SECONDROUND

2015

USA

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

OLYMPIAD

Science Olympiad Blog

National Astronomy Olympiad

2014-2015

This is the Second Round of the 2014-2015 USA Astronomy and Astrophysics
Olympiad (USAAAO) competitions. You have exactly 2 hours and 30 minutes to
complete the exam. There is a maximum of 67 points, and the value of each problem
is indicated following each problem statement.

This test consists of 13 short answer problems and one long problem with multiple
parts. Solutions should be written on blank paper, with the problem number,
students name, and school written clearly on top of each page. Solutions to multiple
short answer problems may be written on the same page, but the long problem
should begin on its own page. Partial credit will be given for correct work, so make
sure to clearly show all steps.

You may only use a scientific calculator as aid for this exam. A table of physical
constants and other information will be provided for you. This exam document, your
solutions, and all used scratch paper must be turned in at the end of the exam.

Do not discuss this examination with anyone after its completion. Your results will
be emailed to you shortly. The top 5 students will be invited to represent the United
States at the 9th International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics
competition in Central Java, Indonesia, from July 26th to August 4th, 2015.

In the event of a tie for the top 5 places, the student with the higher score on the
long problem will qualify. If the tied students have the same score on the long
problem, then the short answer problems with more points will be given more
weight in the grading.


I hereby affirm that all work on this exam is mine, and that I took this test under a
proctors supervision, with no outside aids beyond the materials provided and
allowed. Furthermore, I affirm to not discuss the test with others or provide any sort
of aid to other examiners throughout the course of the examination period. I
understand that failure to do so may result in disqualification from the exam.



Signature: ______________________________________________ Date: ____________________

Section A: Short Answer [42 Points]

1. A blue star with effective temperature eff = 10,000 K and apparent

magnitude = 5 is located 150 pc from Earth. Find the radius of the star. [2]

2. The radial velocity curve of a nearby Solar-mass star shows that it has a
planet orbiting it with a period of 3 days. This planet causes its host star to
have a radial velocity semi-amplitude of 50 m/s. Assuming that this planets
orbit is perfectly inclined to Earth, and has 0 eccentricity, what is the mass of
this planet, in Jupiter masses? [2]

3. The Sun has a rotation rate of 24.5 days. Jupiter has a mass of 9.54 10!!
solar masses, and a semimajor axis of 5.2 AU. Which object has more total
angular momentum? [2]

4. What is the distance to a star cluster whose stars at the main sequence turn-
off point have an apparent magnitude of = 10 and an effective
temperature of eff 6000 K? How old is this cluster? [3]
5. Assuming that the universe currently is well described by a density
parameter 0 = 1, there is no dark energy and the current temperature of the
universe is 2.73 K, compute how long from the present it will take for the
universe to cool down by 0.2 K. Remember that the temperature of the
universe is inversely proportional to its radius (the scale factor). [3]

6. A star has apparent magnitude = 8, parallax = 0.003" and effective

temperature eff 6000 K. What is the luminosity of the star? What is the
likely spectral type of this star? Justify your answer. [3]
7. Assuming that the cosmic microwave background radiation has the spectrum
of a blackbody throughout the evolution of the universe, determine how its
temperature changes with redshift. In particular, find the temperature of the
CMB at the epoch z 10, knowing that the current temperature of the CMB is
2.73 K. [3]

8. Derive an expression for the blackbody temperature of a planet with radius

and albedo , orbiting its sun at a certain distance . The star has a
temperature and radius . You must show your derivation for credit, not
just the final expression. [3]

9. A 2048 x 3072 pixel CCD camera with 7.2 micron pixels is attached to an f/10
telescope with a 0.256 m primary mirror. What is the angular resolution of
the CCD, in arcseconds/pixel? [3]

10. An interplanetary spacecraft bound for Saturn (a = 9.6 AU) is launched into a
300 km, non-inclined parking orbit around the Earth. If the spacecraft takes
a Hohmann transfer to Saturn, what is the delta-V required for trans-Saturn
injection, and what is the required delta-V for insertion into a 100000 km
circular orbit around Saturn? On what side of each planet should the burns
occur? (Assume Saturn is in the same orbital plane as the Earth, and neglect
the gravitational deflection of the ships path after injection and before
orbital insertion.) [4]

