Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BI GING
HC PHN: C S CNG NGH X L NC THI
DNH CHO SINH VIN BC CAO NG
NGNH CNG NGH K THUT MI TRNG
TUY HA 2010
MC LC
CHNG 1 GII THIU CHUNG V NC THI......................................2
1.1. Nc thi v phn loi nc thi...................................................................2
1.1.1. Nc thi v nh hng ca nc thi n ngun tip nhn ..................2
1.1.2. Phn loi........................................................................................................3
1.1.2.1. Nc thi sinh hot v th...............................................................3
1.1.2.2. Nc thi cng nghip..........................................................................4
1.1.2.3. Nc thi bnh vin..............................................................................5
1.2. Thnh phn nc thi......................................................................................5
1.2.1. Cc cht hu c............................................................................................5
1.2.2. Cc cht v c...............................................................................................6
1.2.3. Thnh phn sinh hc.....................................................................................7
1.3. Cc thng s nh gi nhim nc.............................................................7
CHNG 2 TNG QUAN C S CNG NGH X L NC THI. .10
2.1. Cc cp x l nc thi............................................................................10
2.2. X l bn cn...................................................................................................10
2.3. Cc iu kin la chn gii php cng ngh x l...................................11
CHNG 3 X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C HC........13
3.1. Song chn rc...................................................................................................13
3.2. Li lc.............................................................................................................. 15
3.3. B lng ct.........................................................................................................16
3.3.1. Chc nng......................................................................................................16
3.3.2. Cu to v phn loi.......................................................................................16
3.4. B tch du m................................................................................................18
3.5. Lc c hc.........................................................................................................19
3.5.1. Nguyn l ca qu trnh lc............................................................................19
3.5.2. Vch lc.........................................................................................................21
3.5.3. Phn loi b lc..............................................................................................21
3.5.4. Cu to b lc.................................................................................................21
3.6. B iu ha........................................................................................................23
3.6.1. nh hng ca s bin i lu lng v nng ..........................................23
3.6.2. Phn loi v v tr cc b iu ha..................................................................24
3.6.3. Yu cu v tr t b iu ho.........................................................................25
3.6.4. Phn loi b iu ho.....................................................................................25
3.6.5. iu ha lu lng.........................................................................................26
3.6.6. iu ha nng ...........................................................................................27
Trang 2
Trang 6
CHNG 1
GII THIU CHUNG V NC THI
1.1. Nc thi v phn loi nc thi
1.1.1. Nc thi v nh hng ca nc thi n ngun tip nhn
Tt c cc hot ng sinh hot v sn xut trong mi cng ng u to ra
cc cht thi, cc th kh, lng v rn. Thnh phn cht thi lng, hay nc
thi (wastewater) c nh ngha nh mt dng ha tan hay trn ln gia nc
(nc dng, nc ma, nc mt, nc ngm,...) v cht thi t sinh hot trong
cng ng c dn, cc khu vc sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip,
thng mi, giao thng vn ti, nng nghip,... y cn hiu l s nhim
nc (water pollution) xy ra khi cc cht nguy hi xm nhp vo nc ln hn
kh nng t lm sch ca chnh bn thn ngun nc.
S nhim bn ngun nc c th xy ra theo hai cch: Nhim bn t nhin
v nhim bn nhn to.
- Nhim bn t nhin do nc ma chy trn trn b mt t mang theo
cht bn v vi khun gy bnh vo ngun nc tip nhn.
- Nhim bn nhn to ch yu o x nc thi (sinh hot, bnh vin, cng
nghip v nng nghip) vo ngun nc tip nhn.
Sau y l mt s nh hng chnh do nc thi gy ra i vi ngun nc
tip nhn:
+ Xut hin cc cht ni trn mt nc hoc c cn lng: Cc hin tng
nhim bn ny thng do nc thi t cc x nghip ch bin thc phm
hoc nc thi sn xut ca cc x nghip c cha du m v cc sn phm
m. Chng to nn lp mng du, m ni trn mt nc v nu cn nng
th lng xung y. Chng lm cho nc c mi v c trng v lm gim
lng oxy trong nc ngun. Vi hm lng du 0,2 - 0,4 mg/l s lm cho
nc c mi du. Kh mi du l mt vic lm kh khn. Tm c sng
trong nc b nhim bn do cc sn phm du m c tc sinh trng rt
km, thm ch khng sinh trng c v tht ca chng c mi du.
+ Thay i tnh cht l hc: Ngun nc tip nhn nc thi s b c,
c mu, c mi do cc cht thi a vo hoc do s pht trin ca rong,
ru, to, sinh vt ph du... to nn.
+ Thay i thnh phn ho hc: Tnh cht ho hc ca ngun nc tip
nhn s b thay i ph thuc vo loi nc thi ra. Hin tng ny to
ra l do nc thi mang tnh axit hoc kim hoc cha loi ho cht lm
thay i thnh phn v hm lng cc cht c sn trong thy vc.
+ Lng oxy ha tan trong nc b gim: Hm lng oxy ho tan trong
ngun nc tip nhn b gim l do tiu hao oxy oxy ho cc cht hu
c do nc thi vo. Hin tng gim hm lng oxy ho tan (<4mg/l)
trong nc gy nh hng xu cho cc loi thy sinh vt.
Trang 7
Cht nhim
BOD5
45 - 54
COD (dichromat)
72 - 102
70 - 145
Du m
10 - 30
Tng Nit
6 - 12
Amonia
2,4 - 4,8
Tng phospho
0,8 - 4,0
106 - 109
Trang 8
lc khong 5h sng.
Lu lng v tnh cht nc thi th cn thay i theo ma, gia ngy lm vic v
ngy ngh trong tun cng cn c tnh n khi nh gi s bin ng lu lng v
nng cht gy nhim.
1.1.2.2. Nc thi cng nghip
L loi nc thi sau qu trnh sn xut, phc thuc loi hnh cng nghip. c
tnh nhim v nng ca nc thi cng nghip rt khc nhau ph thuc vo lai
hnh cng nghip v ch cng ngh la chn.
Trong cng nghip, nc c s dng nh l 1 loi nguyn liu th hay phng
tin sn xut (nc cho cc qu trnh) v phc v cho cc mc ch truyn nhit. Nc
cp cho sn xut c th ly mng cp nc sinh hot chung hoc ly trc tip t ngun
nc ngm hay nc mt nu x nghip c h thng x l ring. Nhu cu v cp nc
v lu lng nc thi trong sn xut ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Lu lng nc
thi ca cc x nghip cng nghip c xc nh ch yu bi c tnh sn phm c
sn xut.
Bng 1.2: Lu lng nc trung bnh ca mt s ngnh cng nghip
ST
Ngnh cng nghip
n v sn phm
Lu lng nc thi
T
1
Sn xut bia
1L bia
5 6L
2
Tinh ch ng
1 tn c ci ng
10 20m3
3
Sn xut b sa
1 tn sa
5 6m3
4
Nh my hp rau qu
1 tn sn phm
1,5 4,5m3
5
Git m gia sc
1 tn sn phm
3 10m3
6
Dt si nhn to
1 tn sn phm
100m3
7
X nghip ty trng
1 tn si
1000 4000m3
8
Luyn thp
1 tn sn phm
4600m3
Ngoi ra, trnh cng ngh sn xut v nng sut ca x nghip cng c ngha
quan trng. Lu lng tnh cho 1 n v sn phm c th rt khc nhau. Lu lng
nc thi sn xut li dao ng rt ln. Bi vy s liu trn thng khng n nh v
nhiu x nghip li c kh nng tit kim lng nc cp do s dng h thng tun
hon trong sn xut. Thnh phn nc thi sn xut rt a dng, thm ch ngay trong 1
Trang 9
Trang 11
CHNG 2
TNG QUAN C S CNG NGH X L NC THI
2.1. Cc cp x l nc thi
C th chia lm 3 bc x l nc thi: Bc 1, bc 2 v bc 3.
2.1.1. X l bc 1
Cn gi l x l s b thng thng l cc cng trnh x l l hc (c hc) nh:
Song chn rc, b lng. Cc cng trnh nhm mc ch tch cc cht khng tan trong
nc thi. X l bc 1 nhiu khi mang mc ch x l c cht nhim, to iu kin
ph hp a tip vo h thng x l tip theo. V d: X l du m, trung ho nc
thi... to iu kin cho bin php x l sinh hc tip theo. Trong nhng trng hp
ny x l bc 1 c th l cc bin php l - ho.
2.1.2. X l bc 2
Thng thng x l bc 2 l cc cng trnh x l sinh hc dng oxy ho sinh
ho cc cht hu c cn li dng tan, keo v khng tan (nhng khng lng c).
2.1.3. X l bc 3
Thng c thc hin theo yu cu x l c cht lng cao hn. l cc
trng hp cn thit phi p dng cc bin php nh trit khun, kh tip cc cht bn
cn li trong nc thi nh nitrat, photphat, sunphat...
2.2. X l bn cn
thit k cc thit b x l v thi bn, nhng iu cn bit l: Ngun gc bn
(loi bn) v bn sinh ra t qu trnh no? Cc thng s c trng ca bn: nng x,
khi lng ring p, tr lc ring khi lc r, nhit tr Q, thnh phn ho hc (C, N, P, K,
kim loi...) vi sinh vt gy bnh.
Lng bn: y l thng s cn thit thit k cc thit b x l v thi bn.
Lng cht rn u vo nh my x l nc hng ngy thay i trong gii hn rng.
m bo kh nng x l nc ca nh my cn xem xt cc yu t di y:
+ Tc to bn trung bnh v ln nht.
+ Tim nng v th tch cha ca nh my.
+ Cc cng ngh x l v thi bn
Cc qu trnh x l nc thi dn dng v nc thi cng nghip u dn n vic
tch cc cht gy nhim v chuyn chng sang pha c th tch nh hn. Cc qu
trnh thng c p dng l tch pha rn ra khi nc thi bng lng, gn, tuyn ni,
lc. Dng cc qu trnh ha hc tch cc cht gy nhim dng keo t, to bng,
kt ta. Dng cc qu trnh sinh hc phn hu cc cht hu c gy nhim (hiu
kh, ym kh).
Nh vy sau qu trnh x l v lm sch nc thi, nc qua x l c quay
tr li mi trng s dng li cn bn to thnh s c thi i. Thng thng ta
c: (V bn / V nc thi) x 100% < 1%.
Trang 15
Tuy nhin, vic x l v thi bn rt kh do lng bn ln, thnh phn khc nhau,
m cao v bn rt kh lc. Cc nghin cu cho thy gi thnh x l v thi bn
chim khong 25 - 50% tng gi thnh qun l cht thi.
Cc phng n x l bn
iu ho bn
Qu trnh ch bin phn
Lm c
t
Tch nc
Thi bn
Chuyn ho
2.3. Cc iu kin la chn gii php cng ngh x l
Ty theo iu kin ti chnh, din tch, nhn lc ca x nghip la chn cc h
thng x l ph hp. bo m cho vic thit k h thng x l cn thit phi thu
thp cc s liu sau:
Qui trnh sn xut ca x nghip (trong phi xc nh khu no sinh ra nc
thi? thnh phn? bao nhiu? k hoch gim thiu nc thi nu c?)
V lu lng nc thi cn thit phi xc nh tng lng nc thi/ng., lu
lng nc thi theo tng gi trong ngy, s bin thin lu lng nc thi theo
gi, ca, ma v sn xut.
