3 n+1
R.H.S
1
1
= ( 32 ) (3+1) 3+1
1
= 1.4
L.H.S=R.H.S
1
= 1.4

p ( k )=
1
1
1
1
k
+
+
++
=
1.4 4.7 7.10
( 3 k 2 ) (3 k +1) 3 k + 1 .
Step-3:
p ( k +1 )=

1
1
1
1
1
+
+
++
+
1.4 4.7 7.10
( 3 k 2 )( 3 k + 1 ) ( 3 k +1 ) (3 k +4 )
17
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k
3k+1 +
1
( 3 k+ 1 ) (3 k +4 )
1
k
1
{ +
}
= (3 k +1) 1 3 k +4
1
3 k 2 +4 k +1
{
}
(3 k +1)
3k+4
1
3 k 2 +3 k +1 k +1
}
= (3 k +1) {
3k+4
1
= (3 k +1) {
1
3 k (k +1)+1(k +1)
}
3 k+ 4
= (3 k +1) {
=
(3 k+ 1)(k +1)
}
3k+4
( k +1)
(3 k +4)
(k + 1)
= {3 ( k +1 ) +1 }
P (k+1) is true
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given
statement is true for all n N.
10.
Sol:
Show that
49 n+16 n1 isdivisible by 64 for all+ve integers n .
let p ( n )=be the statement
Step-1: put n=1

1
P (1) = 49 +16 (1)1 =49+16-1
=64
=64(1)
Thus p (1)is divisible by 64.
IPE
18
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Step-2:
let us assume that p ( k ) is true for n=k .
p ( k )=49k +16 k 1=64 m, for some m N
k
49 =(64 m16 k +1) . (1)
Step-3: if n=k+1
k+1
p ( k +1 )=49 +16( k +1)1
=
49 k .49+16 k + 161
=49{ 64 m16 k +1 } +16k+15

49.64 k16 k .49+ 49+16 k +15
49.64 k16 k .48+64
49.64 k16 k .12 4+64

49. 64 k 12 k .64 4 +64
=64{49m-12k+1}
thus the statement is divisible by 64
Hence,
by the principle of mathematical induction ,

for all n N .
49 n+16 n1 isdivisible by 64
Sol:
Show that
3.5
2 n+1
+2
3 n+1
is divisible by 17 for all +ve integers n .
let p ( n )=be the stateme nt
19
IPE
11.
AIMS TUTORIAL
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Step-1: put n=1
2 n+1
3 n+1
3
4
P (1) = 3.5 +2
= 3.5 +2
= 3(125)+16
375+16
391=17 23
Step-2:
p ( k )=3.52 n +1+ 23n +1=17 m , for some m N
2 n+1
3 n+ 1
3.5 =(17 m2 ) .. (1)
Step-3: if n=k+1
2 n +1
3 n +1
p ( k +1 )=3.5 +2
2 k+1
2
3 k+1
3
= 3.5 .5 +2 . 2
3 n +1
3 k+ 1
= 25(17 m2 )+2 .8
3 n+1
3 n+1
=25.17m -25. 2 +8. 2
3 n+1
=25.17m-17. 2
3 n+1
=17(25m- 2
)

20
IPE
Hence,
AIMS TUTORIAL
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for all n N .
3.52 n+1 +23 n+1 is divisible by 17
12.
2 n+1
+33 n+1 is divisible by 11, for all
S.T 2. 4
Sol: Sol:
nN .
let p ( n )=be the statement
Step-1: put n=1

2 n +1
3 n+1
3
4
P (1) = 2.4 +3
= 2.4 +3
2(64)+81
128+81
201=11 19
Step-2:
p ( k )=2.4 2 k+1 +33 k +1=11 m, for some m N
2 k +1
3 k+1
2.4 =(11 m2 ) .. (1)
Step-3: if n=k+1
2 ( k+1 ) +1
3 ( k +1 )+1
+3
p ( k +1 )=2.4
2 k +1
2
3 k+1
3
= 2.4 . 4 +3 .3
3 k+1
3 k+1
= 16(11 m3 )+3 .27
3 n+1
3 n+1
=16.11m -16. 3 +27. 3
3 n+1
=16.11m +11. 3
3 n+1
=11(26m- 3
)

IPE
21
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
Hence,
2. 4
13.
2 n+1
3 n+1
+3
is divis ible by 11
for all n N .
2
n
2+3.2+3 . 2 + upto n terms=n . 2
2
n1
n
Sol: let p (n) = 2+3.2+3 . 2 + + ( n+1 ) 2 =n . 2 .
Step-1:
L.H.S
n
2 n .2 .
put n=1
R.H.S
= 1.2
=2
=2
=2
L.H.S=R.H.S

2
k1
k
p (k) = 2+3.2+3 . 2 + + ( k +1 ) 2 =k . 2 .
Step-3:
2
k1
k
p (k+1) = 2+3.2+3 . 2 + + ( k +1 ) 2 + ( k +2 ) 2
k . 2k + ( k +2 ) 2k
k
= 2 (k + k +2)
IPE
22
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
k
= 2 (2 k +2)
k
= 2 .2(k +1)
k+1
= 2 .(k +1)
Thus
by the principle of mathematical induct ion , p(n)
LAQ (2
714 )
|| |
b+ c c+ a a+b
a b c
S .T c +a a+ b b+c =2 b c a
a+b b+ c c+ a
c a b
Sol: L.H.S
b +c c+ a a+b
c+ a a+b b+ c
a+ b b+c c +a
R1 R1 +R2 + R3
2 ( a+b+ c ) 2 ( a+b+ c ) 2 ( a+b+ c )

c+ a
a+ b
b +c
a+b
b+c
c+ a
( a+b+ c ) ( a+b +c ) ( a+ b+c )

c+ a
a+b
b+ c
a+ b
b+c
c +a
23
IPE
1.
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
R2 R2R 1 : R3 R3 R 1
( a+b+ c ) ( a+b +c ) ( a+ b+c )