11. Planet A orbits around Star A of mass = 0.54 with a period of = 6
Earth years. Astronomers on this planet want to measure the distance of a
distant Star B which happens to lie along the semimajor axis of Planet As
orbit, on the side of perihelion. They choose to do so using parallax, by noting
the position of Star B with respect to the background stars at two different
points in the orbit. These two points, X and Y, are located such that XY is
perpendicular to the semimajor axis, and intersects it at the focus, i.e. where
Star A is located. Astronomers measure the angle that Star B appears to
change from X to Y as = 0.05". If Planet A is 0.537 AU from Star A at
perihelion, what is the distance to Star B in parsecs? [4]

12. On the vernal equinox, the Sun has a right ascension of 0 hours and a
declination of 0. Starting from the equinox, calculate the number of days, to
the nearest tenth, that it takes for the Sun to have a right ascension of 4
hours. Assume a perfectly circular orbit and that the Earth is inclined 23.5 to
the ecliptic plane. [4]
13. Rigel has equatorial coordinates RA = 05h 14m 32.3s, Dec = -08 12 06, and
Betelgeuse has coordinates RA = 05h 55m 10.3s, Dec = +07 24 25. What is
the angular separation between the two stars, and the position angle of Rigel
relative to Betelgeuse? If a photographer wants to take a photo containing
both stars, what is the maximum focal length they can use? [6]

Section B: Long Question [25 Points]

Astronomers use an 8-meter telescope to observe a star with an apparent flux of

3.068 10!! W/m! . A spectral analysis reveals a blackbody spectrum with two
apparent peaks, one at 690.5 nm and the other at 461.8 nm. Sustained spectroscopic
observations of the hydrogen alpha line (rest wavelength 656.3 nm) results in the
following plot, in which two periodic variations have been identified and marked.
Note: the x-axis is in days, and the y-axis is in nanometers.

Precision photometry of the system shows what appears to be an eclipsing binary
light curve. The primary transit lasts 4 hours 46 minutes total. Maximum transit
depth lasts for 4 hours 7 minutes.

(a) Calculate the ratio of the radii and the ratio of the luminosities of the two
stars in the system. [4]

(b) Calculate the semimajor axis and mass of each star. [5]

(c) Calculate the actual luminosity and radius of each star. [3]

(d) How far away is the system? The Solar flux at Earth is 1366 W/m! . [4]
(e) What is the angular size of the stars orbit? Can the telescope distinguish
the two stars? What is the minimum separation the telescope can
distinguish at the distance of this system? Assume the telescope observes
at a wavelength of 550 nm. [3]
(f) Does the available data indicate any other objects in the system? If so,
provide mass, semimajor axis, and a likely type. Justify your identification.
[6]

USAAAO 2015 Second Round Solutions

Problem 1
T = 10000 K, m = 5, d = 150 pc
m M = 5 log(d/10)
M = m 5 log(d/10) = 5 5 log(15) = 0.88
We compare this with the absolute magnitude of the sun, 4.83.
L
(4.830.88)/5
= 192Lsolar
Lsolar = 100
From the Stefan-Boltzmann Law, L = 4R2 T 4
Finding the ratio with the sun, we get:
2 
4

T
L
R
Lsolar = Rsolar
Tsolar

1/2


Tsolar 2
L
R
=
= 4.6Rsolar
Rsolar
Lsolar
T
Problem 2
T = 3 days, K = 50 m/s, M = 1Msolar
a3
T2 = M


3 2/3
= 0.041AU for the planets orbit.
365
For the stars orbit:
T = 2r
v
r = T2v = 1.38 105 AU
Relating the two, we have:
m r = mp rp , so we have mp = rrp m
Plugging in, we find mp = 3.36 104 Msolar
Problem 3
Solar rotation rate 24.5 days, MJ = 9.54 104 Msolar , a = 5.2 AU, solar
radius 695,000 km.
L = I
2
Lsolar = 52 M R2 24.5
= 5 1010
For Jupiter, L = mrv
r = 5.2 149.6 106 = 7.77 108 km
2r
v = 5.22/3
= 1.13 106 km/day.
365
4
L = 9.54 10 7.77 108 1.13 06 = 8.38 1011
So Jupiter has the greater angular momentum.
Problem 4
m = 10, T = 6000 K at the main sequence turnoff.
Oldest main sequence stars are 6000 K, which is approximately sun-like. We
therefore assume the absolute magnitude of the stars at the turnoff point is 4.83.
m M = 5 log(d/10)
d = 10 10(mM )/5 = 108pc
The stars at the turnoff point are sunlike, so we expect them to have a
lifetime of 10 Gyr. Since these are the oldest main sequence stars in the cluster,
the cluster has an age of approximately 10 Gyr.
1