V thnh phn nc thi: nn xc nh cc ch tiu nh: BOD, COD, mu,
TSS, VSS, Total coliform, hm lng cc ha cht khc nu c (theo c trng ca
tng loi hnh sn xut)
Khi thit k h thng x l nh ch trng n cc im sau:
Nhu cu ca ch nhn h thng x l
y l mt yu t quan trng nht l i vi cc cng ng nh cha c kinh
nghim v xy dng v vn hnh cc h thng x l. N lin h n vn vn u
t, kh nng vn hnh, nhn s iu hnh h thng, cc thit b, kinh nghim v kh
nng nh hng n mi trng.
i vi tt c cc n, iu cn thit nht l k s thit k v ch nhn phi hiu
r cc mc tiu, mc ch chung tha mn c nhu cu ca ch nhn m vn bo
m c yu cu c bn trong vic la chn phng php x l (t tiu chun nc
thi cho php thi vo ngun nc cng cng, c hiu qu kinh t, gim nh cc nh
hng xu n mi trng...)
Kinh nghim
Cc kinh nghim v thit k v vn hnh cc h thng x l gip ta c th d on
trc cc kh nng v hn ch ca h thng x l c nhng bin php h tr, ci
tin thch hp. Kin thc v cc h thng x l gip cho cc k s loi b c cc
yu t khng an ton v tnh ton sai dn n cc thit k khng ph hp, lng ph.
i vi cc qui trnh mi, ngi k s cha c kinh nghim th qui trnh ny phi
c th nghim cn thn cc m hnh cng nh trong thc tin.
Yu cu ca cc c quan qun l mi trng
Vit Nam tiu chun nc thi c php thi vo ngun nc cng cng c
ban hnh bi B TN&MT. Trn nguyn tc, cc S TN&MT c quyn a ra cc tiu
Trang 16
chun ring ca mnh nhng cc tiu chun ny khng c thp hn tiu chun ca
B. Do vic tm hiu cc qui nh, tiu chun ca c quan qun l l ht sc cn
thit thit k h thng x l t yu cu ca cc c quan ny.
Tng thch vi nhng thit b hay h thng sn c
i vi vic nng cng sut, m rng mt h thng x l sn c phi ch n
qui trnh v thit b mi phi tng thch vi nhng ci c sn c th tn dng c
ngun nhn lc, vt lc sn c, trnh lng ph.
Ti chnh
Kh thi v mt ti chnh, cc phn tch v mt kinh t nn da trn cc ch tiu nh
NPV (net present value), B/C (benefit/cost ratio), IRR (internal rate of return)... Cc
yu t v lm pht cng nn a vo tnh ton. Phi c tnh c gi vn hnh v
bo tr h thng bao gm cc chi ph v nhn cng vn hnh, nng lng, vt t v ha
cht cung cp cho h thng.
Cc h thng nn mang li hiu qu kinh t (thu li do khng phi tr thu mi
trng, t ngun nng lng, phn bn thu c)
Cc vt t, thit b
Cc thit b s dng phi l cc loi c sn v d tm trn th trng bo m
nhu cu v ph tng thay th khi c s c, khng lm gin on vic vn hnh h
thng x l v tin xy dng.
Phi d tr v kh nng cung cp cc loi vt t s dng cho h thng k c in
nng trong tng lai h thng khng b gin on do vn khan him cc loi vt
t ny.
Nhn s
Nhn s vn hnh v bo tr h thng sau ny k c nhng k thut vin. Cc
nhn s ny phi c tp hun v c ch x l, cc s c c th xy ra, cch khc
phc...
Cc h thng x l phi tng ng vi trnh k thut ca a phng, c th tn
dng ngun nhn lc a phng (gim chi ph u t, cng nh d dng tm nhn s
vn hnh cc thit b).
Tnh mm do
C kh nng nng cng sut khi nh my c yu cu tng sn lng.
Trang 17
CHNG 3
X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C HC
3.1. Song chn rc
Song chn rc dng gi li cc cht thi rn c kch thc ln trong nc thi
m bo cho cc thit b v cng trnh x l tip theo. Kch thc ti thiu ca rc
c gi li ty thuc vo khong cch gia cc thanh kim loi ca song chn rc.
trnh ng rc v gy tn tht p lc ca dng chy ngi ta phi thng xuyn lm
sch song chn rc bng cch co rc th cng hoc c gii. Tc nc chy (v) qua
cc khe h nm trong khong (0,65m/s v 1m/s). Ty theo yu cu v kch thc
ca rc chiu rng khe h ca cc song thay i.
Trong :
Qmax : lu lng ti a ca nc thi, m3/s;
v
: tc nc chy qua song chn, m/s;
hmax : chiu cao ca nc qua song chn, m;
l
: khong cch gia cc khe, m.
K = 1,05: h s tnh n hin tng thu hp dng chy.
Chiu rng song chn:
Bs = s.(n + 1) + l.n
Trong :
s: chiu dy ca cc thanh, mm (Chn s = 8 15 mm);
n + 1: s lng thanh an song chn.
Chiu di on knh m rng:
Trong :
Bs:
Bk:
l1 1, 73 Bs Bk khi 200
Trong :
:
ph thuc vo tit din ngang v hnh dng thanh.
Chiu cao xy dng:
hxd = hmax + 0,5
1 Q
hp
2 g C. A
Trong :
Trang 20
Mun thit b lng thc hin tt qu trnh phn ring pha phn tn th iu kin
cn thit l t1 t2, do :
Trang 22
V
U c
F .
trng cho cng lc trung bnh ca my lc. Trong qu trnh lc lin tc U cng
chnh l tc lc m ln ph thuc vo chnh lch p sut, tnh cht v chiu dy
ca b, ca vch lc, nht ca nc lc. Trong qu trnh lc gin on, U cn ph
Trang 24
thuc thi gian ca giai on lc, v hn na thi gian thc hin cc giai on khc
(ra, sy b, tho, lp thit b, x b, ra my) ca chu trnh.
Tnh cht ca b lc l nhn t quan trng hng u nh hng ln nng sut lc
v vic chn thit b. Tr lc ca b ph thuc vo nhiu nhn t thuc cu trc lp b
nh kch thoc ht rn, dng ht, xp, d nhin c chiu dy lp. Di tc dng
ca p sut (lc) lp b c th bin dng, lm thay i tr lc, b c gi l chu nn.
Khi tr lc lp b khng ph thuc vo thay i p sut, c gi l khng chu nn.
Cc vt liu tinh th, cc lp ht rn v c m kch thc khng nh qu thuc loi th
hai.
Qu trnh lc hon chnh gm c hai pha: lc v lm sch (ra lc). Cc hin
tng xy ra trong pha lc hu nh ging nhau cho tt c cc loi thit b lc, pha ra
lc xy ra rt khc nhau ty thuc vo hot ng ca thit b lc l dng lc bn lin
tc hoc lc lin tc. i vi lc bn lin tc, pha lc v pha ra lc xy ra ni tip
nhau. Tri li, i vi lc lin tc, hai pha ny xy ra thi.
Lc bn lin tc (Semicontinuous Filtration Operations): Trong pha lc, qu
trnh tch cc ht c tch khi nc/nc thi c thc hin bng cch cho
nc/nc thi i qua lp vt liu lc trong iu kin c hoc khng c b sung ha
cht. Trong lp vt liu lc, qu trnh kh cc ht l lng xy ra bng mt qu trnh
phc tp bao gm mt hoc nhiu c ch nh lc qua khe, va chm, lng, to bng v
hp thu.
Pha lc kt thc khi nng cht l lng trong nc sau lc bt u tng vt qu
gii hn cho php hoc vt qu gii hn cho php ca tn tht p sut qua lp vt
liu lc. Mt cch l tng, hai hin tng ny phi xy ra ng thi. Khi mt trong
hai hin tng ny xy ra, pha lc kt thc v phi tin hnh ra lc tch cc cn l
lng tch ly trong lp vt liu lc. Thng thng, qu trnh ra lc c thc hin
bng cch i chiu dng chy qua thit b lc. Vi lu lng nc ra lc ln, lp
vt liu lc s b gin n v y cc cn tch ly ra ngoi. Khng kh thng c s
dng kt hp vi nc tng hiu qu ra lc. Trong hu ht cc h thng x l nc
thi, nc sau khi ra lc c cha cc cn l lng c a v b lng t 1 hoc qua
qu trnh x l sinh hc.
Qu trnh lc lin tc: Trong cc thit b lc vn hnh lin tc, pha lc v pha ra
lc xy ra ng thi v khng c hin tng t im ti hn ca c hoc tn tht
p sut.
Mt dng thit b lc lin tc l thit b dng chy ngc, nc cn lc chuyn
ng ngc t di ln qua lp vt liu lc. Cng thi gian , lp ct di chuyn ng
thi theo cng hng v c lm sch lin tc. Ct (vt liu lc) c bm t y
thit b lc qua ng trung tm n b phn ra lp phn trn ca thit b lc, tng ht
ct s c lm sch cc vt liu bm trn n bng qu trnh c xt v lc ct. Qu
trnh ra sch ct xy ra khi chng chuyn ng zig-zag trong knh phn di ca
b phn ra v trc khi ri tr li b mt ca lp ct.
3.5.2. Vch lc
Trang 25
Mt nhn t m bo cht lng ca vic tch, gim tiu hao (nng lng, vt liu
lc, cng) l chn vch lc cho ph hp. Vch lc cn trc ht m bo tch,
bn c hc v khng b dch lc n mn, li cn tr lc khng ln. Cc vch lc c
dt (t si bong, si ho hc, k c cc li kim loi) thng c dng v d ghp
cht vo thit b, d tho b v git ra, d lin tc ho v t ng ho. Cc lp ht
hoc tm xp thng dng v d ghp cht vo thit b, d lin tc ho v t ng ho.
Cc lp ht hoc tm xp thng dng trong thit b lm vic gin on.
Nhn chung cc vch lc ch thc s lm vic tt (cho nc lc trong) khi c
mt lp rt mng trn b mt. l do cc ht b bt mt phn tit din ca cc mao
qun ln. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh lc, cc ht nh b gi li (trn ming cc pore v
trong long chng) ngy cng nhiu, lm tng ng k tr lc. Do vy vic git ra v
thay nh k vch lc rt c ngha. Tuy nhin thc nghim chng t rng vch lc
c chn ph hp s c thi gian lm vic tng i n nh kh di, trong thi gian
tr lc ca vch bin i rt t.
3.5.3. Phn loi b lc
Theo tc :
B lc chm: c tc lc 0.1 0.5m/h
B lc nhanh: vn tc lc 5 15m/h
B lc cao tc: vn tc lc 36 100m/h
Theo ch lm vic:
B lc trng lc: h, khng p.
B lc c p lc : lc kn, lc chn khng,
Ngoi ra cn chia theo nhiu cch khc nhau theo chiu dng chy, lp vt liu
lc, theo c ht vt liu lc, cu to ht vt liu lc,
3.5.4. Cu to b lc
Trang 27
Hnh 2.9: Cu to b lc p lc
B lc p lc l mt loi b lc khp kn, thng c ch to bng thp c dng
hnh tr ng v hnh tr ngang.
B lc p lc c s dng trong dy chuyn x l nc thi (cui dy chuyn
cng ngh). Do b lm vic di p lc, nn nc cn x l c a vo trc tip t
trm bm vo b, ri a trc tip vo ngun tip nhn.
Khi ra b, nc t ng ng p lc chy ngc t di ln trn qua lp ct lc
v vo phu thu, chy theo ng thot nc ra xung ng thu nc ra lc
3.6. B iu ha
3.6.1. nh hng ca s bin i lu lng v nng
Trang 29
Trang 30
3.6.5. iu ha lu lng
iu ha lu lng c s dng duy tr dng thi vo gn nh khng i,
khc phc nhng vn vn hnh do s dao ng lu lng nc thi gy ra v nng
cao hiu sut ca qu trnh cui dy chuyn x l. Cc k thut iu ha c ng
dng cho tng trng hp ph thuc vo c tnh ca h thng thu gom nc thi. Cc
phng n b tr b iu ha lu lng c th l iu ha trn dng thi hay ngoi
dng thi x l.
Phng n iu ha trn dng thi c th lm gim ng k dao ng thnh phn
nc thi i vo cc cng on pha sau, con phng n iu ha ngoi dng thi ch
gim c mt phn nh s dao ng .