2 b
c
a
c
a
b
R1 R1 +R2 + R3
a
b
c
2 b c a
c a b
a b c
b c a
=
c a b
2
| |
| |
a b c
= 2b c a
c a b
R.H.S
| ||
2
c
b
2
2
2 acb
a
a2
2 abc 2
( a + b +c 3 abc )
2
R 3)
(
2
| || | |
a b c
a b c a b c
L. H . S b c a = b c a b c a
c a b
c a b c a b
24
IPE
2.
2 bca
a b c
2
b c a = c
c a b
b2
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
| |
| |
a b c
c a b
b c a
a b c
b c a
c a b
| |
a b c a b c
b c a c
a
b
c a b b
c
a
|
|
a + bc+bc ab+ab +c ac +b + ac
ab+c 2 +ab b 2+ ac+ ac bc +bc +a2
ac +ac +b2 bc +a2 +bc c 2+ ab+ab
2 bca
2
c
b2
c
b
2
2
.(1)
2ac b
a
2
2
a
2 abc
2
| |
a b c
now b c a
c a b
[ a ( bca2 )b ( b2ac ) + c (abc 2) ]
( abca3b3 +abc +abcc 3 )2

(3 abca3b 3c 3 )2
( a3+ b3 +c 33 abc )2 (2)
( 1 )(2)
IPE
25
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
L. H . S=R . H . S
| | |
show that abc=1.
|
| || |
| | | |
| | | |
a a2 1+ a3
Sol :Given b b2 1+ b3 =0
c c 2 1+ c 3
2
a a 1 a a a
b b 2 1 + b b2 b3 =0
c c2 1 c c 2 c 3
2
a a 1
1 a a
2
b b 1 +abc 1 b b2 =0 {C 1 C2 }
c c2 1
c c c2
2
a a 1
a 1 a
b b 2 1 abc b 1 b 2 =0 {C 2 C 3 }
c c2 1
c 1 c2
| | | |
a a2 1
a a2 1
b b2 1 + abc b b 2 1 =0
c c2 1
c c2 1
| |
2
a a 1
b b 2 1 (1+ abc ) =0
c c2 1
[| |]
a a2 1
b b2 1 0
c c2 1
26
IPE
3.
a a2 1+ a3
a a2 1
If b b2 1+ b3 =0 b b 2 1 0,
c c 2 1+ c 3
c c2 1
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
( 1+ abc ) =0
abc=1.
a+b+ 2 c
a
b
c
b+c +2 a
b
c
a
c+ a+2 b
2(a+ b+c)3
Sol :
a+ b+2 c
a
b
c
b+ c+ 2a
b
c
a
c +a+ 2b
C1 C 1 +C2 +C 3
2(a+ b+c )
a
b
2(a+ b+c ) b+ c+ 2a
b
2(a+ b+c )
a
c +a+2 b
1
a
b
2(a+ b+c) 1 b+c +2 a
b
1
a
c+ a+2 b
R2 R2R 1 : R3 R3 R 1
27
IPE
4.
S .T
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
1
a
b
2(a+ b+c) 0 ( a+b+ c)
0
0
0
(a+b +c)
| |
1 a b
2(a+ b+c) 0 1 0 Expanding along C1
0 0 1
3
2 ( a+b+ c )3 [ 1 ( 10 ) +0+0 ]
2(a+ b+c)3
( a+b+c )3
Sol :
abc
2a
2b
2b
bca
2b
2c
2c
cab
s
R1 R1 +R2 + R3
(a+b+ c) (a+b +c) ( a+b+c )
2b
bca
2b
2c
2c
cab
28
IPE
5.
abc
2a
2b
S .T
2b
bca
2b
2c
2c
cab
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
1
1
1
( a+b+c ) 2b bca
2b
2c
2c
c ab
C2 C 2C 1 :C 3 C3 C1
1
0
0
( a+b+c ) 2b (a+b+c )
0
2c
0
( a+b+ c)
1 0 0
( a+b+c ) 2b 1 0 Expanding along R 1
2c 0 1
3
( a+b+ c ) [ 1 ( 10 ) +0+ 0 ]
( a+b+c )3
| |
| |
1 a2 a3
Sol : L. H . S 1 b2 b 3
1 c2 c3
R1 R1R2 : R2 R2R 3
29
IPE
6.
1 a2 a3
S .T 1 b2 b3 =(ab)(bc )(ca)( ab+bc +ca) .
1 c2 c3
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
| |
0 ( ab ) (a+ b) ( ab ) ( a2 +ab+b 2)
0 ( bc ) (b+ c) ( bc ) (b2 +bc +c 2)
1
c2
c3
0 a b a b
0 b2 c 2 b 3c 3
1
c2
c3
0 (a+b) (a 2+ ab+b 2)
( ab)(bc ) 0 (b+ c) (b2 +bc +c 2)
1
c2
c3
R2 R2R 1 :
0 a+b
a +ab+ b
2
( ab)(bc ) 0 (ca) b +bc +c 2a 2abb2
1
c2
c3
2
b +bc +c a abb
bc+ c 2a2 ab
b( ca)+( ca)(c +a) (ca)(a+ b+c )
|
|
0 a+b
a2+ ab+b 2
( ab)(bc ) 0 (ca) (c a)(a+b+ c)
1
c2
c3
0 a+ b a 2+ ab+b 2
( ab)(bc )(ca) 0
1
a+b+c
2
1 c
c3
Expanding alongC 1
( ab)(bc ) ( ca ) 1[ ( a+b )( a+ b+c )a2abb 2]