Problem 5
Question not graded
Problem 6
m = 8, p = 0.003, and T = 6000 K.
d = 1/p = 333pc
m M = 5 log(d/10)
M = m 5 log(d/10) = 0.385
L
(Msolar M )/5
= 59.9Lsolar
Lsolar = 100
The stars temperature is approximately sunlike, suggesting class G, but it
is significantly more luminous, suggesting a giant. G0III would be a reasonable
possible spectral type.
Problem 7
0
From Weins Law, = Tb . From the definition of Redshift, z =
0 , where
0 is the emitted wavelength. Solving for 0 , we get 0 = /(z + 1)
Combining this with Weins Law, we get:
T = b(z+1)
lambda
Using Weins Law and the given temperature of 2.73 K, we find that the
recieved wavelength is 1.06 mm. Plugging this into the above expression, we
obtain at temperature of 30.03 K for z = 10.
Problem 8
At blackbody equilibrium, power in is equal to power out, so we have:
Pout = 4Rp2 Tp4
L
2
Pin = A (1 ) 4D
2 = Rp (1 )
Pin = Pout
2
4R
T4
4Rp2 Tp4 = Rp2 (1 ) 4D
2

2
4R
T4
4D 2

R2

Tp4 = (1 )T4 4D2

q
R
Tp = (1 )1/4 T 2D
Problem 9
7.2 micron pixels, f/10, D = 0.256 m.
f/10, so focal length is 2.56 m.
pixelsize
206265
Angular resolution is given by f ocallength
Plugging in, we get a resolution of 0.58 arcseconds/pixel
Problem 10
A Hohmann transfer orbit is being used to go from the 1 AU orbit of the
Earth to Saturns orbit at 9.6 AU. The semimajor axis of the transfer orbit is
thus 5.3 AU.
2

, this corresponds to a velocity of

Using the vis-viva equation, v2 r = 2a
40,080 m/s at the Earths orbital distance.

When it starts, however, the spacecraft is already in Earth parking orbit, so

benefits from both its orbital velocity around the Earth and the Earths orbital
velocity around the Sun.
When inqthe parking
q orbit, the probe has a maximum velocity relative to
GMe
GMs
the Sun of
rorb +
rearth = 37540m/s
The difference between the spacecrafts current maximum velocity relative
to the Sun and the orbital velocity of the transfer ellipse is equal to the required
v, since were neglecting further attraction from the Earth. The necessary v
is thus 2550 m/s, and the burn must occur on the night side of the Earth in
order to increase the orbital radius and match Saturns orbit (since the parking
orbit is prograde).
We use the vis-viva equation again to calculate the probes velocity at Saturns orbital distance, and compute Saturns orbital velocity using the same
technique we used for Earth. We then subtract Saturns velocity from the
probes velocity to find the probes velocity relative to Saturn.
We then calculate the velocity relative to Saturn for a 100,000 km circular
orbit. The difference between this value and the value above is the v required
to make Saturn orbit, coming out to 24900 m/s. The burn must occur on the
night side of Saturn in order to enter a prograde orbit.
Problem 11
M = 0.54Ms , P = 6 years, perihelion distance 0.537 AU, parallax 0.05.
From the parallax equation, d = r/, where d is the distance, r is the baseline,
and is the parallax angle. We therefore need to find the baseline, XY, which
is the latus rectum of the ellipse.
Using Keplers Third Law, we find that the semimajor axis is 2.69 AU. This
corresponds to an aphelion of 2.135 AU, and therefore an eccentricity of e =
0.3.
The latus rectum of an ellipse is given by l = a(1 e2 ). Plugging in, we get
l = 2.45 AU, yielding a distance d = 49.0 pc
Problem 12
Simply dividing the length of the year by 6 is incorrect. Because of the
inclination of the Earth, the Sun also varies in declination (from -23.5 to +23.5
degrees), but maintains (for this problem) a constant angular velocity. Spherical
trigonometry is therefore required to determine the actual angle that the Sun
traverses going from 0 to 4 hours (62.1 degrees). Since the Sun has constant
angular velocity, traversing 360 degrees per year, the number of days can be
expressed as (62.1/360)*365 = 63.0 days.
Problem 13
This question also requires spherical trigonometry. Picking RA = 0, Dec =
90 is likely the easiest third point. Now that we have a spherical triangle, we
can use the spherical law of sines or cosines to find the separation angle (18.59
degrees).