V tr tt nht b tr b iu ha cn c xc nh c th cho tng h thng x
l. V tnh ti u ca n ph thuc vo loi x l, c tnh ca h thng thu gom v
c tnh ca nc thi.
xc nh th tch cn thit ca b iu ha c th s dng phng php th
trn c s thc nghim v quan h gia th tch tch ly ca lu lng nc thi
dng vo theo thi gian.
Cc bc thit k xy dng b iu ha nh sau:
Bc 1: o lu lng nc thi tng gi t 0 gi ngy hm trc n 0 gi ngy
hm sau (c th thng qua vic o lu lng nc s dng tr i lng nc gi li
trong cc sn phm).
Bc 2: Tnh ton tng lng nc thi ra mi trng theo tng gi. V th
biu din tng lng nc thi ra mi trng theo tng gi v tng lng nc thi
theo lu lng trung bnh thi ra mi trng theo tng gi.
Bc 3: Xc nh im bng ca th, v ng tip tuyn vi th ti im
bng, hiu s khong cch thng ng chiu t im bng ca ng biu din tng
lng nc thi ra mi trng theo tng gi n ng biu din tng lng nc thi
theo lu lng trung bnh thi ra mi trng theo tng gi l th tch cn thit ca b
iu lu.
Trong thc t b iu lu thng c thit k ln hn th tch tnh ton t 1020% phng nga cc trng hp khng tin on c ca s bin ng hng ngy
ca lu lng; trong mt s h thng x l ngi ta c th bm hon lu mt s nc
thi v b iu lu.
Hnh 2.11 minh ha bng th hai trng hp in hnh. xc nh th tch cn
thit, v ng tip tuyn vi ng cong th tch dng vo song song vi ng lu
lng trung bnh hng ngy ca im xut pht t gc ta . Th tch cn thit khi
s bng khong cch theo chiu ng thng ng t tip im n ng thng biu
din lu lng trung bnh hng ngy (trng hp a) hoc bng khong cch gia hai
tip im theo chiu thng ng song song vi trc tung (trng hp b).
B iu ha c thit k vi chiu su t 1,5 2m. Th tch ca b iu ha c
th tnh theo cng thc sau:
Trang 31
Vd
Q.d
k
ln n
kn 1
Trong :
kn
C max C tb
Ccf C tb
Trang 33
CHNG 4
X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP
HA L V HA HC
4.1. Trung ha
4.1.1. Vai tr
Nc thi sn xut ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip c th cha axit hoc kim.
ngn nga hin tng xm thc v trnh cho qu trnh sinh ha cc cng trnh
lm sch v ngun nc khng b ph hoi, ta cn phi trung ha nc thi. Trung ha
cn nhm mc ch tch loi mt s ion kim loi nng ra khi nc thi. Mt khc
mun nc thi c x l tt bng phng php sinh hc phi tin hnh trung ha v
iu chnh pH v 6.5 8.5.
Trung ha bng cch dng cc dung dch axit hoc mui axit, cc dung dch kim
hoc oxit kim trung ha dch nc thi. Mt s ha cht dng trung ha:
CaCO3, CaO, Ca(OH)2, MgO, Mg(OH)2, NaOH, Na2CO3, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3,Ngoi
ra, c th tn dng nc thi c tnh acid trung ha nc thi c tnh kim hoc ngc
li. V d, nh trong dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut xi m, do c 2 cng on: lm
sch b mt nguyn liu cn m (y l cng on to ra nc thi c tnh kim mnh)
v cng an ty r kim loi (cng on ny li to ra nc thi c tnh acid mnh). Ta
c th tn dng 2 loi nc thi ny trung ha ln nhau.
4.1.2. Trung ho bng trn nc thi cha axit v nc thi cha kim.
Phng php ny c s dng khi nc thi ca x nghip l axit cn x nghip
gn c nc thi l kim: C hai loi nc thi ny u khng cha cc cu t gy
nhim khc
4.1.3. Trung ho bng cch cho thm ho cht vo nc thi.
Phng php ny dng trung ho nc thi c cha axit. Ngi ta phn bit ba
loi nc thi c cha axit nh sau :
Nc thi cha axit yu (H2CO3, CH3COOH)
Nc thi cha axit mnh (HCl, HNO3), cc mui canxi ca chng d tan trong
nc.
Nc thi cha axit mnh (H2SO4, H3PO4) cc mui canxi ca chng kh tan
trong nc.
trung ha nc axit, c th s dng cc tc nhn ha hc nh NaOH, KOH,
Na2CO3, nc amoniac NH4OH, CaCO3, MgCO3 , olomit (CaCO3 . MgCO3) v xi
mng. Tc nhn r nht l sa vi 5 n 10% Ca(OH) 2 , tip l soa v NaOH
dng ph thi. i khi ngi ta s dng cc cht thi khc nhau ca sn xut trung
ha nc thi.
trung ha nc thi kim ngi ta s dng cc axit khc nhau hoc kh thi
mang tnh axit nh CO2 ,SO2, NO2,
Trang 34
4.1.4. Trung ho nc thi cha axit bng cch lc qua lp vt liu lc trung
ho.
Ngi ta thng dng cc vt liu nh manhtit (MgCO 3), olomit , vi,
hoa,v cc cht thi rn nh x, x tro lm vt liu lc. Qu trnh trung ha c tin
hnh trong cc thit b lc - trung ha t nm ngang hoc ng. Cc thit b lc ny
dng trung ha nc axit c nng khng vt qu 1,5mg/l v khng cha mui
ca kim loi nng.
4.1.5. Trung ha bng cc kh acid
trung ha nc thi kim, trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta dng kh thi
cha CO2, SO2, NO2, Vic s dng kh axit khng nhng chophp trung ha nc
thi m ng thi tng hiu sut lm sch chnh kh thi khi cc cu t c hi.
Vic s dng CO2 trung ha nc thi kim c nhiu u im vi vic dng
H2SO4 hay HCl v cho php gim rt ng k chi ph cho qu trnh trung ha. Do
ha tan CO2 km nn mc nguy him do oxy ha qu mc cc dung dch c trung
ha cng gim xung, cc ion CO32 c to thnh c ng dng nhiu hn so vi ion
SO42, Cl, ngoi ra tc ng n mn v c hi ca ion CO 32 trong nc nh hn cc
ion SO42- , Cl.
4.2. Keo t
4.2.1. C ch qu trnh keo t
ng t l qu trnh th ha cc ht phn tn v cht nh tng trong h keo.
Phng php ng t hiu qu nht khi c s dng tch cc ht keo phn tn c
kch thc 1-100m.
Trong x l nc thi, s ng t din ra di tc ng ca cht ng t. Cht
ng t trong nc to thnh cc bng hydroxit kim loi, lng nhanh trong trng
trng lc. Cc bng ny c kh nng ht cc ht keo v ht l lng kt hp chng vi
nhau. Cc ht keo c in tch m yu cn cc bng ng t c in tch dng yu
nn chng ht nhau.
cht trong nc, pH v gi thnh phn mui ca nc. Cc mui nhm c lm cht
ng t l Al2(SO4)3.18H2O; NaAlO2, Al2(OH)5Cl; KAl(SO4)2.12H2O v
NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O. Trong s , ph bin nht l sunfat nhm. N hot ng hiu
qu khi pH = 5-7,5. Sunfat nhm tan tt trong nc v c gi thnh tng i r. N
c s dng dng kh hoc dng dung dch 50%. Qu trnh to bng ng t ca
mt s mui nhm nh sau:
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2
Cc mui st c dng lm cht ng t l Fe 2(SO4)3.2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.3H2O,
FeSO4.7H2O v FeCl3. Hiu qu lng trong cao hn khi s dng dng kh hoc dung
dch 10-15%. Cc sunfat c dng dng bt. Liu lng cht ng t ph thuc pH
ca nc thi. i vi Fe 3+ pH = 69, cn i vi Fe2+ pH 9,5. kim ha nc
thi dng NaOH v Ca(OH)2. Qu trnh to bng ng t din ra theo phn ng:
FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4
Khi kim ha:
2FeCl3 + 3Ca(OH)2 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaCl2
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(OH)2 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaSO4
Mui st c u im so vi mui nhm:
Hot ng tt hn nhit nc thp.
Gi tr ti u pH trong khong rng hn.
Bng bn v th hn.
C th ng dng cho nc c khong nng mui rng hn.
C kh nng kh mi c v v l do c mt ca H2S.
Tuy nhin, chng cng c mt s nhc im:
C tnh axit mnh, lm n mn thit b.
B mt cc bng t pht trin hn.
To thnh cc pha nhum tan mnh
Ngoi cc cht nu trn cn c th s dng cht ng t l cc loi t st khc
nhau, cc cht thi sn xut cha nhm, cc hn hp, dung dch ty ra, x cha dioxit
silic.
Khi s dng hn hp Al2(SO4)3 v FeCl3 vi t l t 1:1 n 1:2 thu c kt qu
ng t tt hn khi dng tc cht ring l.
4.2.3. C s l thuyt lng keo t
Lng l qu trnh tch khi nc cn l lng hoc bng cn hnh thnh trong giai
on keo t to bng hoc cc cn bn sau qu trnh x l sinh hc
Tnh cht lng ca cc ht c th chia thng 3 dng nh sau :
Lng dng I: lng cc ht ri rc. Qu trnh lng c t trng bi cc ht lng
mt cch ri rc v tc lng khng i. Cc ht lng mt cch ring l khng c
kh nng keo t, khng dnh bm vo nhau sut qu trnh lng. c th xc nh tc
lng dng ny c th ng dng nh lut c in ca Newton v Stoke trn ht
cn. Tc lng dng ny hon ton c th tnh ton c.
Trang 37
Lng dng II: lng bng cn. Qu trnh lng c t trng bi cc ht (bng
cn) kt dnh vi nhau trong sut qu trnh lng. Do qu trnh bng cn xy ra trn cc
bng cn tng dn kch thc v tc lng tng. Khng c mt cng thc ton hc
thch hp no biu th gi tr ny. V vy c cc thng s thit k v b lng dng
ny, ngi ta th nghim xc nh tc chy trn v thi gian lng hiu qu kh
bng cn cho trc t ct lng th
nghim, t nhn vi h s quy m ta c tc chy trn v thi gian lng thit k.
Lng dng III: lng cn tr. Qu trnh lng c t trng bi cc ht cn c
nng cao (>1000mg/l). Cc ht cn c khuynh hng duy tr v tr khng i vi
cc v tr khc, khi ckhi ht nh l mt th thng nht lng xung vi vn tc
khng i. Lng dng ny thng thy b nn bn.
Thc t phng php ny l phng php kt hp gia phng php ho hc v l
hc. Mc ch ca phng php ny nhm loi b cc ht cht rn kh lng hay ci
thin hiu sut lng ca b lng. Cu to ca b ny l loi b lng c hc thng
thng, nhng trong qu trnh vn hnh, chng ta thm vo mt s cht keo t nh
phn nhm, polymere to iu kin cho qu trnh keo t v to bng cn ci
thin hiu sut lng.
u im: hiu qu cao, tn tht p lc trong b nh, dung tch b nh (thi gian
lu nc ngn).
Nhc im: kh tnh cu to ca b phn thu nc trn b mt theo hai yu cu:
thu nc u v khng ph v bng cn, kh xy dng khi dung tch ln.
4.2.4.4. B phn ng kiu vch ngn
H
cng c gi li. tm ra quy lut chuyn ng ca ht cn, ta hy xt
To
Loi phu
Phn chnh l bung lng m y cn vi gc y =60 0 cao hn nhiu so vi
phn hnh tr pha trn. B phn cp liu c trc thit b. Huyn ph t thng
3, trn qua ming ng c phao 4 kh cc xung ng trc khi i vo khng gian
lng. Nc trong qua ca trn ra mng 2. B t y c kh nn y qua ng 5 ra
ngoi. Thit b lm vic lin tc. Nh phn cn ln m b thu c kh c. Tuy nhin
t iu , chiu cao thit b (phn cn) phi ln.