( ab)(bc ) ( ca ) {a 2+ ab+ac +ab+ b2 +bc
a2abb 2 }
( ab)(bc )(ca)(ab+bc +ca) .
IPE
30
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
| |
| |
a b c
Sol : a 2 b2 c 2
a 3 b3 c 3
1 1 1
abc a b c
2
2
2
a b c
C1 C 1C 2 :C 2 C2C3
0
0
1
abc ab
bc c
a2b 2 b2 c 2 c 2
abc
0
0
1
ab
bc
c
( ab ) (a+ b) ( bc ) (b+ c) c 2
abc (ab)(bc)
0
0
1
1
1
c
(a+b) (b+ c) c 2
Expanding along R 1
abc (ab)(bc)1 {b+ cab }
abc (ab)(bc)( ca)
31
IPE
7.
a b c
S .T a2 b2 c 2 =abc (ab)(bc)(ca)
a3 b3 c 3
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
x2 2 x3 3 x4
sol : x4 2 x 9 3 x16 =0
x8 2 x 27 3 x64
R2 R2R 1 : R3 R3 R 1
x2 2 x3 3 x4
2
6
12 =0.
6
24
60
x2 2 x3 3 x4
1
3
6 =0.
1
4
10
( x2 ) [ 3024 ] ( 2 x 3 ) [ 106 ]
( x2 ) [ 6 ] ( 2 x3 ) [ 4 ]
+ ( 3 x4 ) [ 43 ] =0
+ ( 3 x4 ) [ 1 ] =0
6 x128 x +12+3 x4=0
x4=0
32
IPE
8.
x2 2 x3 3 x4
find x if x 4 2 x9 3 x 16 =0.
x8 2 x27 3 x64
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
x=4.
thenix , t prove that A is invertibleA1=
] [
[ ][
adjA
.
detA
a1 b1 c1
A 1 A2 A 3
Sol : A= a2 b2 c2 adjA= B1 B 2 B3
a3 b3 c3
C1 C2 C3
a1 b1 c1 A1 A 2 A3
Now A . adjA= a2 b2 c2 . B 1 B2 B3
a3 b3 c3 C 1 C2 C 3
a 1 A1 +b 1 B1+ c 1 C 1 a1 A 2+ b1 B2 +c 1 C 2 a1 A 3+ b1 B3 +c 1 C 3
a 2 A1 +b 2 B1+ c 2 C 1 a2 A 2+ b2 B2 +c 2 C 2 a2 A3 + b2 B3 +c 2 C3
a3 A1 +b 3 B1 +c 3 C 1 a3 A 2+ b3 B2 +c 3 C2 a 3 A3 + b3 B3 +c 3 C3
detA
0
0
0
detA
0
0
0
detA
]
33
IPE
9.
a1 b1 c 1
If A= a2 b2 c 2 is a nonsingular martix ,
a3 b 3 c 3
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
[ ]
1 0 0
detA 0 1 0 =detA . I
0 0 1
A.
adjA
=I
detA
Similarly we can prove that
A1=
10.
If A=
Sol: A=
A=
adjA
=I
detA
adjA
.
detA
1 2 3
0 1 4
2 2 1
1 2 3
0 1 4
2 2 1
1
0 2
2 1 2
3
4
1
| | | | |
, then find (A)-1.
1 2
2 2
2 1
|A|= 1 4 1 +0 3 1 +3 3
4
= 1 (18 )+ 0 (26 ) +3(8+3)
= 9+ 0 +10=1
IPE
34
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
(18) (6 +2) (8+3)

(8+0) (1+6) (04)
(02) (42) (10)
9 8 5
8 7 4
2 2 1
9 8 2
8
7
2
5 4 1
]
[
9 8 2
1
1
'
(
)
adj
A
=
8
7
2
A-1= | A'|
1
5 4 1
9 8 2
8
7
2
5 4 1
11.
Solve the following equations by using Cramer s rule method .
] [] [ ]
3 4 5
x
18
Sol :let A= 2 1 8 , X = y B= 13
5 2 7
z
20
35
IPE
Adj (A) =
2 2 1
1
3
4
2 1
0
2 2 1
1
4
0
1
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
3 4 5
= 2 1 8
5 2 7
| | | | | |
3 1 8 4 2 8 +5 2 1
2 7
5 7
5 2
3(7+16)4(1440)+ 5(4+ 5)
3(9)4(26)+5(1)
27+10+5
'
136 0 crame r s rule aplicable
18 4 5
1 = 13 1 8
20 2 7
18
| | | |
1 8
13 8
13 1
4
+5
2 7
20 7
20 2
18(7+16)4( 91160)+5(26+20)
18(9)4(69)+5(6)
162+ 27630
408
| |
3 18 5
2= 2 13 8
5 20 7
| | | | | |
3 13 8 18 2 8 +5 2 13
20 7
5 7
5 20
3(91160)18(1440)+5(4065)
3(69)18(26)+5(25)
207+468125
136
3 4 18
3 = 2 1 13 =3 1 13 4 2 13 +18 2 1
2 20
5 20
5 2
5 2 20
| | | | |
3(20+26)4( 4065)+5 (4+5)

3(6)4(25)+5(1)
18+100+18
IPE
36
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
136
x=
1 408
136
136
=
, y= 2 =
, z= 3 =
136
136
136
x=3, y=1z=1.
] [] []
2 1 3
1 1
1 1
1 1
= 1 1 1 =2
+1
+3
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
| | | | | |
2(1+1)+1(11)+3(11)
2(2)+1( 0)+3 (2)

46=2 crame r ' srule aplicable .
9 1 3
1 = 6 1 1 =6 1 1 +1 6 1 + 3 6 1
1 1
2 1
2 1
2 1 1
| | | | |
9(1+1)+ 1(62)+3(62)
9(2)+1(4 )+ 3(8)
18+424=2224=2
| |
2 9 3
2= 1 6 1 =2 6 1 9 1 1 +3 1 6
2 1
1 1
1 2
1 2 1
| | | | | |
2(62)9(11)+3(26)
2(4 )+1( 0)+3 (24)
37
IPE
12.
2 1 3
x
9
Sol :let A= 1 1 1 , X= y B= 6
1 1 1
z
2
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
812=4
2 1 9
3 = 1 1 6 =2 1 6 +1 1 6 + 9 1 1
1 2
1 2
1 1
1 1 2
| | | | | |
2(2+6)+1(26)+ 9 (11 )
2(8)+1(4)+9 (2)
16418
1622=6
x=
1 2
4
6
= =1, y= 2 =
=2, z = 3 = =3
2
2
2
x=1, y=2z=3.
] [] [ ]
1 1 1
x
9
A= 2 5 7 , X = y B= 52
2 1 1
z
0
13.
1 1 1
= 2 5 7 =1 5 7 1 2 7 +1 2 5
1 1
2 1
2 1
2 1 1
| | | | | |
1(57)1(214)+ 1(210)
1(12)1(16)+1(8)
12+168=4 crame r ' srule aplicable .
9 1 1
5 7
52 7
52 5
1 = 52 5 7 =9
1
+1
1 1
0 1
0 1
0 1 1
| | |
IPE
38
| | |
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
9(57)1(520)+1(520)
9(12)1(52)+1(52)
108+ 52+ 52
108+ 104=4
1 9 1
2 = 2 52 7 =1 52 7 9 2 7 +1 2 52
0 1
2 1
2 0
2 0 1
| | | | |
1(520)9 (214)+1(0104)
1(52)9(16)+1(104)
52+144104
156 +144=12
| |
1 1 9
5 52
2 52
2 5
3 = 2 5 52 =1
1
+9
1 0
2 0
2 1
2 1 0
| | | | | |
1(052)1(0104)+ 9(210)
1(52)1(104)+9 (8)
52+10472
124 +104=20
x=
1 4
12
20
=
=1, y= 2 =
=3, z= 3 =
=5
4
4
4
x=1, y=3z=5.
] [] []
39
IPE
14.
2 1 3
x
8
A= 1 2
,
X
=
B=
1
y
4
3
1 4
z
0
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
2 1 3
2 1 + 1 1 1 +3 1 2
= 1 2
1 =2
1 4
3 4
3 1
3
1 4
| |
| | |
2(81)+1(43)+3(16)
2(9)+1( 1)+3(7)
18+121
38
8 1 3
2 1
4 1
4 2
1 = 4 2
+1
+3
1 =8
1 4
0 4
0 1
0 1 4
| |
| | |
8(81)+1(160)+ 3(40)
8(9)+1(16)+3 (4)
7216+12
76
2 8 3
2= 1 4 1 =2 4 1 8 1 1 +3 1 4
0 4
3 4
3 0
3 0 4
| |
| |
2(160)8( 43)+3 (012)