The position angle is measured east of north. For our chosen triangle, this
corresponds to the angle with Betelgeuse as its vertex. Again applying the
spherical trigonometric relationships, we find the position angle to be 33.12
degrees.
To cover both stars, the picture must cover 18.6 degrees of the sky, which
corresponds to 66960 arcseconds. Plate scale, in arcseconds/mm, is given by
206265/focal length. Solving for the focal length, we get a value of 3.08*film
size, which is a focal length of 108 mm on 35 mm film or 216 mm on 70 mm.
Long Problem
a. Drawing the transit light curve, we can see that between the first and
second contacts, the relative motion of the stars is equal to twice the radius of
the transiting star. Similarly, the time between second and third contacts is
1
proportional to twice the primary stars radius. Dividing, we get rr21 = tt23 t
t2 =
13.67
We can use Weins Law and the provided blackbody peaks to calculate the
temperature of each star. We can now use the Stefan-Boltzmann Law to find
the ratio of the
2 luminosities:
 4
L1
R1
T1
= 934
L2 = R2
T2
b. We use the provided chart to determine the orbital period of the binary
v
system (approximately 5.7 days) as well as the semi-amplitude (using
= c ).
Using the period and velocity of each star, we determine the semimajor axes
according to r = vT
2 , for semimajor axes of 0.0450 and 0.0771 AU for stars 1
and 2 respectively.
Applying Keplers Third Law for the entire system, we get a total mass of
1.90 solar masses. Since m1 r1 = m2 r2 , we can determine the individual mass of
each star, 1.20 solar masses for star 1 and 0.70 solar masses for star 2.
c. Using the velocity of each star, we can find the relative velocity of the
two stars (just sum). This can then be used to solve the equations from part a
directly, giving radii of 1.35 and 0.099 solar radii for stars 1 and 2, respectively.
We can now apply the Stefan-Boltzmann Law, dividing by the solar expression,
to determine the luminosity of each star (2.54 solar luminosities for star 1, 0.0027
for star 2).
d. Apparent magnitude can be found by finding the total flux of the system
and using the Suns apparent magnitude and the solar flux as a standard can1
dle, applying M = 2.512 log F
F2 . Similarly, using the luminosity of the system
with the Suns absolute magnitude as a standard candle can provide an absolute magnitude for the system. Now that we have an apparent and absolute
magnitude, we apply the distance modulus to get d = 5.94 pc.
e. Applying the small angle formula, we get a maximum angular separation

of 0.021. The best possible resolution of the telescope is given by = 1.22 D

206265 = 0.017, so the stars are distinguishable. The smallest visible size can
be found by applying the small angle formula with the limiting resolution, and
is 0.10 AU.
f. Examining the given plot, there appears to be a longer period variation

with a period of approximately 214 days. Based on the change in wavelength,

the variation has an amplitude of approximately 83.2 km/s. Using this velocity
and the period of oscillation, we can determine the semimajor axis of the binary
stars orbit (1.62 AU)
We now apply the fact that m1 a1 = m2 a2 and Keplers third law for the
binary-unknown system, solving for a2 and m2 . We find that the unknown
object has a mass of 16.2 solar masses and a semimajor axis of 0.19 AU. Given
the high mass and lack of a visible counterpart, the object is likely a stellar
mass black hole.

USAAAO First Round 2015

This round consists of 30 multiple-choice problems to be completed in 75 minutes. You
may only use a scientific calculator and a table of constants during the test. The top 50%
will qualify for the Second Round.
1. Atarmslength,thewidthofafisttypicallysubtendshowmanydegreesofarc?
o
a. 1
o
b. 5
o
c. 10
o
d. 15
o
e. 20