Loi hnh tr c co b
Loi ny c dng nhiu trong cng nghip v x l huyn ph nc thi v c
kh nng t mc phn ring kh cao, nht l c th c c b (n kh trn
50%), li c cu trc tng i n gin.
Thit b gm phn chnh hnh tr, ng knh t vi mt n vi trm mt (tu
theo nng sut). Cc thit b nh c th lm vic gin on c y hnh hi cn.
Phn ln loi ny th hin tnh u vit khi lm vic lin tc. Thit b lm vic lin
tc c y bng hoc hi cn, huyn ph c cp vo phn trc ca thit b su
0,3 1m so vi mt thong cht lng. B c co vun dn vo tm. Loi thit b nh,
co quay vi tc 0,02 vng/s nh trc gia. Loi ng knh rt ln th b phn
truyn ng v co c chuyn ng nh mt mt chy trn ng ray trn. Tc
quay rt nh (c 2.10-3 vng/s).
Cc thit b ln c th t ti 3000 tn/ ngy hoc hn.
tit kim mt bng, ng thi tng mc c c b v sch ca b, cc thit
b lng nhiu tng ra i, cu to theo nguyn tc cc tng chng ln nhau.
H thng co b c truyn ng chung t mt trc thng ng tm. Huyn
ph c cp t pha trn (tng trn cng). B lng xung sn ca mi tng c co
dn v pha tm ri vo hp b. Nu b c ra th s c nc sch ( tng di
cng) hoc nc trong ca tng di ho long, ri tip tc qu trnh lng tng di.
Nc trong c ly ra t nh ca mi tng.
Hnh 4.8: Thit b lng c co b v
lng co b nhiu tng
Trong thc t, do c im ca
loi huyn ph hoc do cn kt hp
vi qu trnh khc, nh qu trnh ng
t chng hn, cc thit b lng cn
nhiu loi khc na, m hu ht l cc
thit b lm vic bn lin tc. Mc
tch, tc l trong ca dng trn v
c ca dng di ph thuc
khng nhng vo cu trc thit b, m
quan trng hn l k thut vn hnh, k c cc bin php b tr.
Ni chung lng bng trng lc trong nhiu trng hp khng t c phn
tch cao song tit kim nng lng, chi ph thp, nn t ra rt c dng khi nng sut
ln v khi huyn ph rt long.
Trang 43
4.3. Tuyn ni
4.3.1. Nguyn l
Qu trnh tuyn ni l qu trnh phn tch cc ht rn hoc lng khi pha lng
c thc hin bng cch cung cp cc bt kh mn vo pha lng. Cc bt kh dnh kt
vi cc ht khin cho lc y ca bt kh kt hp vi ht rn ln ko cc ht ny
ni ln b mt. Nh m cc ht c t trng ln hn t trng ca cht lng cng ni
c.
Trong x l nc thi, qu trnh tuyn ni c p dng x l cc cht l lng
trong nc v c c bn. u im chnh qu trnh tuyn ni so vi qu trnh lng l
kh nng tch loi kh trit cc ht rt nh v nh, c kh nng lng chm trong
mt khong thi gian ngn. Trong x l nc cp, qu trnh tuyn ni c s dng
kt hp vi qu trnh keo t to bng.
Hnh 4.9: Nguyn l qu trnh tuyn
ni
Trong cng nghip, tuyn ni c p
dng x l cht khong, ti sinh
nguyn liu t nc ra, lm sch nc
thi, x l bn v thu hi khong sn qu.
Trong x l nc cp, qu trnh tuyn ni
c kt hp vi qu trnh keo t to
bng, c bit l i vi cht mn v to
sau qu trnh keo t to bng c tch ra
khi nc bng tuyn ni.
Tuyn ni bt nhm tch cc ht l
lng khng tan v mt s cht keo hoc
ha tan ra khi pha lng. K thut ny c th dng cho x l nc thi th v nhiu
lnh vc cng nghip nh: ch bin du bo, dt thuc da, ch bin tht, v.v
Ngoi ra, tuyn ni ion v phn t l mt phng php mi tch cc cht tan ra
khi nc, c s dng trong nhng nm gn y.
Hiu sut ca phng php tuyn ni ph thuc vo kch thc v s lng bong
bng kh, kch thc cc tp cht trong nc thi. Kch thc ti u ca bong bng kh
l 15 30m, kch thc ht tp cht l 0,2 1,5m.
Phng php ny c u im l hot ng lin tc, phm vi ng dng rng ri, chi
ph u t v vn hnh khng ln, hiu qu x l cao, thit b n gin, thu cn c
m nh v c th thu hi tp cht trong cn. Ngoi ra, nc thi c x l bng
phng php tuyn ni s c thng kh, gim c hm lng cht hot ng b
mt, cht d b oxy ha.
4.3.2. Cc phng php tuyn ni
a) Theo c ch ngi ta chia thnh:
Trang 44
Trang 45
Thng bo ha
Bt tuyn ni
Vi phun
Khng kh nn
Nc thi cn
x l
Thng bo ha
Ngn tuyn ni
Nc sau x l
Bt tuyn ni
Vi phun
Ngn tuyn ni
Trang 48
Nc sau x l
Ngn tuyn ni
Vi phun
Nc sau x
l
Thng bo ha
Bt tuyn ni
Ngn tuyn ni 1
Ngn tuyn ni 2
Thng bo ha
Kh nn
Trang 49
4.4. Hp ph
4.4.1. C s qu trnh hp ph
Trang 51
4.4.2.2. Silicagen
Trang 52
Trang 53
Trang 54
Trong qu trnh oxi ha, cc cht nhim c hi, cha trong nc thi, do phn
ng ha hc, chuyn thnh cht t c hn v c loi ra khi nc.
Phng php ny yu cu chi ph tc cht ln, v vy n ch c ng dng khi
cht nhim khng th loi c bng cc phng php khc. V d, x l cc Xianua,
cc hp cht tan ca Asen...
Cht c tnh oxi ha mnh nht l flo, nhng do c tnh n mn mnh nn n
khng th c ng dng trong thc t.
Th oxi ha ca cc cht khc nh sau: Ozn - 2,07; Clo - 0,94; H 2O2 - 0,68;
Pemanganat kali - 0,59 (n v: Vn).
4.5.1. Oxi ha bng Clo
Clo v cc cht cha Clo hot tnh l cht oxi ha ph bin nht. Chng c ng
dng lm sch nc khi H 2S, hydrosunfua, cc hp cht metyl, lu hunh, cc
Phenol, cc Xianua...
Khi cho Clo vo nc s hnh thnh hypoClorit v axit Clohydric
Cl2 + H2O = HOCl + HCl
Sau din ra s phn li hypoClorit, khi pH = 4 phn t Clo gn nh khng c:
HOCl H+ + OClTng (Cl2 + HOCl + OCl-) c gi l Clo c hot tnh t do.
Qu trnh x l cc Xianua c tin hnh trong mi trng kim (pH = 9).
Xianua c th c oxi ha thnh nit v dioxit cacbon.
CN- + 2OH- + Cl2 CNO- + 2Cl- + H2O
2CNO- + 4OH- + 3Cl2 CO2 + 6Cl- + N2 + 2H2O
Cc ngun Clo hot tnh c th l Clorat canxi, hypoClorit, cc Clorat, dioxit Clo.
Chng c hnh thnh theo cc phn ng sau:
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 = CaOCl2 + H2O
2NaOH + Cl2 = NaClO + NaCl + H2O
2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 = Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O
Cht oxi ha mnh l Clorat natri (NaClO2), n b phn hu sinh ra ClO2. Dioxit
Clo l kh c c mi gt hn ClO. Clorat natri c iu ch nh sau:
2NaClO2 + Cl2 2ClO2 + 2NaCl
5NaClO2 + 4HCl 5NaCl + 4ClO2 + 2H2O
Qu trnh oxi ha Xianua thnh xianat bi Clo hot tnh nh sau:
CN- + OCl- CNO- + ClXianat d b thu phn thnh cacbonat
CNO- + 2H2O CO32- + NH4+
Vn tc thu phn ph thuc pH ca mi trng. pH = 5,3 trong 1 ngy m 80%
xianat b thu phn. Nu d Clorat xianat b oxi ha tip tc.
2CNO- + 3OCl- + H2O 2CO2 + N2 + 2OH- + 3ClTrong lc phn ng pH c gi trong khong 811. Kim tra s oxi ha hon
ton da trn nng Clo hot tnh cn d, khng thp hn 5-10mg/l.
Trang 55
Clorat canxi thng phm cha di 33% Clo hot tnh, cn HypoClorua Canxi
n 60%.
4.5.2. Oxi ha bng H2O2
H2O2 l cht lng khng mu, c ng dng oxi ha cc Nitric, Andehyt,
Phenol, Xianua, cht thi cha lu hunh, thuc nhum hot ha... Oxi gi c, nng
gii hn cho php trong nc l 0,1mg/l.
Trong mi trng axit v kim, H2O2 b phn hu.
2H+ + H2O2 + 2e 2H2O
2OH- + H2O2 + 2e 2H2O + 2O2Trong mi trng axit nc oxi gi chuyn mui st ha tr 2 thnh mui ha tr 3,
axit Nit thnh Axit Nitric, sunfua thnh sunfat. Xianua b oxi ha thnh Xianat trong
mi trng kim (pH = 9-12).
Trong dung dch long qu trnh oxi ha cht hu c din ra chm, v vy ngi ta
dng xc tc l cc ion kim loi c ha tr thay i (Fe2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, CO2+, Cr3+, Ag2+).
V d, qu trnh oxi ha bng H2O2 vi mui st din ra rt nhanh khi pH = 34,5.
Trong qu trnh x l nc ngi ta cn s dng tnh kh ca oxi gi
H2O2 + Cl2 O2 + 2HCl
NaClo + H2O2 NaCl + O2 + H2O
Cc phn ng ny c dng kh Clo trong nc H2O2 d c loi bi MnO2.
MnO2 + H2O2 + 2HCl MnCl2 +2H2O + O2
Oxi ha cht nhim bng cc axit H 2SO4 v H2S5O8 c nhiu trin vng. V d
Phenol c oxi ha bng H2SO4 khi pH = 10. Bng phng php ny c th gim
nng Phenol n 510-6%. Cc Xianua b phn hu nhanh di tc dng ca cc
axit ny.
Khi nng Xianua trong nc thi l 0,01 - 0,05%, ngi ta dng H 2SO4, cn
khi nng cao dng H2S5O8. iu kin ti u l pH = 9.
4.5.3. Oxi ha bng oxi ca khng kh
Ngi ta s dng oxi ca khng kh oxi ha cc hp cht st nh thnh st tam
vi s to thnh hidroxit st kt ta. Phn ng oxi ha nh sau:
4Fe2+ + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe3+ + 4OH
Fe3++ 3H2O = Fe(OH)3 + 3H+
Qu trnh oxi ha din ra khi sc khng kh qua nc thi. C th n gin ha
vic sc kh bng cch cho nc dng git ri trong khng kh xung b mt vt liu
lc. Khi cc git lng tip xc vi khng kh s xy ra qu trnh oxi ha st.
Oxi ha trong khng kh cng c dng oxi ha nc thi sunfit ca cc
nh my xenlul, ch bin du m v ha du. Qu trnh oxi ha cc hydrosunfua v
sunfua din ra mt s giai on vi s thay i ha tr ca lu hunh t -2 n +6.
S2- S S12O62- S2O32- SO32- SO42-
Trang 56
O3
O O
C
C
O3
C+
OO-
ion lng cc
khng bn
i vi
Phenol, ozn
hot tnh cao trong khong nng rng, t 0 n 1.000mg/l.