2(16)8(1)+3(12)
32836
76
2 1 8
3 = 1 2 4 =2 2 4 +1 1 4 +8 1 2
1 0
3 0
3 1
3
1 0
| | |
| | |
012+ 8(16)
04 +1
2
2(4)+1(12)+ 8(7)
IPE
40
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
76
81256
x=
1 76
76
76
=
=2, y = 2 =
=2, z= 3 =
=2
38
38
38
x=2, y =2z=2.
method :
] [] [ ]
AX =B X= A1. B
adjA
A-1
detA
A1 B1 C1 1 8 2 1
AdjA = A2 B2 C2 2 7 5 2
4 53 4
A 3 B3 C 3
1 8 2 1
(7+ 16) (4014 ) (4 +5)

cofacto r (1028) (2125) ( 20+ 6)
(32+ 5)
(1024) (38)
9
26
1
38 4
26
37 14 11
]
[
9 38 37
AdjA =[ cofactor ] = 26 4 14
1 26 11
T
](
DetA=a1 A 1 +b1 B1 + c1 C1
2(9)4(26)+5(1)
41
IPE
15.
3 4 5
x
18
A= 2 1 8 , X= y B= 13
5 2 7
z
20
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
136
A1=
9 38 37
adjA
1
=
26 4 14
detA 136
1
26 11
X = A-1 . B
][ ]
9 38 37 18
1
26 4 14 13
136
1
26 11 20
162494+740
1
46852280
136
18+ 338+220
408
1
136 x=3, y=1z=1.
136
136
[ ]
] [] []
2 1 3
x
9
(b). Sol:let A= 1 1 1 , X = y B= 6
1 1 1
z
2
AX =B X= A1. B
adjA
A-1
detA
2 1 3
detA = 1 1 1 =2 1 1 +1 1 1 +3 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
| | | | | |
2(1+1)+1(11)+3(11)
2(2)+1( 0)+3 (2)

1
46=2 0 A .
IPE
42
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
](
A 1 B1 C 1 1 1 1 1
AdjA = A2 B2 C2 1 1 1 1
1 3 2 1
A 3 B3 C 3
1 11 1
(1+ 1) (11) (11)

cofactor (3+1) (23) (1+2)
(13) (32) (2+1)
2
0 2
2 1 1
4 1
3
]
[
2 2 4
2 1
3
T
-1
2 2 4
adjA 1
=
0 1 1
detA 2
2 1
3
X =A1 . B
][ ]
2 2 4 9
1
0 1 1 6
2
2 1
3 2
1
2
18128
06 +2
18+ 6+6
] []
2
1
4
2
6
x=1, y=2z=3
IPE
43
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
] [] [ ]
| || ||
1 1 1
x
9
A= 2 5 7 , X = y B= 52
2 1 1
z
0
16.
1 1 1
5 7
2 7
2 5
detA = 2 5 7 =1
1
+1
1 1
2 1
2 1
2 1 1
| | |
1(57)1(214)+ 1(210)
1(12)1(16)+1(8)
12+168=4 0. A1 .
](
A1 B1 C 1 5 7 2
AdjA = A2 B2 C 2 1 1 2
1 11
A3 B3 C 3
5 72
5
1
1
5
(57) (14 +2) (210)

cofactor (1+1) (12) (21)
(75)
(27) (52)
12 16 8
2 3 1
2 5 3
]
[
12 2
2
8 1
3
T
-1
12 2
2
adjA 1
=
16 3 5
detA 4
8
1
3
X = A-1 . B
][ ]
12 2
2 9
1
16 3 5 52
4
8
1
3 0
44
IPE
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
108+104 +0
1
144156+0
2
72+52+0
4
1
12 x=1, y=3z =5.
2
20
[ ]
] [] []
2 1 3
x
8
A= 1 2
,
X
=
B=
1
y
4
3
1 4
z
0
17.
2 1 3
2 1
1 1
1 2
detA = 1 2
+1
+3
1 =2
1 4
3 4
3 1
3
1 4
| |
| | |
2(81)+1(43)+3(16)
2(9)+1( 1)+3(7)
18+ 121
38 0. A1 .
(81) (34) (16)

cofactor (34) (89) (32)
(16) (32) (41)
2
1
1
2
]
45
IPE
9 1 7
1 17 5
7 5
3
2 1 1
A 1 B1 C 1
AdjA = A2 B2 C2 , cofactor 1 4 3
1 3 2
A 3 B3 C 3
2 1 1
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
9 1 7
T
7 5 3
-1
9 1 7
adjA
1
=
1 17 5
detA 38
7 5
3
X = A-1 . B
][ ]
9 1 7 8
1
1 17 5 4
38
7 5 3 0
724+ 0
1
868+0
38
5620+0
76
1
76 x=2, y=2z=2.
38
76
[ ]
17.
Show that the following system of equations is
consistent and solve it completely.
x+ y+ z=3,2 x +2 yz=3, x+ yz=1 ;
sol :the augmented
1 1 1 3
[ AD ] = 2 2 1 3
1 1 1 1
on applying R2 R22 R1 , R 3 R3R1
IPE
46
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
1 1 1
3
0 0 3 3
0 0 2 2
an ap plying R 3 3 R 32 R2
1 1 1
3
0 0 3 3
0 0 0
0
.. (1)
Comparing with echelon form

Number of non-zero rows in A are 2
rank (A) =2
Number of non-zero rows in AD are 2
rank (AD) =2
Rank (A) =rank (AD) =2
The system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
We write equivalent set of equations from (1)
x+ y+ z=3
. (2)
3 z=3 .. (3)
Z =1
Hence z =1, x + y=2