2. Tohavealunareclipse,thelineofnodesmustbepointingatthesun.Themoonmust
alsobeinwhatphase?
a. New
b. FirstQuarter
c. WaxingGibbous
d. Full
e. WaningCrescent
3. Marsorbitsthesunonceevery687days.SupposeMarsiscurrentlyintheconstellation
Virgo.Whatconstellationwillitmostlikelybeinayearfromnow?
a. Virgo
b. Scorpius
c. Aquarius
d. Taurus
e. Cancer
4. Tocalculatethefieldofviewofatelescope,youmeasurethetimeittakesCapella
o
(RA:5.27h,dec:45.98
)topassacrosstheeyepiece.Ifthemeasuredtimeis2minutesand
30seconds,whatisthefieldofviewinarcseconds?
a. 11.6
b. 26.5
c. 37.5
d. 52.5
e. 66.8
5. Atelescopewithfocallengthof20mmandapertureof10mmisconnectedtoyour
smartphone,whichhasaCCDthatmeasures4.0mmby4.0mm.TheCCDis1024by
1024pixels.Whichisclosesttothefieldofviewofthetelescope?
o
a. 1

o
b. 5
o
c. 10
o
d. 15
o
e. 20

6. Whatisitstheresolutioninarcsecondsperpixel?
a. 10/pixel
b. 40/pixel
c. 120/pixel
d. 1200/pixel
e. 3600/pixel
7. Comet67P/ChuryumovGerasimenkohasanorbitalperiodaroundtheSunof6.44years.
Whatisitssemimajoraxis,inAU?
a. 41.47
b. 16.34
c. 6.44
d. 3.46
e. 1.86
8. Whichofthefollowingtechniquesmostdirectlyconstrainsthemassofanexoplanet?
a. RadialVelocity
b. TransitTiming
c. Microlensing
d. DirectImaging
e. ProperMotion
9. WhichtwopropertiesofgalaxiesdoestheTullyFisherrelationutilizeacorrelation
between?
a. Luminosityandvelocitydispersion
b. Luminosityandrotationalvelocity
c. Radiusandmetallicity
d. Luminosityandmetallicity
e. Massandsurfacebrightness
10. Abinarystarsystemhastwocomponents:StarAandStarB.StarAhasamassof5solar
masses,andStarBhasthesamemassasourSun.Assumingcircularorbits,howmany
timesclosertothecenterofmassofthesystemisStarAthanStarB?
a. 1
b. 3
c. 5
d. 10
e. 25

11. Whatis,approximately,thepeakwavelengthofelectromagneticradiationemittedbya
staratatemperatureof5,000K?
a. 580Angstroms
b. 5,800Angstroms
c. 4,600Angstroms
d. 2,900Angstroms
e. 58,000Angstroms
12. StarsAandBareobservedoveraperiodof1
year.Bothstarsappeartomovewithrespectto
thebackgroundstarsfromthepositionindicated
ontheleftinthediagrambelow,totheposition
indicatedontheright,andthenbacktothe
positionontheleftoverthefullyear.Whichstar
isfurtherfromtheEarth?
a. StarA
b. StarB
c. BothstarsarethesamedistancefromtheEarth
d. Notenoughinformationgiven
13. Supposethatyoumeasuretheparallaxangleforaparticularstartobe0.25arcsecond.
Thedistancetothisstaris
a. 2pc
b. 0.5ly
c. 2ly
d. 4pc
e. 0.5pc
14. Onthemainsequence,starsobtaintheirenergy
a. fromchemicalreactions.
b. fromgravitationalcontraction.
c. byconvertinghydrogentohelium.
d. byconvertingheliumtocarbon,nitrogen,andoxygen.
e. fromnuclearfission.
15. StarAhasaradiusthatis2timeslargerthantheradiusofstarB,andasurface
temperaturethatis2timessmallerthanthesurfacetemperatureofstarB.Therefore,star
Ais
a. 4timesmoreluminousthanstarB.
b. 16timeslessluminousthanstarB.
c. 16timesmoreluminousthanstarB.
d. asluminousasstarB.
e. 4timeslessluminousthanstarB.