C C
O
ozonua
c
Trang 61
Khi pH tng NCl3 to t. Kh nng dit trng ca NH 2Cl =(1/3 - 1/5) NHCl2 v
NH2Cl2 =(1/20 1/25)Cl2. Sau khi qua x ly (h thng x l) th lng Clo lng d:
0.3-0.5mg/l. Sao cho n cui ng cn 0.05mg/l. Lng Clo d a vo trong nc
phi xc nh bng thc nghim. Khi thit k s b c th ly nh sau : i vi nc
thi sau x l c hc l 10mg/l; nc thi sau x l Aeroten khng hon ton hay
Biophin cao ti l 5mg/l; nc thi x l sinh hc hon ton l 3mg/l.
Khi trong nc c phenol, kh trng bng Clo Clo phenol c mi rt kh chu.
Nn kh bng NH3 trc khi kh trng.
* Kh trng bng Clo lng: Khi dng Clo lng kh trng, ti nh my phi
lp t thit b chuyn dng a Clo vo nc gi l Clorat. y l thit b c
chc nng pha ch v nh lng Clo hi v nc.
4.6.1.2. Kh trng bng Clorua vi v canxihyphocloit
Clorua vi c sn xut bng cch cho Clo + vi ti Cloruavi. Trong
Cloruavi th lng Clo hot tnh chim 20 25%. Canxi hypclorit Ca(OCl) 2 l sn
phm ca qu trnh lm bo ha dung dch vi sa bng Clo. Hm lng Clo hot tnh
chim 30 45%.
4.6.1.3. Dng zn kh rng
zn l mt cht kh c mu tm t ha tan trong nc v rt c hi i vi con
ngi. trong nc, zn phn hy rt nhanh thnh xi phn t v nguyn t. zn
c tnh hot ha mnh hn Clo, nn dit trng mnh hn.
zn c sn xut bng cch cho Oxy hoc khng kh i qua thit b phng la
in. cung cp lng ozon cho trm x l nc ta dng my pht tia la in v
cho khng kh chy qua. Ozon sn xut ra d b phn hy thnh Oxy do phi lp
thit b lm lnh my sn xut Ozon. C 2 loi my lm lnh in cc:
- Lm lnh bng khng kh.
- Lm lnhbng nc.
u im ca Ozon:
- Khng c mi
- Lm gim nhu cu oxi ca nc , gim cht hu c,..
- Kh mu, phnol, xianua
- Tng DO
- Khng c sn phm ph gy c hi
- Tng vn tc lng ca ht l lng
Nhc im:
- Vn u t cao
- Tiu tn nng lng
Kh nng tit trng ca Ozon
ha tan ca Ozon gp 13 ln ca oxy. Khi va cho vo trong nc kh nng
tit trng l rt t, khi Ozon ha tan liu lng, ng vi hm lng oxy ho
hu c v vi khun trong nc, lc tc dng kh trng mnh nhanh gp 3100 ln so
vi Clo, thi gian tit trng xy ra trong khong 3 8 giy. Liu lng cn thit cho
Trang 63
Trang 64
Chlorine
Ozone
Phng php
Vt l
Ha hc
Ha hc
Vn u t
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Chi ph vn hnh
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Tn xut bo tr
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Rt tt
Tt
Tt
1 - 3 giy
15 - 45 pht
10 - 15 pht
ln
ln
c hi
Khng
Tnh ha hc ca nc thay i?
Khng
C li mi?
Khng
Trang 65
CHNG 5
CC PHNG PHP VI X L
5.1. Phng php tch bng mng
5.1.1 Thm thu ngc
Khi nim
Thm thu l s di chuyn t pht ca dung mi t mt dung dch long vo mt
dung dch m c qua mng bn thm. ti mt p sut nht nh, s cn bng c
thit lp th p sut c gi l p sut thm thu.
C ch
Ngi ta cho rng nu nh chiu dy ca lp phn t nc b hp ph bng hay
ln hn na ng knh mao qun ca mng th di tc dng ca p sut th ch c
nc sch i qua; mt du kch thc ca nhiu ion nh hn kch thc ca phn t
nc. Cc mng hydrat ca cc ion ny cn tr khng cho chng i qua mao qun
ca mng. Kch thc lp mng hydrat ca cc ion khc nhau s khc nhau.
5.1.2. Siu lc
Ging nh thm thu ngc, qu trnh siu lc cng ph thuc vo p sut ng
lc v i hi mng cho php mt s cu t thm qua v gi li mt s cu t khc.
iu khc bit l ch siu lc thng s dng tch dung dch c khi lng phn
t ln v c p sut thm thu nh (v d cc vi khun, tinh bt, t st,). Cn thm
thu ngc thng c s dng kh cc cht c khi lng phn t thp v p
sut thm thu cao.
5.2. Trch ly
5.2.1. Nguyn l c bn
Trong hn hp hai cht lng khng ho tan ln nhau, bt k mt cht th ba no
khc s ho tan trong hai cht lng trn theo quy lut phn b. Nh vy trong nc
thi cha cc cht bn, nu chng ta a vo mt dung mi v khuy u th cc cht
bn ho tan vo dung mi theo ng quy lut phn b ni v nng cht bn
trong nc s gim i. Tip tc tch dung mi ra khi nc th nc thi coi nh c
lm sch. Phng php tch cht bn ho tan nh vy gi l phng php trch ly.
Hiu sut x l nc thi tu thuc vo kh nng phn b ca cht bn trong dung
mi, gi tr ca h s phn b hay kh nng trch ly ca dung mi.
5.2.2. K thut trch ly
K thut trch ly c th tin hnh nh sau: cho dung mi vo trong nc thi v
trn u cho ti khi t trng thi cn bng. Tip cho qua b lng. Do s chnh lch
v trng lng ring nn hn hp s phn ra hai lp v d tch bit chng ra bng
phng php c hc.
Nu trch ly mt ln m khng t yu cu tch cht bn ra khi nc thi th phi
trch ly nhiu ln. Nu dung mi c t trng b hn t trng nc thi th dn nc thi
t trn xung v dung mi t di ln. Ngc li nu dung mi c t trng ln hn t
trng nc thi th cho nc chuyn ng t di ln, dung mi t trn xung.
5.2.3. Phn loi
Thp trch ly vi vng tip xc (vng m)
Thp trch ly vi vng m c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip v cho hiu
sut cao. Bin php ny dng kh phenol bng benzen hoc du than hay bng
butylaxetat hoc bng ete iisopropyl. Dung mi dn vo thp qua cc vi phun. Chiu
cao thp thng ly bng 6m.
Thp trch ly kiu vi phun tia.
i vi vi phun, mc phn tn dung mi nh cc vi phun l yu t quyt
nh. Nu chn ng loi vi phun, kch thc v iu kin cng tc ca n c th t
c mc phn tn cao.
Thp trch ly vi a roto quay
Thp trch ly vi a rto l mt thp tr, theo chiu cao chia thnh nhiu ngn
bng cc vch c th trch ly c cc cht bn dng nh tng trong nc thi. Hiu
sut v kh nng vn chuyn ca thit b trch ly ny tu thuc vo kch thc bn
trong: ng knh thp, ng knh a, ng knh cc vng stato v chiu cao mi
ngn.
Thp trch ly kiu rung
Thp trch ly kiu rung to ra trong thp cc pha nc dung mi c phn tn
v khuy trn nh chuyn ng thng, vng dc theo trc thp.
Thp trch ly kiu lng trn.
Thp trch ly kiu lng trn c dng lu lng ln v s bc kh cao. Theo cu
to, c th l loi nghoc loi ngang.
Trang 68
Trang 71
CHNG 6
X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP SINH HC
6.1. iu kin nc thi a vo x l sinh hc
Cc loi nc thi sinh hot, nc thi th, nc thi mt s ngnh cng nghip
(thc phm, thy sn, ch bin nng sn, l m, chn nuiv c th c cng nghip
giy) c cha nhiu cht hu c ha tan gm hiratcacbon, protein v cc hp cht
cha nit phn hy t protein, cc dng cht bo cng mt s cht v c nh H 2S,
cc sulfit, amoniac v hp cht cha nit khc c th a vo x l theo phng
sinh hc.
Phng php x l sinh hc nc thi da trn c s hot ng ca vi sinh vt
phn hy cc cht hu c nhim bn nc. Do vy, iu kin u tin v v cng quan
trng l nc thi l mi trng sng ca qun th vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht hu
c c trong nc thi.
Mun m bo iu kin ny nc thi phi:
Khng c cht c lm cht hoc c ch hon ton h vi sinh vt trong nc thi.
Trong s cc cht c phi ch n hm lng cc kim loi nng. Theo mc c hi
ca cc kim loi, xp theo th t:
Sb> Ag > Cu > Hg > Co >= Ni >= Pb > Cr3+ > V >= Cd > Zn > Fe
Mui ca kim loi ny nh hng nhiu ti i sng ca vi sinh vt, nu qu nng
cho php, cc vi sinh vt khng th sinh trng c v c th b cht. Nh vy,
khng th tin hnh x l sinh hc. Nng mui ca chng thp hn gii hn s lm
gim tc lm sch nc. Trong trng hp nc thi cha nhiu hp cht c th
tnh ton da vo cht c mc c cht.
Cht hu c c trong nc thi phi l c cht dinh dng ngun cacbon v nng
lng cho vi sinh vt. Cc hp cht Hirocacbon, Protein, Lipit ha tan thng l c
cht dinh dng rt tt cho vi sinh vt.
Nc thi a vo x l sinh hc c 2 thng s c trng l COD v BOD. T s
ca 2 thng s ny phi l: COD/BOD <=2 hoc BOD/COD>= 0.5 mi c th a vo
x l sinh hc (hiu kh). Nu COD ln hn BOD nhiu ln, trong gm c
Xenluloz, Hemixenluloz, Protein, tinh bt cha tan th phi qua x l sinh hc k
kh.
Bn cnh cc cht d b phn hy nh hirocacbon, protein cn rt nhiu cht ch
b oxi ha mt phn hoc thm ch hu nh hon ton khng b phn hy. Cc cht
hu c t nhin c lignin l kh phn hy, Kitin hu nh khng b phn hy, sng
mng, tccng vy. Cc cht hu c tng hp t Hirocacbon, Alcol, Aldehyt,
Este c cht b phn hy chm, c cht hu nh khng b phn hy.
Ngi ta chia vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht hu c bn vng thnh 3 nhm:
Nhm vi sinh vt phn hy cc hp cht mch h, nh Alcol mch thng,
Aldehyt v Axit.
Nhm vi sinh vt phn hy cc hp cht thm: Benzen, Toluen, Phenol,
Xylen
Trang 72
Cx H y Oz N x O2
vsv xCO
2
H
2O NH
3
H
4 3 4
2
Tng hp xy dng t bo
C x H y Oz N NH 3 O2
vsv C5 H 7NO2 CO
2
H
Trang 73
Trong :
+ Cx H y Oz N : tt c cc cht hu c ca nc thi.
+ C5 H 7 NO2 : cng thc ha hc ca t bo vi sinh vt thi im bnh
thng (c h hp ni bo).
+ H : nng lng
H hp ni bo (xy ha cc cht liu ca t bo).
Nu qu trnh xy ha din ra di th sau khi s dng ht cc cht hu c c
sn trong nc thi, s bt u din ra qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht ca t bo bng
vic xy ha cc cht liu ca t bo.
C5 H 7 NO2 5O2
vsv 5CO2
NH 3 2 H
H
2O
NH 3 O2
vsv
HNO
2
O2
vsv
HNO3
Cht hu c + O2 T bo mi
Nng lng
T bo mi + O2 CO2 + H2O + NH3
Tng cng:
Cht hu c + O2 H2O + CO2 + NH3
Trong phng php hiu kh Ammoni cng c loi b bng oxy ho nh vi sinh
t dng (qu trnh nht ho)
Nitrosomonas
2NH4 + 3O2 2NO2 + 4H+ + 2H2O + Nng lng
Nitrobacter
2NO2 + O2 2NO3
Vi Sinh
Tng cng: NH4 + 2O2 NO3 + 2H+ + H2O + Nng lng
iu kin cn thit cho qu trnh: pH = 5,5 - 9,0, nhit 5 - 40oC.