Let x=k y =2k , z=1,
R is the solution set .
18.
Apply the test of rank to examine whether the
following equations are consistent.
2 x y+ 3 z =8,x +2 y+ z =4, 3 x+ y 4 z =0 ;
sol :the augmented
IPE
47
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
[ AD ] = 1
3
1 3 8
2 1 4
1 4 0
] [
~
2 1 3 8
1 2 1 4
3
1 4 0
on interchanging R1R2
we transform the above
an upper triangular
on applying R2 R2 +2 R1 , R3 R3 +3 R1
1 2 1
4
0 3 5 16
0 7 1 12
an apply ing R 3 3 R 37 R2
1 2 1
4
0 3 5
16
0 0 38 76
(1)
Comparing with echelon form

Number of non-zero rows in A are 3 rank (A) =3
Number of non-zero rows in AD are 3 rank (AD) =3
Hence rank (A) =rank [(AD)] =3.
Thus the system has a unique solution.
We write the system of equations from (1)
x +2 y + z=4 (2)
3 y+ 5 z =16 .. (3)
38 z=76 . (4)
(4)
z=2 ( 3 )
IPE
48
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
3 y=1610=6
y=2 y =2, z=2( 1 ) x=2

x= y=z=2is the solution.
19.
Solve the following system of equations

x+ y+ z=1,2 x +2 y+ 3 z =6, x + 4 y +9 z=3 ;
Sol: the augmented
1 11 1
[ AD ] = 2 2 3 6
1 49 3
] [
1 00
0 10
0 01
x
y
z
on applying R2 R22 R1 , R 3 R3R1
1
1 1
1
22 22 32 62
11 41 91 31
1 11 1
0 01 4
0 38 2
R2 R3
1 11 1
0 38 2
0 01 4
R1 3 R1R2
30 33 38 32
0
3 8
2
0
0 1
4
3 0 5 1
0 3 8 2
0 0 1 4
R1 R1 +5 R 3 , R2 R 28 R3
IPE
49
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
3+ 0 0+0 5+5 1+ 20
00 30 88 232
0
0
1
4
3 0 0 21
0 3 0 30
0 01
4
1 00
7
0 1 0 10
0 01
4
]
]
R1
[ ]
R1
3
R2
[ ]
R2
3
x=7, y=10, z=4
x y +3 z=5,4 x +2 yz=0,x+3 y + z=5 ;

20.
Sol: the augmented
1 3 5
2 1 0
1 3 1 5
[ AD ] = 4
] [
1 00
0 10
0 01
x
y
z
on applying R2 R24 R1 , R 3 R3 + R1
1
1
3
5
44 2+ 4 112 020
1+ 1 31 1+3
5+5
1 1 3
5
0 6 13 20
0 1 2
5
R2
R2 R25 R3
[ ]
R3
2
50
IPE
1 1 3
5
0 6 13 20
0 2 4
10
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
=
1
1
3
5
00 65 1310 2025
0
1
2
5
1 1 3
5
0 1 23 45
0 1 2
5
R1 R1 + R2 , R3 R 3R2
1+ 0 1+1 323 545

0
1 23
45
00 11 2+23 5+ 45
R3
1 0 20 40
0 1 23 45
0 0 25
50
[ ]
R3
25
1 0 20 40
0 1 23 45
0 0 1
2
R1 R1 +20 R3 ; R 2 R 2+ 23 R 3
1+0 0+0 20+20 40+40

0
1 23+23 45+46
0
0
1
2
1 00 0
0 10 1
0 01 2
x=0, y=1, z=2
2 x y+ 3 z =9, x + y + z=6, x y + z=2 ;
Sol:
the augmented
2 1 3 9
[ AD ] = 1 1 1 6
1 1 1 2
1
R 1 R
] [
1 00
0 10
0 01
x
y
z
R2
51
IPE
21.
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
21 11 31 96
1
1
1
6
1
1 1
2
] [
1 2 2 3
1 1 1 6
1 1 1 2
on applying R2 R2R 1 , R3 R3 R 1
] [
] [
1
2 2
3
11 1+2 12 63
11 1+2 12 23
1 2 2
3
0 3 1 3
0 1 1 1
R2 R22 R3
1
2 2
3
00 32 1+2 3+2
0
1 1
1
1 2 2
3
0 1 1
5
0 1 1 1
R1 R1 +2 R 2 , R3 R3 R2
1+ 0 2+2 2+2
3+10
0
1
1
5
00 11 11 15
R3
] [
1 0 4 13
0 1 1
5
0 0 2 6
[ ]
R3
2
1 0 4 13
0 11 5
0 01 3
R1 R14 R3 ; R 2 R2R3
IPE
52
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
1 0 44 1312
0 1 11 53
0 0 1
3
x=1, y=2, z=3
If A , B , C are angles of a triangle , prove that
cos 2 A +cos 2 B+cos 2 C=14 cosAcosBcosC .

Sol: LHS=
cos 2 A +cos 2 B+cos 2 C
{ cosC +cosD=2 cos (
=2cos
C +D
CD
) cos (
) }
2
2
B
( 2 A+2 2 B ) cos( 2 A2
)+cos 2C
2
=2cos ( A + B ) cos ( AB ) +cos 2C
A + B+C=
A + B= C
Cos ( A + B )=cos ( C)
Cos ( A + B )=cosC
=- 2 cosCcos ( AB ) +cos 2C
cos 2 C=2 cos2 C1

2cosCcos ( AB ) +2 cos2 C1
= 2 cosC [ cos ( AB )cosC ] 1
53
IPE
1.
] [
1 00 1
0 10 2
0 01 3
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
= 2 cosC [ cos ( AB )+ cos ( A + B) ]1
cos ( AB ) +cos ( A+ B )=2 cosAcosB

= 2 cosC [ 2cosAcosB ] 1
=-1-4 cosAcosBcosC RHS
If A + B+C=270 , P . T
cos 2 A +cos 2 B+cos 2 c=14 sinAsinBsinC .
Sol: LHS=
cos 2 A +cos 2 B+cos 2 C
{ cosC +cosD=2 cos (
=2cos
C +D
CD
) cos (
) }
2
2
B
( 2 A+2 2 B ) cos( 2 A2
)+cos 2C
2
=2cos ( A + B ) cos ( AB ) +cos 2C
A + B+C=
A + B=
3
2
3
C
2
Cos
( A + B )=cos (
3
C)
2
54
IPE
2.
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
Cos ( A + B )=sinC
=- 2 sinCcos ( AB ) +cos 2 C
cos 2 C=12 sin2 C

2 sinCcos ( AB )+ 12 sin2 C
= 2 sinC [ cos ( AB ) + sinC ] +1
= 2 sinC [ cos ( AB ) cos ( A + B) ]+1
cos ( AB )cos ( A + B )=2 sinAsinB