16. AandB,twomainsequencestarsofthesamespectralclass,haveapparentmagnitudes
of17and12,respectively.IfstarAis1kpcaway,whatisthedistancetostarB?
a. 10pc.
b. 100pc.
c. 10kpc.
d. 50pc.
e. 100kpc.
17. Giventhatdarkenergyisvacuumenergy,andthatthedensitiesofdarkenergy,dark
matterandnormalmatterintheuniversearecurrently =6.7 1030g/cm3 , DM =
2.4 1030g/cm3 and =0.5 1030g/cm3 ,whatistheratioofthedensityofdark
energyatthetimeofthecosmicmicrowavebackgroundemission,tothecurrentdensity
ofdarkenergy?
a. 0.432
b. 2.31
c. 1
d. 2.5
e. 0.5
18. AtypeIasupernovawasobservedinagalaxywitharedshiftof0.03.Thesupernovawas
determinedtobe1.3 108 pcawayfromEarth.DeterminetheHubbletimeusingthis
observation.
a. 1.41 1010 years
b. 1.41 1010 seconds
c. 1.33 109 years
d. 47.1years
e. 1.33 109 seconds
19. In a main sequence star, gravitational collapse is counteracted by:
a. Radiation pressure
b. Heat
c. Neutrinos
d. Electron degeneracy pressure
e. Neutron degeneracy pressure
20.If the hydrogen alpha line of a star, normally 656.3 nm, is observed to be 662.5
nm, what is the stars radial velocity relative to the Earth?
6
a. 2.83*10
m/s
6
b. -2.83*10m/s
c. 0.00945 m/s
d. -0.00945 m/s
3
e. -2.83*10
m/s

21. Within M-type stars, heat transfer occurs primarily through:

a. radiation
b. conduction
c. convection
d. contraction
e. collapse
22. If a 1.2 solar mass star shows a radial velocity variation with a period of 9.2 days
and amplitude of 32 m/s , estimate the minimum mass of the companion:
26
a. 7.5*10
kg
26
b. 1.2*10kg
27
c. 6.9*10
kg
15
d. 5.1*10kg
27
e. 3.3*10
kg
23. Calculate the planetary phase angle (counterclockwise from Earth, a = 1.0 AU)
that a probe may correctly complete a Hohmann transfer orbit to Venus (a = 0.7
AU)
a. 141 degrees
b. 17.5 degrees
c. 121 degrees
d. 241 degrees
e. 343 degrees
24. Calculate the blackbody equilibrium temperature of Mars. Take Marss albedo to
be 0.25 and semimajor axis to be 1.5 AU
a. 300 K
b. 212 K
c. 161 K
d. 228 K
e. 260 K
25. Calculate the semimajor axis of a satellite orbiting the Earth with a velocity of 8.3
km/s at a distance of 300 km from the Earths surface.
a. 154 km
b. 308 km
c. 15800 km
d. 7900 km
e. 3950 km
26. OnthenightofDecember23rd24th2015,anoccultationofabrightstarbythemoon
willbevisiblefromBritaintoJapan.GiventhatthemoonisinfullphaseonDecember
25th,whichstardoesthemoonoccult?
o
a. Aldebaran(RA4h37m,Dec16
31)

o
b. Pollux(RA7h45m,Dec28
2)
o
c. Regulus(RA10h8m,Dec11
58)
o
d. Spica(RA13h25m,Dec11
14)
o
e. Antares(RA16h29,Dec26
26)
27. AsynodicdayonMarsis24hoursand40minutes.IfoneMartianyearis687earthdays,
whichofthefollowingisclosesttoasiderealdayonMars?
a. 23h56m
b. 24h15m
c. 24h37m
d. 24h40m
e. 24h42m
28. Supposeattheequator,astarpassesthroughthezenithatlocalnoononthesummer
solstice.Whatistherightascensionanddeclinationofthestar?
o
a. 0h0

o
b. 0h90

o
c. 6h0

o
d. 12h0

o
e. 12h90

29. 40lightyearsaway,anexoplanetorbitsastarof5solarmassesevery14years.
Assumingthissystemhasaninclinationof90asviewedfromEarth,whatisthe
projecteddiameteroftheexoplanetsorbitasviewedfromEarth?
a. 0.3
b. 0.8
c. 1.6
d. 2.5
e. 1.2
30. Aplanetorbitsastarwithaprojectedsemimajoraxisof0.24.Whatisthenecessary
aperturesizeofatelescopethancanresolvethisorbitusing1000nmlight?
a. 0.13m
b. 0.52m
c. 1.05m
d. 3.10m
e. 2.04m

USAAAO First Round 2015

Answers
1. C
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. B
13. D
14. C
15. E
16. B
17. C
18. A
19. A
20.B
21. C
22. A
23. D
24. B
25. D
26. A
27. C
28.C
29. C
30.B