6.2.2. C s ha sinh ca qu trnh phn hy k kh
Phng php x l k kh dng loi b cc cht hu c trong phn cn ca nc
thi bng vi sinh vt tu nghi v vi sinh k kh.
Hai cch x l ym kh thng dng l:
Ln men axit: Thu phn v chuyn ho cc sn phm thu phn (nh axit
bo, ng) thnh cc axit v ru mch ngn hn v cui cng thnh kh cacbonic.
Ln men metan: Phn hu cc cht hu c thnh metan (CH 4) v kh cacbonic
(CO2) vic ln men metan nhy cm vi s thay i pH. pH ti u cho qu trnh l t
6,8 n 7,4. Th d v phn ng metan ho:
Methanosarcina
CH3COOH CH4 + CO2
2CH2(CH2)COOH3 CH4 + 2CH3COOH + C2H5COOH + CH4 + CO2
Cc phng php k kh thng c dng x l nc thi cng nghip v cht
thi t tri chn nui.Ty theo iu kin c th (tnh cht, khi lng nc thi, kh
hu, a hnh, mt bng, kinh ph...) ngi ta dng mt trong nhng phng php trn
hoc kt hp chng vi nhau.
C ch phn gii ym kh
Cc h thng ym kh ng dng kh nng phn hy cht hu c ca vi sinh vt
trong iu kin khng c oxy. Qu trnh phn hy ym kh cht hu c rt phc tp
lin h n hng trm phn ng v sn phm trung gian. Tuy nhin ngi ta thng
n gin ha chng bng phng trnh sau y:
ln men
Cht hu c
----------->
ym kh
55 - 65%
Trang 75
35 - 45%
Nitrogen (N2)
0 - 3%
Hydrogen (H2)
0 - 1%
0 - 1%
Trang 76
2 H 2O
7CH4 + 5CO2
Trang 78
Ba nhm vi khun chnh tham gia vo qu trnh l nhm vi sinh vt thy phn
ch6t hu c, nhm vi sinh vt to acid bao gm cc loi: Clostridium spp.,
Peptococcus anaerobus, Bifidobacterium spp., Desulphovibrio spp., Corynebacterium
spp., Lactobacillus, Actonomyces, Staphylococcus v Escherichia coli, v nhm vi
sinh vt sinh methane gm cc loi dng hnh que (Methanobacterium,
Methanobacillus), dng hnh cu (Methanococcus, Methanosarcina).
- Vi sinh vt trong giai on thy phn v ln men axit hu c
+ Mi trng giu xenlulo thng c cc vi khun: Bacillus, Pseudocuonas,
Alcaligenes.
+ Mi trng giu tinh bt: Micrococus, Lactobacilleu, Pseudoconas spe,
Clostridium.
+ Mi trng giu protein: Bacillus, Bacterium coli v E. coli, Clostridium,
Proteus.
+ Mi trng giu lipit: Bacterioides, Bacillus, Alcaligenes,
Pseudodonionas.
Trong cc chng: Bacillus, Clotridium, Lactobacillus, Bacterioides,
Pseudomonas v Enterobacter chim a s.
Phn ln cc vi khun thy phn v ln men axit hu c t nhy cm vi mi
trng. Chng c th pht trin trong gii pH = 2 7. Tuy nhin pH ti u t 5 7
nhit 33 40oC.
- Vi khun Axetogene
Vi khun to axit axetic thng pht trin trong mi trng cng vi vi khun
metan ha. Vi khun Axetogen to ra H2 trong qu trnh ln men nhng n li b chnh
sn phm ny b c ch v vy trong mi trng c cc vi khun metan ha, kh H 2
hoc H+ s c s dng kh CO2.
Mt s chng vi khun Acetogen c hiu qu metan ha cao nh: Syntrophobacter
wolonii, Syntro. wwolfei v Syntro. Buswelii (Nhit ti u: 33 40oC, pH: 6 8).
Hai nhm vi khun khc cng c kh nng to Axetic nh:
+ Nhm vi khun kh sunfat: Selenomonas, Clostridium, Riminococcus v
Desulfovibrio. Trong mi trng hn hp vi vi khun metan ha, to sn phm ch
yu l axit axetic.
+ Nhm vi khun Homoacetogen, chng to axit acetic t CO2 v H2.
2CO2 + 4H2 CH3 COOH + 2H2O
Nhm ny c ngha c bit v chng cnh tranh vi vi khun metan trong
vic s dng H2.
- Vi khun metan ha
Vi khun metan ha kh a dng. Chng c chia thnh hai nhm chnh:
+ Nhm vi khun a m (Mesophyl) gm: Methanococcus, Methanobacterium,
Methanosarcina. Pht trin nhit 35 38oC, pH: 6,8 7,5.
+ Nhm vi khun a nng (Thermophyl): Methanobacillus, Methanothrix v
Methanospirillum. Pht trin tt nhit 55 60oC.
Trang 79
thit cho qu trnh tng trng ca vi khun b s dng ht, (b) s lng vi khun
sinh ra bng vi s lng vi khun cht i.
Giai on cht (log-death phase): trong giai on ny s lng vi khun cht
i nhiu hn s lng vi khun c sinh ra, do mt vi khun trong b gim
nhanh. Giai on ny c th do cc loi c kch thc kh kin hoc l c im ca
mi trng.
Cng cn n thm rng th trn ch m t s tng trng ca mt qun th vi
khun n c. Thc t trong b x l c nhiu qun th khc nhau v c th tng
trng ging nhau v dng nhng khc nhau v thi gian tng trng cng nh nh
ca th. Trong mt giai on bt k no s c mt loi c s lng ch o do
thi im cc iu kin nh pH, oxy, dinh dng, nhit ... ph hp cho loi .
S bin ng v cc vi sinh vt ch o trong b x l c biu din trong hnh bn
di. Khi thit k v vn hnh h thng x l chng ta phi ti c h vi sinh vt
ny, khng nn ngh rng y l mt "hp en" vi nhng vi sinh vt b mt.
Bng 3.3: Mt s ging chnh trong qun th vi khun c trong bn hot tnh
Vi khun
Chc nng
Pseudomonas
Phn hy hidratcacbon, protein, cc hp cht hu c khc v
Arthrobacter
phn nitrat ha
Bacillus
Phn hy hidratcacbon
Cytophaga
Phn hy hidratcacbon, protein,
Zooglea
Phn hy cc polyme
Acinetobacter
To thnh cht nhy (polysaccarit), hnh thnh cht keo t
Nitrosomonas
Tch ly polyphotphat, phn nitrat
Nitrobacter
Nitrit ha
Sphaerotilus
Nitrat ha
Alcaligenes
Sinh nhiu tin mao, phn hy cc cht hu c
Flavobacterium
Phn hy protein, phn nitrat ha
Ntococcus denitrificans Phn hy protein
Thiobacillus
Phn nitrat ha (kh nitrat thnh N2)
denitrificans
Acinetobacter
Hyphomicrobium
Desulfovibrio
Kh sulfat, kh nitrat
Cc cht keo dnh trong khi nhy ca bn hot tnh hp ph cc cht l lng, vi
khun, cc cht mu, mi trong nc thi. Do vy ht bn s ln dn v tng lng
bn cng tng dn ln, ri t t lng xung y. Kt qu l nc sng mu, gim
lng nhim, cc cht huyn ph lng xung cng vi bn v nc c lm sch.
Ty thuc vo iu kin bn trong cng nh bn ngoi ca nc thi, cc nhm
vi sinh vt tn ti trong bn s khc nhau. Chng c kh nng thch ng vi iu kin
sng mi.
Thnh phn nc thi thay i s lm thay i chng loi thnh phn, tng gim
s lng tng loi trong qun th vi sinh vt ca bn hot tnh.
Tnh cht quan trng ca bn l kh nng to bng. Theo l thuyt ca Mekhati
th s to bng xy ra giai on trao i cht c t l cht dinh dng vi sinh khi
tr ln thp dn. T l ny thp s c trng cho ngun nng lng thp ca h thng
v dn ti gim nng lng chuyn ng. ng nng tc dng i khng vi lc hp
dn. Nu ng nng nhro th tc ng i khng cng s nh v cc t bo vi khun
hp dn vi nhau. Din tch b mt t bo, s to thnh v nhy v tit ra nim dch l
nguyn nhn keo t ca cc t bo vi khun.
Trong bn hot tnh ta cn thy cc loi thuc ng vt nguyn sinh. Chng ng
vai tr kh quan trng trong bn. Chng cng tham gia phn hy cc cht hu c
iu kin hiu kh, iu chnh loi v tui cho qun th vi trong bn, gi cho bn lun
lun hot ng iu kin ti u. ng vt nguyn sinh n cc vi khun gi hoc
cht, tng cng loi b vi khun gy bnh, lm m c mng nhy nhng li lm
Trang 83
xp khi bn, kch thch vi sinh vt tit enzim ngoi bo phn hy cht hu c
nhim bn v lm kt lng bn nhanh.
Trong bn hot tnh thy c i din ca 4 lp protozoa: Sarcodina,
Mastgophora, Ciliata v Suctoria. Hay gp nht l ging Amoeba thuc lp
Sarcodina.
Ngi ta ly ch tiu protozoa xc nh cht lng bn hot tnh: bn c cht
lng cao th c 1 triu t bo vi khun phi c 10 15 protozoa.
Nhiu hp cht ha hc c tc dng gy c i vi h vi sinh vt ca bn hot
tnh nh hng n hot ng sng ca chng, thm ch lm chng b cht. Vi nng
cao cc cht phenol, formaldehyt v cc cht st khun cng nh cc cht bo v
thc vt s lm bin tnh protein ca t bo cht hoc tc dng xu ln thnh t bo.
Cc kim loi c nh hng n s sng ca vi khun theo th t nh sau: Sb, Ag, Cu,
Hg, Co, Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn, Fe. Ni chung, cc ion kim loi ny thng nng vi lng
(vi phn triu (ppm) n vi phn nghn) th c tc dng dng tnh n sinh trng
vi sinh vt v cc ng thc vt, nu cao hn na s xut hin tc dng m tnh, ring
bc nng vi lng cng c tc dng st khun. Tc dng st khun cn thy
cc hp cht thy ngn, cn vi ch l mt cht c tch ly trong c th sinh vt. Cc
ion kim loi thng dng mui v c. Nng mui v c c trong nc thi cng
c nh hng n kh nng hnh thnh v cht lng ca bn, v d: nng mui
clorit tng n 30g/l s lm gim cht lng lm sch ca nc thi.
Ta c th pht huy c vai tr ca bn hot tnh, trong cc quy trnh cng ngh
chng ta phi quan tm n: nng oxy ha tan trong nc hay l iu kin hiu kh
(c th lm tng mt thong ca ao h, b cha hoc sc kh v khuy cng bc),
nng v tui ca bn hot tnh, cc cht gy c cho vi sinh vt nc hay trong bn
hot tnh, cng pH, nhit nc thi.
Ta c th to bn hot tnh trong phng th nghim vi iu kin l mi trng
tng t vi thnh phn nc thi (hay cn gi l gn ging ph nhim bn) vi ging
vi sinh vt ban u l t bn b cha nc thi sinh hot hoc cng nghip m ta sau
ny cn phi x l. Khi nui cy to bn c th thm mt s cht dinh dng v cht
sinh trng vo mui trng, sc kh v khuy. Khi mi trng to lng ti a bn
hot tnh ta s cho vo cc ao h, b hoc thit b x l nc thi iu kin hiu kh.