= 2 sinC [ 2 sinAsinB ] +1
= 14 sinAsinBsinC RHS
3. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle , prove that
A
B
C
A
B
C
+sin2 sin 2 =12cos cos sin
2
2
2
2
2
2 .
Sol: LHS=
sin 2
A
B
C
+sin2 sin 2
2
2
2
55
IPE
sin 2
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
2 A
2 B
2C
= sin 2 +1cos 2 sin 2
2B
2 A
2C
cos
sin
sin
=1-(
2
2 )2
cos2
B
A
sin 2
2
2 =cos
s
1cos
AB
cos (
)
( A +B
)
2
2
C
2
AB
cos (
( A +B
)
2
2 )
A + B+C=
A+ B C
=
2
2 2
Cos
( A+ B )
C
c
=cos =sin ( )
2
2 2
2
c
AB
C
1sin ( )cos
sin 2
2
2
2
C
AB
A+ B
= 1sin 2 [cos 2 +cos 2 ]
) (
C
A
B
= 1sin 2 [2cos 2 cos 2 ]
A
B
C
= 12 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 .RHS
IPE
56
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA

cos 2 A+cos 2 Bcos2 C=12 sinAsinBcosC .
2
cos A+cos Bcos C
Sol:
2
cos A +1sin Bcos C

2
2
2
= 1+cos A sin Bcos C
cos 2 Asin 2 B=cos ( A + B)cos ( AB)

2
=1+ cos ( A+ B ) cos ( AB )cos C
A + B+C=
A + B= C
Cos ( A + B )=cos ( C)
Cos ( A + B )=cosC
2
=1- cos C cos ( AB )cos C
=1-
C [ cos ( AB ) +cosC ]
cos
= 1cosC [ cos ( AB )cos ( A+ B) ]
IPE
57
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
cos ( AB )+ cos ( A + B )=2 sinAsinB
== 1cosC [ 2 sinAsinB ]
=1-2 sinAsinBcosC RHS
sinA+ sinBsinC =4 sin
A
B
C
sin cos
2
2
2 .
Sol: LHS= sinA + sinBsinC
{ sinC + sinD=2 sin (
=2
sin
C +D
CD
)cos (
) }
2
2
sinC
( A+2 B ) cos ( AB
2 )
A + B+C=
A+ B C
=
2
2 2
sin
( A +B )
C
=sin
2
2 2
c
cos ( )
2
2 cos
C
AB
cos
sinC
2
2
[s 2 A=2 sinAcosA ]
58
IPE
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
=
2 cos
C
AB
C
C
cos
2sin cos
2
2
2
2
2 cos
C
AB
C
[cos
sin ]
2
2
2
2 cos
C
AB
C
[cos
sin ]
2
2
2
(
(
{ cos
)
)
( A+ B )
c
=sin ( ) }
2
2
( A + B)
C
AB
2
cos
[cos
cos
]
=
2
2
2
2 cos
C
A
B
[2 sin sin ]
2
2
2
4 sin
A
B
C
sin cos
2
2
2
RHS
If a=13,b=14, c=15 , S . T
R=
sol : Given
a=13,b=14, c=15
65
21
,r =4, r 1= , r 2=12,
8
2
r 3=14
59
IPE
1.
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
S =
a+b+ c 13+14+ 15
=
=
2
2
r 3=
84
84
=
= =14
( sc ) 2115 6
42
=21
2
= ( s )( sa ) ( sb ) (sc)
( 21 )( 2113 )( 2114 ) (2115)
( 21 )( 8 )( 7 ) (6)
2. If r=1,
Sol: given r=1,
(7.3 .4)
1.2 .3 .6= 6.6= 62
6
S= 1 =6
abc 13.1 .4 .15 65

R=
=
=
4
4.84
8
84
r= = =4
s 21
r 1=
r 2=
=6
=84
84
84 21
=
= =
2113
8
2
( sa )
6
1
=6
S=
a=s
r1
6
a=6 =63=3
2
b=s
84
84
=
= =12
( sb ) 2114 7
r2
6
b=6 =62=4.
3
60
IPE
= r .r 1 . r 2 . r 3
(7.7 ) . ( 3.3 ) .(4.4)

2
r 1=2, r 2=3, r 3=6
We know that
= 7.3.4 .2 .7 .3 .2
=
r 1=2, r 2=3, r 3=6 find a ,b ,c .
c=s
r3
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
4 2 . 22 . 122
6
c=6 =61=5.
6
96
S=4
S=
r
r 1=8, r 2=12, r 3=24 f ind a , b , c .
Sol: given
96
4
=24
r 1=8, r 2=12, r 3=24
We know that
a=24
1 1 1 1
= + +
r r1 r2 r3
a=s
b=24
r1
96
=2412=12
8
b=s
1 1 1 1
= + +
r 8 12 24
r2
96
=248=16.
12
1 3+2+1 6 1
=
= = r =4
r
24
24 4
96c=s r 3
c 24 24 =244=20
= r .r 1 . r 2 . r 3
4.8 .12.24
4.4 .2 .12.12 .2
61
IPE
3. If
=4.2.12=8.12=96
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
4. S. T
r 1 r1 r1 1 1
+ + =
bc ca ab r 2 R
A
A
cos
2
2
2sin
=
2 RS
abc
r 1 r1 r1
Sol: bc + ca + ab
s 2
a=
ar 1
abc
r 1=s . tan
2 R sin A . S . tan
A
2
=
4 RS
abc
A
2
A
2
abc
A
A
sin A=2 sin cos
2
2
4R S
=
abc
S
1cos A
)
= (
2
A 1cos A S 1
sin 2 =
=
2
2
r
1
[1cos A+1cos B+1cos C]
2r
C
cos A+cos B+ cos
3
=
1
2r
A sin A /2
tan =
2 cos A /2
C
cos A+cos B+ cos
62
IPE
r1
=
bc
=
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
=
r=4 R sin
1
A
B
C
[3(1+ 4 sin sin sin )]
2r
2
2
2
A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
[ ]
1
r
= 2 r 2 R
1
[2
2r
5. S.T
4 R sin
A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
]
R
1 1

r 2R
r +r 3 +r 1r 2=4 R cos B
6.
7.
8.
Sol: W.K.T
9.
r=4 R sin
12.
r 3=4 R cos
A
B
C
cos sin
2
2
2
13.
A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
14.
r +r 3=4 R sin
A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
15.
10.
r 1=4 R sin
11.
1
1 r
= 2 r .2 2 r . R
A
B
C
cos cos
2
2
2
r 2=4 R cos
+4 R cos
A
B
C
cos sin
2
2
2
16.
A
B
C
sin cos
2
2
2
4 R sin
,
IPE
63
C
A
B
A
B
{sin sin +cos cos }
2
2
2
2
2
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
17.
cos
18.
AB
A
B
A
B
=cos cos +sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
C
AB
{cos
}
2
2
19.
4 R sin
20.
r 1r 2 =4 R sin
21.
4 R cos
22.
A
B
C
cos cos
2
2
2
= 4 R sin
AB+ C
2
A + B+C =
A
B
C
sin cos
2
2
2
[ ( )]
= 4 R sin 2 B
37.
= 4 R cos B
AB
A
B
A
B
=sin cos cos sin
2
2
2
2
2
40.
C
AB
{sin
}
..(2)
2
2
42.
4 R cos
AB
A
B
A
B
=sin cos cos sin
2
2
2
2
2
36.
38.
sin
sin
35.
C
A
B
A
B
{sin cos cos sin }
2
2
2
2
2
23.
24.
33.
34.
=
4 R cos
25.
.. (1)
32.
R.H.S
39.
41.
43.
26.
44.
27.
L.H.S
28.
45.
r +r 3 +r 1r 2
46.
47.
29.
4 Rsin
48.
C
A+ B
C
AB
cos
+ 4 R cos {sin
}
2
2
2
2
49.
30.
=
4 R sin
C
AB
C
AB
cos
+cos sin
2
2
2
2
]
64
IPE
31.
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
50.
ABC ,
66.
A
B
C
+cot + cot
2
2
2
cot
cot A+ cot B+ cot c
67.
In
68.
69.
70.
71.
(a+ b+c )
a 2+ b2+ c 2
52.
Sol:
Consider Nr
53.
s(sa)
s (sb)
s (sa)
cot A +=
2
( )
73.
s (sc )
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
s
= (sa+sb +sc)
s
= ( 3 s( a+b+ c ) ) a+b +c=2 s
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
(a+ b+c )2
4
78.
2
79.
Consider Dr
1
bc sin
2
B
1
acsin
2
C
=
1
absin
2
4
4
4
2
a + b2+ c 2
A
= bc sin
2
2
2 12
2
2
2
2
2
a + b +=
c + 2a b + c + a +b c
4
s
= ( 3 s2 s )
s ( ) S2
= s =
74.
75.
76.
77.
80.
81.
82.
83.
A +cot B+ cot C
cot
65
IPE
55.
cos A=
72.
A
B
C
+cot + cot
2
2
2
cot
54.
cos A cos B cos C

+
+
sin A sin B sinC
a 2+b 2+ c 2
2 bc
2
2
2
2
2
a +b + c a b + c 2 a2 +b2 c 2
+
+
2 bc sin A
2casin B 2 absinC
51.
a +b +c
=
4
Now Nr/Dr
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
84.
85.
86.
(a+b+ c)2
4
2
a +b2 + c2
4
99.
(a+ b+c )
= a 2+ b2+ c 2
100.
101.
A
B
C
+ cot + cot
2
2
2
cot cot A+ cot B+ cotC
103.
105.
89.
90.
If P1 , P2 , P3 are the altitudes drawn
2s 1
=
2 r
s 1
=
r
1 1
1
a
b
c
+ =
+
P1 P 2 P 3 2 2 2
a+bc
2
2 s2c sc 1
=
=
2
r3
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
91.
vertices A , B , c theopposite sides of a
92.
triange then S . T ( i )
a+b+ c
2
( ii )
104.
(a+ b+c )2
= a 2+ b2+ c 2
93.
1 1 1
a
b
c
+ + =
+
+
P1 P 2 P 3 2 2 2
102.
87.
88.
(i)
1 1 1 1
+ + =
P 1 P 2 P3 r
113.
1 1
1 1
( ii ) + =
P1 P 2 P 3 r 3
3
( iii ) P3 . P3 . P3 = 2 . 2 . 2 = 8
a b c
abc
2
( iii ) P3 . P3 . P3 =
114.
Sol:
97.
2
2
2
P1= a , P2= b , P3= c
abc
4R
1
1
1
= a P1 , = b P2 , = c P3
2
2
2
96.
115.
116.
abc
4R
8 (abc)2 (abc )2
=
=
abc
64 R3
8 R3
( )
117.
S .T
98.
66
IPE
94.
95.
8 3 (abc )
=
abc
8 R3
abr 1 r 2 bcr 2 r 3 abr 3 r 1

=
=
r3
r1
r2
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
118. Sol:
119.
abr 1 r 2
A
B
C
127. = 4 R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 =r
( 2 R sin A ) ( 2 R sin B )
128.
120.
simmilarly
4 R sin
A
B
C
cos cos
2
2
2
)( 4 R cos A2 sin B2 cos C2 )
bcr 2 r 3 abr 3 r 1
=
=r
r1
r2
129.
121. =
130.
C
A
B 131.
B
B
4 R 2 sin A sin B 4 R2 cos2
2 sin cos
2sin cos
2 B
2C
2
2
2
2
2 2A
132.
a cos 2 + b cos 2 + c cos 2 =S
](
)(
122. =
4 R 2 sin A sin B 4 R2 cos2
C
( sin A )( sin B )
2
2
2C
123. = 4 R sin A sin B 1cos 2
+ R
133. Sol:
134. L.H.S a
cos
A
B
C
+ b cos +c cot
2
2
2
135.
2
2C
4
R
sin
A
sin
B
sin
124. =
2
A
1+cos A
a
cos
=
a
(
)
136.
2
2
137.
A
a+ acos
138.
1
125.
C
abr 1 r 2
2
Now
=
r3
A
B
C
4 R cos cos sin
2
2
2
4 R2 sin A sin B sin 2
139.
126. =
)[
A
B
B
B
C
cos
2 sin cos
sin2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
C
4 R cos cos sin
2
2
2
)(
140.
141.
67
IPE
4 R2 2 sin
A
acos
1
( a ) +
2
1
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
A
2 RsinAcos
142. a+b+ c 1
+
2
2
167. Sol:
2 A
2 B
2C
168. L.H.S sin 2 +sin 2 +sin 2
169.
143.
170.
sin 2 A
144. s + R
2
1cos A 1cos A 1cos A