Dng mt lng bn hot tnh (khong 15 30%, c khi ti 75%) cho quay li
lm ging x l cho m tip theo. Nhng k thut trong qu trnh ny v nguyn tc
rt ging nh trong ln men hiu kh v dng bn hi lu nh s dng li men ging
trong ln men ru, bia.
Phng php to v ti sinh (hot ha) bn hot tnh
H thng x l mi a vo hot ng cha c bn hot tnh, ngi ta phi to
bn hot tnh.
to bn hot tnh phi ch n mt s yu t nh hng n sinh trng v
pht trin ca vi sinh vt c trong bn hot tnh. Cc yu t l:
Nhit ca nc thi. Nu nhit cao th phi c thit b h nhit xung 25
30oC.
Trang 84
KT K 20
Trong :
KT, K20: tc phn ng nhit x l v 200C;
: h s nhit (c gi tr t 1,00 1,04);
T: nhit x l, 0C.
Nhit cn nh hng ti vic hp th xy vo nc thi.
nh hng ca thnh phn v ngun dinh dng
duy tr s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, m bo m bo qu trnh lm sch nc
thi cn p ng nhu cu dinh dng ca vi sinh vt. Cc nguyn t nh hng quyt
nh ti qu trnh xy ha l C, N v P. Thnh phn dinh dng ph thuc nhiu vo
Trang 85
bn cht cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi. Thc nghim cho thy t l C:N:P ti
u l 100:5:1. Cc nguyn t khong v vi lng thng c sn trong nc thi. Do
c trng cng ngh, mt s loi nc thi ngho N v P. S thiu ht ny s km hm
s pht trin ca mt s vi sinh vt c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh xy ha.
Thiu N v P trong mt thi gian di l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm thay
i tng tc gia cc nhm vi khun c trong bn hot tnh. Cc vi khun dng si
pht trin mnh lm bn xp (>200m). Hin tng ny c gi l s phng ln ca
bn. Bn s xp, kh lng. ch s th tch lng tng gy kh khn cho qu trnh tch
bn b lng th cp.
nh hng ca cc cht c i vi vi sinh vt
Cc cht c hu c, v c, nht l cc kim loi nng, cc ion halogen c kh
nng c ch thm ch v hot h Enzym xy ha kh vi sinh vt. V vy cn kim tra
v m bo hm lng ca chng khng qu gii hn cho php.
V d: Cc kim loi nng 2mg/
Phenol v hp cht cha phenol < 140mg/l
Cc mui xyanua < 60mg/l.
nh hng ca xy ha tan
thc hin qu trnh xy ha, vi sinh vt cn O2 di dng ha tan. Trong cc h
thng x l hiu kh, xy c cung cp lin tc p ng nhu cu xy cho qu trnh
xy ha.
Thiu O2 cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm phng bn do vi khun dng
si pht trin. Vic cung cp O2 cn c tc dng to ra ng nht trong thit b, lm
r cc khi bng ln, gim cc im cht trong thit b, nng cao hiu qu lm sch
v rt ngn thi gian lu ca nc trong h thng x l.
Hiu sut s dng O2 trong thit b x l ph thuc khng ch vo phng php
cp kh (cng sut thit b, p lc nn, c trng ca h thng phn phi kh, chiu cao
lp nc) m cn ph thuc vo nhit , tnh cht nc thi, F/M (ngun dinh dng
Food v lng sinh khi Microorganismes), tc sinh trng, c trng hnh thi
v sinh l ca vi sinh vt.
m bo tc xy ha, O 2 ha tan cn t t nht l 4 mg/l. Theo Edeline,
nhu cu O2 cc b cn ph thuc ti trng ca h thng x l.
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phn tn cc cht l lng. Do vy, khi x l nc thi th, nng cc cht huyn
ph dao ng trong khong 50 20 mg/l.
Sau h sc kh nn xy dng 1 b lng (lng 2) s gim c ch s ny. Thi gian
lu nc h sc kh l 10 ngy, trong iu kin kh hu n ha gim BOD c 80
90%, nu nhit cao hn s rt ngn c thi gian. Hiu qu kh vi khn ph
thuc vo thi gian lu nc trong h. V mt ny, h c sc kh khng bng cc ao
h t nhin khc. Chnh v vy, cc ao h t nhin cn c tn l cc ao h n nh.
B lng 2 y c th lm bng t, su t 1 2m, nn t nn hoc y lt
hoc tm b tng, nu nn t yu c hin tng xi l. Khng nn lu nc trong
b lng qu 2 ngy trnh rong to pht trin.
6.6.4. Ao h k kh
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8.6.2) hoc x l bng ao h n nh vi vic nui trng bo, rau mung v cc thc
vt ni khc.
- Nng cho php ca cht bn hu c c trong nc thi m bo cho
Aeroten lm vic c hiu qu.
Nng c cht trong mi trng nh hng nhiu ti i sng ca vi sinh vt.
Ni chung chng u c nng c cht ti hn hoc cho php, nu vt qu s c
ch n sinh l v sinh ha ca t bo vi sinh vt, lm nh hng xu n qu trnh trao
i cht, n vic hnh thnh Enzym, thm ch c th b cht. Nh vy, vi sinh vt s b
c ch v b km hm qu trnh hot ng sng trong trng hp nng cht bn hu
c cao hn nng cho php.
Ni chung, cc loi nc thi c th x l bng Aeroten c lng BOD vo khong
500 mg/l, cn trng hp cao hn (khng qu 1000mg/l) phi x l bng Aeroten
khuy trn hon chnh. Nu BOD cao qu mc trn y th ta phi pha long bng
nc c quy c l sch (nh nc sng, h khng b nhim) hoc nc qua
x l c lng BOD dng ra thp. Cng c th phi x l k kh trc x l hiu kh.
- Cc cht c c tnh trong nc thi c ch n i sng ca vi sinh vt.
m bo cho bn hot tnh c to thnh v hot ng bnh thng trong
nc thi cn phi xc nh xem trc nc thi lm mi trng dinh dng nui
vi sinh vt c thch hp khng, c km hm, c ch n sinh trng v tng sinh khi
ca chng hay khng?
Tin hnh xc nh c tnh i vi vi sinh vt, c th dng nc thi nguyn
hoc pha long ri cn i dinh dng, sau cy ging vi sinh vt (c th l ging
thun chng hoc cn bn ca nc thi).
Vic xc nh ny ch cho ta thy loi nc thi no c th x l bng k thut bn
hot tnh trong Aeroten c hay khng, ch khng th suy ra c c tnh c ca
cc yu t (trong c kim loi nng hoc cc cht c khc) i vi vi sinh vt.
Nng mui v c trong nc thi khng qu 10 g/l. Nu l mui v c thng
thng, c th pha long nc thi v x l bng phng php bn hot tnh, cn nu
ln cht c nh kim loi nng, cc cht c hu c phi tin hnh phn tch cn thn
v c bin php x l ring bit (hp ph, trao i ion), sau mi c th x l bng
phng php sinh hc.
- pH ca nc thi c nh hng nhiu n cc qu trnh ha sinh ca vi sinh
vt, qu trnh to bn v lng. Ni chung, pH thch hp cho x l nc thi Aeroten
l 6,5 8,5. Trong thi gian cui, nc thi trong Aeroten c pH chuyn sang kim, c
th l cc h cht nit c chuyn thnh NH3 hoc mui amon.
- Nhit : Nhit nc thi trong nc thi c nh hng rt ln n hot
ng sng ca vi sinh vt. Hu ht cc vi sinh vt c trong nc thi l cc th a m
(mesophile): chng c nhit sinh trng ti a l 40 0C v ti thiu 50C. V vy,
nhit x l nc thi ch trong khong 6 370C, tt nht l 15 350C.
Nh chng ta bit, nhit khng ch nh hng n chuyn ha ca vi sinh
vt m cn nh hng nhiu ti qu trnh ha tan oxi vo nc cng nh kh nng kt
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rT = r20. (T-20)
rT: Tc phn ng T0C
r20: Tc phn ng 200C
: H s hot ng do nhit
T: Nhit nc (0C)
Gi tr trong qu trnh x l sinh hc dao ng t 1,02 n 1,09 thng ly l
1,04.
- Nng cc cht l lng (SS) dng huyn ph
Sau khi x l s b, ty thuc nng l lng c trong nc thi m xc nh
cng trnh x l c bn thch hp nh lc sinh hc hoc Aeroten.
Nu nng cc cht l lng khng qu 100mg/l th loi hnh x l thch hp l b
lc sinh hc c bn thch hp nh lc sinh hc hoc Aeroten.
Con s ny cng ch quy c trong thc nghim i vi nhng Aeroten thng
thng, cn vi cc Aeroten hiu kh tch cc (khuy o hon chnh) nng cc
cht rn l lng c th l cao hn.
Song, vi lng cht rng l lng cao thng lm nh hng ti hiu qu x l. V
vy, i vi nhng nc thi c hm lng cht rn l lng qu cao cn phi qua lng
1 trong giai on x l s b mt cch y c th loi b vn cn ln v mt phn
cc cht rn l lng.
Trong :
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Aeroten ba hnh lang lm vic thun tin khi khng cn phc hi (ti sinh) bn
hot tnh. Song, cng c th ring 1 hnh lang (33% tng th tch Aeroten) lm
ngn hot ha bn hi lu.
Aeroten bn hnh lang lm vic c nhiu u vit, lm vic thun tin hn bt k
quy trnh cng ngh no. C th dnh 25 75% tng th tch Aeroten ti sinh bn
hot tnh. Aeroten kiu ny c lng bn hot tnh vi kh nng oxi ha kh cao v
hiu sut kh BOD tng i ln.
e.
B Aeroten c ngn tip xc vi bn hot tnh n nh
(Aeroten n nh- tip xc)
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Cng sut thch hp cho Aeroten loi ny l <= 3500 m 3/ngy. Trong s cng
ngh khng cn b lng, nc ch cn loi rc i thng vo Aeroten. Ton b bn
lng 2 c tun hon li Aeroten. Bn d c a ln sn phi.
Ti trng ca b ny (tnh theo BOD trn n v th tch b): 240
mgBOD/m3.ngy
Lng khng kh cn cp theo BOD
B su 1,8m cn 280 m3/kg BOD5
B su 2,7m cn 187 m3/1kg BOD5
Nu lm thong bng my khuy c hc trn b mt th cn khng t hn 2
kgO2/1kgBOD5
g.
Aeroten thng kh cao c khuy o hon chnh
B hiu kh c tc thng kh cao v khuy o hon chnh l loi Aeroten tng
i l tng x l nc thi c nhim cng nh nng cc cht l lng cao.
Aeroten loi ny s c thi gian lm vic ngn. Rt ngn c c thi gian thng
kh vn hnh t s F/M cao, gim tui ca bn hot tnh (thi gian lu nc trong b
ngn).
Trong b Aeroten khuy o hon chnh, nc thi, bn hot tnh, oxi ha ha tan
c khuy trn u, tc thi. Do vy, nng bn hot tnh v oxi ha tan c phn
b u mi ni trong b v dn n qu trnh oxi ha c ng u, hiu qu cao.
u im ca quy trnh cng ngh ny l:
+ Pha long ngay tc khc nng cht nhim bn, k c cc cht c hi (nu
c).
+ Khng xy ra hin tng qu ti cc b mt ni no trong b.
+ Thch hp cho x l nc thi c ti trng cao, ch s th tch bn cao, cn kh
lng.
Hnh 6.14: S cng ngh ca b Aeroten thng kh cao c khuy o hon chnh
6.7.1.5. Cung cp oxi cho Aeroten
Cc vi sinh vt trong Aeroten ch yu dng hiu kh. Chng cn oxi duy tr
hot ng sng: tng trng s lng t bo v oxi ha cc cht hu c nhim bn
nc. Trong nc thi c mt t oxi ha tan c vi sinh vt s dng trong thi gian
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u ca qu trnh sinh trng, sau lng oxi ny cn kit. Nhu cu oxi ca vi khun
hiu kh trong Aeroten rt ln. Cc ngun oxi do khng kh khuch tn vo nc v c
th do to sinh ra trong qu trnh quang hp cng khng th p ng c nhu cu
ny. Do vy, vic cung cp oxi cho Aeroten b phn ng sinh hc hiu kh v cc
dng cng trnh hiu kh khc nh cc sinh hc, mng oxi hal v cng quan
trng.