+
+
2
2
2
171.
1
172. 2 [ 3(cos A+cos B+ cos C) ]
145.
+sin 2 B+sin 2 B
sin 2 A
146.
R
s+
2
173.
174.
1
A+ B
AB
3(2 cos
+ cos
+ cos C)
2
2
2
147.
sinBsinC
4 sinA
148.
R
s+
2
) (
175.
176.
1
C
AB
A
3(2 sin +cos
+12 sin2 )
2
2
2
2
149.
150. s +
2 R sinA sinBsinC
R
177.
178.
151.
152. s + R
R.H.S
179.
180.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
)]
1
C
AB
A+B
22 sin {cos
cos
}
2
2
2
2
) (
181.
182.
1
C
A
B
312 sin {2 sin sin }
2
2
2
2
183.
sin 2
1
A
B
C
184. 2 24 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
A
B
C
r
+sin2 +sin 2 =1
.
2
2
2
2R
185.
68
IPE
166.
1
C
AB
A
312 sin {cos
sin }
2
2
2
2
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
186. 1 2
2
4 Rsin
A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
R
209.
187.
[ ]
211.
189. R.H.S
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
200.
2 A
2B
2C
201. 1{cos 2 sin 2 }+ sin 2
202.
203.
[ ( ) ( )
A+ B
AB
C
cos
+sin 2
2
2
2
204.
1sin
C
AB
C
cos
+sin 2
2
2
2
232.
233.
206.
207.
1sin
C
A
B
{2 sin sin }
2
2
2
A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
r
=1
2R
2R
a3 cos ( BC ) +
b3 cos ( C A )
+c 3 cos ( AB )=3 abc
234.
3
235. Sol: a cos ( BC ) =
C
AB
C
{cos
sin }
2
2
2
a . a2 cos ( BC )
236.
208.
2
237. = a 2 RsinA . cos ( BC )
69
IPE
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
2 A
2 B
2C
1cos
+sin
+
sin
199.
2
2
2
1sin
4 Rsin
198.
212.
213.
A
B
C
sin 2 +sin2 +sin 2
197. Or
2
2
2
205.
210.
1
r
2 r
r
188. 2 2 R = 2 2 R =1 2 R
1cos
)]
C
AB
A+ B
{cos
cos
}
2
2
2
1sin
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
252. = abc
2
238. = a
2 Rsin (B+C) .cos ( BC )
253.
254.
R a2
239.
255.
[ sin ( B+C + BC ) +sin ( B+ CB+C ) ]
256.
240.
Ra2 [ sin ( 2 B ) +sin ( 2 C ) ]
241.
Ra2
257.
258.
259.
[ 2 sinBcosB+ 2 sinCcosC ]
260.
a
242.
261.
[ ( 2 RsinB ) cosB+(2 RsinC )cosC ]
262.
263.
243.
264.
a2 [ ( b ) cosB+(C) cosC ]
244.
265.
245.
266.
a2 [ bcosB+c cosC ]
246.
2
267.
b [ c cos C +a cos A ] + c [ acosA +b cosB ]
268.
269.
247.
248. = ab [ acosB+ b cos A ]
270.
271.
bc [ b cos C +c cos B ] + ca [ acos C+ c cos A ]
272.
249.
+ bc [ a ] + ca [ b ]
274.
275.
251.
70
IPE
250. = ab [ c ]
273.
AIMS TUTORIAL
Jr.MATHEMATICS
- IA
276.
278.
277.
279.
280.
281.
282.
283.
284.
285.
IPE
71
AIMS TUTORIAL
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
303.
304.
305.
306.
302.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
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Mathematical Induction 2015-2016

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Jr.

gof: A C is one one.

2. If f: AB, g: BC are bijection, then prove that

Also (f-1og-1) (c) =f-1[g-1(c)]

3. If f: A B is a bijection, then S.T fof-1=IB and f-1of=IA.

Now f-1: B A, f: A B fof-1:BB.

Now, f: A B, f-1: B A f-1of:AA.

(f-1of) (a) =IA (a) a A.

Hence that fof-1=IB and

4. Let f: A B, IA and IB are identity functions on A and B respectively. Then

gof: A C is one one.

g: B A, there exists a unique elements a

Such that g(b)=a

1. Using mathematical induction, Show that

Step- 2:let us assume that p ( k ) istrue for n=k .

adding bothsides (k +1)term

p ( k +1 ) is true for n=k +1 .

by the principle of mathematical induction , p (n)

is true for all n N.

2. Using mathematical induction, Show that

Step- 2:let us assume that p ( k ) istrue for n=k .

adding bothsides (k +1)term

p ( k +1 ) is tru e for n=k +1 .

by the principle of mathematical induction , p (n)

is true for all n N.

n ( n+1 ) ( n+2 ) (n+ 3)

Step- 2:let u s assume that p ( k ) is true for n=k .

n ( n+1 ) ( n+2 ) ( n+3)

adding bothsides (k +1)term

P(k+1)=1.2.3+2.3.4+.+ k ( k +1)( k +2)+(k + 1)(k + 2)( K +3)

(k +1)(k +2)( k+3)

p ( k +1 ) is true for n=k +1 .

is true for all n N.

p (1) is true for n=1.

Step- 2:let us assume that p ( k ) istrue for n=k .

adding bothsides (k +1)term

p ( k +1 ) is true for n=k +1 .

by the principle of mathematical induction , p (n)

a+ ( a+d ) + .+up n terms=

is true for all n N.

let p ( n )=a+ ( a+d ) + .+a+ ( n1 ) d=

n[2 a+( n1)d ]

Step- 2:let us assume that p ( k ) istrue for n=k .

adding both sides (k +1)term

p ( k +1 ) is true for n=k +1 .

by the principle of mathematical induction, p (n)

Step- 2:let us assume that p ( k ) istrue for n=k .

adding both sides (k +1)term

Is true for all n N.

by the principle of mathematical induction, p (n)

is true for all n N.

Step- 2:let us assume that p ( k ) istrue for n=k .

adding bothsides (k +1)term

+(k +1) ( k +2 ) (2 k + 3 ) k ( k +1 )2 ( k + 2 ) (k +1) ( k +2 ) ( 2 k +3 )

( k +1 )( k +2 ) {(k +2)(k +3)}

p ( k +1 ) is true for n=k +1 .

by the principle of mathematical induction, p (n)

is true for all n N.

Step- 2:let us assume that p ( k ) istrue for n=k .

(2 k 3 +9 k 2 +13 k + 6 k 2 +24 k + 24)

2 k +15 k +37 k +24

adding both sides (k +1)term

Step- 2:let us assume that p ( k ) istrue for n=k .

adding bothsides (k +1)term