Trong mt s quyn sch v vn ny thng c gi l H thng lm
thong Thc cht y l cung cp oxi, m ch yu l oxi ha tan pha lng (nc),
cho nhu cu sinh l ca v Trong mt s quyn sch v vn ny thng c gi l
H thng lm thong Thc cht y l cung cp oxi, m ch yu l oxi ha tan pha
lng (nc), cho nhu cu sinh l ca vi sinh vt.
Cung cp oxi c cc bin php:
+ Thi, nn kh.
+ Lm thong c hc
+ Thi nn kh kt hp vi khuy o c hoc.
Cc trm x l ln cn hiu kh tch cc cho cc Aeroten, ngi ta thng trang b
mt trm kh nn. Khng kh c nn qua cc my nn kh (Compressor) v a vo
bnh cha vi p lc cao ri x dn qua cc ng dn kh vo h thng phn phi kh
trong Aeroten.
H thng kh nn cn c bnh tch du m trnh lm tc cc l phn phi kh
thnh tia hoc bt nh, cng c th c bnh lm ngui kh nn trnh hin tng lm
cho nc thi trong Aeroten tng nhit qu gii hn lm vic.
Vic phn phi kh u trong cc lp nc Aeroten c ngha rt ln. N nh
hng trc tip n ha tan ca oxi, h s s dng oxi ca vi sinh vt, n hiu qu
x l v cng sut s dng in nng, chi ph qun l phn phi kh ngi ta hay
dng h thng ng lp theo hnh xng c t trong lng Aeroten; ng c c l nh
phun thnh tia kh hoc khng c l m cho phun thnh dong bt ln; lp u
kh ra l cc ng xp, tm xp hnh vng trn, hnh nn..
Kch thc cc l phn phi kh nh sau:
d <= 0,1 mm cho bt kh nh
d t 2 n 5 mm cho bt kh trung bnh,
d t 5 n 25 mm cho bt kh ln.
Ph bin nht l phng php phn phi kh qua tm xp. Kh ra khi cc l nh
ca tm xp thnh tia bt kh lm cho hn hp nc bn chuyn ng thnh vng
xon. Din tch cc tm xp chim ti 6 10% din tch y b.
Tm xp vung thng c kch thc 0,3 x 0,3 x 0,04m. a xp c ng knh
khong gn nh th. Vt liu xp c ch bng oxit nhm trn vi keramzit, thch
anh, than cc, backelit v bt thy tinh ri nung chy.
Dng tm xp c nhiu u im hn so vi ng c l: h s s dng khng kh
tng 1,75 ln. Song, bin php ny cng c nhc im l cc l ca tm xp d b kn
lm tc dng kh do cac nguyn nhn: bi bn du m trong khng kh, g st hoc vi
khun, nm mc pht trin trong cc l .
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dnh cng gim, dn dn b v cun theo nc lc. Hin tng ny gi l trc mng.
Sau lp mng mi li xut hin.
6.7.3.2. Phn loi
Lc sinh hc ang c dng hin ny chia lm hai loi:
+ Lc sinh hc vi vt liu tip xc khng ngp nc
+ Lc sinh hc c vt liu tip xc t ngp trong nc.
6.7.3.3. Lc sinh hc c lp vt liu khng ngp trong nc
a. Lc phun hay nh git (Trickling filter)
Nguyn l cu to v hot ng
Lc nh git l loi b lc sinh hc vi vt liu tip xc khng ngp nc. Cc vt
liu lc c rng v din tch mt tip xc trong mt n v th tch l ln nht trong
iu kin c th. Nc n lp vt liu lc chia thnh cc dng hoc ht nh chy
thnh lp mng qua khe h ca vt liu, ng thi tip xc vi mng sinh hc trn
b mt vt liu v c lm sch do vi sinh vt ca mng phn hy hiu kh v k kh
cc cht hu c c trong nc. Cc cht hu c phn hy hiu kh sinh ra CO 2 v
nc, phn hy k kh sinh ra CH 4 v CO2 lm trc mng ra kh vt mang, b nc
cun theo. Trn mt gi mang l vt liu lc li hnh thnh lp mng mi. Hin tng
ny c lp i lp li nhiu ln. Kt qu l BOD ca nc thi vi sinh vt s dng
lm cht cht dinh dng v b phn hy k kh cng nh hiu kh: nc thi c lm
sch.
Vt liu lc kh phong ph: t dm, cui, ong, vng kim loi, vng gm,
than , than cc, g mnh, cht do tm un lnCc loi nn chn cc cc c
kich thc trung bnh 60 100mm. Chiu cao lp chn khong 0,4 2,5 4m,
trung bnh l 1,8 2,5m, kch thc ht, cc vt liu nh s lm gim h gia cc
cc vt liu gy tc nghn cc b, nu kch thc qu ln th din tch tip xc b h
gim nhiu dn n gim hiu sut x l. B vi vt liu l dm thng c dng
hnh trn. Nc thi c phn phi trn b mt lp vt liu lc nh mt h thng gin
quay phun nc thnh tia hoc nh git.
Cc thanh g, c bit l g M, v cc tm cht do (plastic) ln sng hoc
gp np c xp thnh nhng khi b cht c gi l mun vt liu. Cc modun
ny c xp trn gi , khi lng ton b ca vt liu gim i nhiu v lm cho
chiu cao ca lc c th tng ng k (ti 9 hoc 12 16m), gip ta thit k nhng
thp lc
Nhng thp nin gn y, do k thut cht do c nhiu tin b, nha PVC
(polyvinyl clorit), PP ( polypropylen) c lm thnh tm ln sng, gp np, dng
cu khe h, dng vnh hoa (plasdek), dng vch ngnc c im l rt nh
Phn ln cc vt liu lc c trn th trng p ng cc yu cu sau:
+ Din tch ring ln, thay i t 80 220 m2/m3
+ Ch s chn khng cao trnh lng ng ( thng cao hn 90%)
+ Nh c th s dng cao ln ( t 4 n 10 m hoc cao hn)
+ C bn c hc ln. Khi lm vic, vt liu dnh mng sinh hc v ngm
nc nng ti 300 350kg/m3. tnh ton, gi thng ly gi tr an ton l 500
kg/m3
+ Qun tnh sinh hc cao
+ n nh ha hc
Vt liu l cht do khc nhau v hnh dng c xc nh bng t s gia din
tch b mt/th tch; trng lng/ th tch; tnh xp ca vt liu, bn cht ca vt liu.
Tui th trung bnh ca vt liu cht do vo khong chc nm. Vic thay chng
do nhiu nguyn nhn: do qu bn, gi b hng
H thng lc sinh hc c thit lp u tin ti tri thc nghim Lawrence, bang
Matsachust, nc M nm 1891. n nm 1940 nc ny c 60% h thng x l
nc thi p dng cng ngh lc sinh hc. Nm 1946 Hi ng nghin cu ca lin
bang v vn lc nc khuyn co dng ton hc thit k cc h thng lc sinh
hc. S pht trin cc cht polime to iu kin cho bin php cng ngh x l nc
thi bng lc sinh hc c s dng rng ri.
Trc y vt liu lc thng l dm, cui c kch thc 25x100mm vi b
lc cao khong 1 25m, n nay, nh c plastic lm vt liu lc, b lc c th cao ti
9 10m hoc 12 18m (thp lc). Ty thuc vo c tnh cng nh hm lng cc
cht nhim bn trong nc, ngi ta thit k h a nc thi vo lc bng h thng
phun hoc nh git quay c iu chnh c thi gian nc lc v tc dng chy.
Vi qun th vi sinh vt bm vo cc vt liu lc nh granit, vng gm, nha
plasticQa trnh oxi ha din ra rt nhanh. Do vy, h thng ny c nhng u im:
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Bn hot
tnh trong b phn
Hnh 6.21: B UASB
ng c nng
cao cho php b
lm vic vi ti trng cao. m bo b lm vic vi nng bn cao, ngi ta phi
cy ging vi sinh vt ca pha axit v pha sinh metan. Ly cc ging vi sinh vt t
nhin sng trn phn tru, b ti cy vi nng thch hp. B phi vn hnh vi
ch thy lc <= cng sut thit k, sau 2 3 thng mi t c nng bn cn
thit. Nu khng cy ging t nhin, b hot ng 3 4 thng mi t c nng
bn cn thit.
Hn hp vi sinh vt k kh phn hy cc cht hu c trong b trng thi trn ln 3
pha kh nc bn. a nc ra khi b phn ng cn phi c tm kh t
nghing 550 so vi phng nm ngang. Sau khi tch kh, hn hp bn kh chy vo
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Theo l thuyt, phng php UCT cho hiu qu cao khi trong nc thi c tng
N/COD gn 0,12 (tng N y ph thuc ch yu vo nng nitrat), cn theo
phng php PHOREDOX t s ny nh hn 0,08. Loi b phosphat bng sinh hc
ph thuc nhiu vo tnh cht ca nc thi, ng hc phn ng v tnh thy lc ca
b phn ng k kh v thiu oxy.
Vi phng php UCT khi lu lng dng thi vo ln phi c 1 b phn ng k
kh c thit b dng y (pittng). iu ny li khng cn vi s PHOREDOX.
COD l nhu cu oxy ha hc oxy ha han ton cc cht c tnh kh trong
nc thi. Trong COD c mt phn c ng ha nhanh. S ny thng chim
khong 15 20% COD ton phn. Nu s lng COD ng ha nhanh qu nh (nh
nc thi th ca Php con s ny nh hn 60mg/l) trong nc thi th vic loi b
phospho bng sinh hc khng c kh nng v khng th thc hin bng phng php
no c. Khi ln hn 60mg/l cng nhiu th loi b P cng tt v ng thi loi b nitrat
ra khi b mt phn ng k kh cng nhiu hn.
PHOREDOX ci tin trc ht p ng tt hn v n gin nhng i hi khc
nhau ca qu trnh kh phosphat sinh hc:
Vng k kh do khng c oxy gy ra ng sut cn thit kt ta mui
phosphat. Vng thiu oxy cho php kh nitrat bng cch dng cacbon hu c ca nc
thi th (cha x l).
Vng lm thong (hiu kh) cho php nitrat ha v loi b cacbon hu c,
khng dng cho kt ta mui phosphat v loi b nitrat.
Vic cho hi lu bn tr li t lng 2 v vng k kh cc s kiu c cho
php duy tr nng bn chp nhn c trong ton b b. Vic quay tr li hn hp
lng cho php tun hon nitrat to ra s thng thong trong vng thiu oxy.
Vic hi lu bn cn ch :
Thi gian bn lu qu lu b cha bn, nht l lp di to iu kin cho vi
sinh vt k kh hot ng v lm kt ta mui phospho. Cc mui kt ta ny s xut
hin trong cc cht ni v c th quay li u qu trnh. Do vy, cn phi trnh hin
tng ny.
Lm c v kh bn hot tnh c th trnh c bng hai cch:
Chn k thut c v lm kh bn khng ko theo vi sinh vt k kh bng tuyn
ni.
Kt ta phospho trong thit b c c bng vi, ng thi gim mi kh chu.
Trong x l nc thi thng thng bng aeroten, cng c th dng vi kt ta i vi
phospho, mui kt ta trong thit b c c thay cho mt phn bn hi lu, sau
phn bn cn li cho tun hon v kch thch ng ha phospho bng bn hot tnh
trong b lm thong hiu kh. Phng php ny khc vi kt ta n thun trong b
phn ng hiu kh.
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