20 Chuong 2 LY THUYET GINZBURG - LANDAU Ly thuyét hién tugng luan Ginzburg ~ Landau mé td rét t6t hién tugng siéu dan trong trung hop ¢6 tinh dén sy khong déng nit cia Khong gian. Vi mang tinh hién tugng ludn nén luc dau ly thuyét Ginzburg — Landau rat it dude chti y. Nhung vao nim 1959, Gorkov da chting minh ring If thuyét Ginzburg - Landau la truéng hop riéng cia ly thuyét BCS khi gn nhiét d6 t6i han 7, va suv biéx thién cia tham so Atty ¢ va thé vecto 4 1a cham. Mac di mang tinh hién tugng ludn 6 tam vi mo nhung ly thuyét GL da 06 nhitng thanh cng dang ké trong viée gidi thich nhiéu tinh chat co ban cla chat siéu dan, tinh duge cdc théng sé lién quan tdi tinh siéu din: d6 dai két hgp, do xuyén sau... va 4p dung rét wt khi xét trang thai trung gian cia siéu din loai I, trang théi hn hgp cia siéu din loai Il, khi ma viéc 4p dung ly thuyét BCS rat phitc tap. 2.1 Thong sé trat ty Nhiéu hién tugng trong ty nhién, nhu sy séi, su hog hoi ciia chat long, lién quan dén viéc chuyén tY trang thdi trat w sang mat trat tu. MGi mot trang thai nhu thé c6 thé duge biéu dién bdi mét thong s6 dac trung cho mee d6 tat ty ciia trang théi d6, c6 gid tr bang 0 trong pha mat wat ty va khac 0 trong pha trat uy. Va thong sé wat we g nay dé duge Landau — Ginzburg sit dung lan dau tién tong ly thuyét chuyéa pha ciia minh, B6i véi chuyén pha siéu din — trang thdi thudng, GL da sit dung thdng s6 trat ty g mang ¥ nghia him song cdp Cooper. Ham ¢ phan b6 ti 1é vi mat d6 electron siéu din n,(F). Khi T +7, thi ¢ — 0, va khi T> T, thi ¢ = 0. Theo Ginzburg ~ Landau: o(r)=|p(rJe"” (2.1)21 Trong dé |p(r}’ =n, mat 46 electron siéu din. Th6ng s6 tat tf bling 0 khiT > 7, va ting lién tye Khi nhigt d6 gidm xudng duéi 7, nhu hinh 2-1, P Hinh 2-1 2.2 Cée phvong trinh Ginzburg - Landau Dé mé ta hé siéu dan, GL da sit dung nang hdng tu do Gibbs nhv 1a ham cla théng s6 tat ty va thé vecto cilia ti trudng ngoai. Tir 46, cute tiéu hod nang lugng ty do ta thu duge phong trinh Ginzburg ~ Landau. Phuong trinh 1: cuc tiéu theo théng sé trat ty ¢ Phung trinh 2: cc i€u hod theo thé vector 4 Ti hai phuong trinh nay cé thé nit ra duge céc tinh chat ca vat ligu siéu din nhu: hiéu ting Meissner, sO lugng tt hod ti thong, d6 dai két hgp, dé xuyén su 2,.22 2.2.1 Nang lvdng tu do Ginzburg ~ Landau C6 thé mé td tinh chat nhiét dong cba trang thdi siéu din bing céch sit dung nang lvgng ty do Gibbs. Ginzburg va Landau da gia thiét ring gin diém chuyén pha, théng sé trat w ¢ nhd, Va néu khong c6 mat cla tit wudng ngoai thi bén trong khdi siéu din, ¢ d6c lip vdi toa do. Vi ¢ 1a dai lwgng phifc cdn nang Iugng ty do Gibbs la thy nén ta khai trién thanh chu6i kiy thiva cia |g’ .Ta 66: G, =G' +a) oie" (2.2) ‘Vi khai trién (2.2) chi hop ly trong lan can clia T. nén cdc hé s6 a va bc T- thé khai trién theo z= va chi gid lai sO hang cép 1. Theo Ginzburg — ‘Landau: att) lE] 23) BT) = by Trong 46 a,b, > 0. Khi c6 matelia trudng ngoai, ham ¢ va cd trvding bén trong siéu din cing phu thugc vao toa 4. Nang lugng tf do tai mét vi tri 7 khi d6 phdi duge cOng them: Br). Ky cian az 1 Nang long cia trifing bén trong mau siéu din: > a Nang lugng wfong tac ca tir trudng va dé tY hod celia mau siéu dan: = fy Hid. lass ea he s Tate Bong nang cia cp Cooper: == |i +e yj]. Trong 46 4 la thé vects ’m ciia trudng ngoai. Nhu vay, mat d6 nang lygng ty do cia trang théi siéu din khi cé trudging,23 _ Loss eabes lain. ag ! G[el=o° ty lint +e Ay| + ag BO) eat +g +b (2.4) Theo Ginzburg ~ Landau: Gle]= 63 +2 st ind +e" Alp ( (nero drs B)- Holt? )M(r) oil sue agp +b ‘o] (2.5) G2 1a mat 49 nang lugng ty do Gibbs 8 trang thdi binh thudng khi khong c6 truting ngoai. G, Ja ning lugng ty do 6 tang thai siéu din 2.2.2 Thiét lap cdc phu‘ong trinh Ginzburg - Landau Trong phan nay ta di tim phuong trinh Ginzburg ~ Landau bling céch cyfe tiéu hod biéu thite nang lugng ty do (2.5). Phuong trinh Ginzburg — Landau thit nhat Ta ldy bién phan theo ¢": 6G.16l= adres (nv +e'apl-inv +e Alig" + app" + dl0l? 459" } Xét sO hang dau tién: fers Do todn tit xung lugng (-inV +e") 18 hermitic nén tich phan tré thanh Vee’ alinv +e’ Alp = far inv + ea) 669° 5,19 I} fa (nv+e' 4) p+ap+ Hg) Ind Diéu kién cuc tri Lagrange _ Buler: 6G,[9]=0 vdi 66° bat ki. Khi dé 1 (nv sea) 6 +a9 +56) p=0 (26) 2m24 Day JA phung trinh Ginzburg — Landau thif nhat Néu sit dung sy hiéu chinh Comlomb V4=0 ta c6 thé viét lai phuong tdnh (2.6) nhu sau: ly . oe Spr lV) ite’ AVP —e ?4)- ad —Hé|'¢ =0 (2.7) Phuong trinh Ginzburg — Landau tht hai Trong biéu thite G,[é] chi cdn gitt lai cdc sO hang lién quan dén A, sau d6 ldy bién phan theo A ta duge: lp. f at tt an ao) 1 - =— |_ iV 2 —, o6.t01=7 ja Ll ine’ 1906" +ine'SAg'Vp +20" Adilgl?)+ soleil XEt sO hang cudi 1 “yp poe — L far s(roial = far 2rord.roréd = + farrotd rota au, Sl aS nt Ding dang thite: Brora = div(@x6}+ drotb Tacé: m Jerlvoraf = le Jardiv( 64x roid) = x rotlro Ding dinh ly Ostragraski _ Gauss, ta duge: Jarolrora} = jleix rot iS + [otrowbar i. a 1 2M Ho Lay 64=0 trén toan bé mat thé tich V. Khi d6 86 hang dau tién bing 0. Nhu vay: “Ys 2) e7 ayo I 5G, = 3 jal (ine e'vo-9v9 )+ agp +r Diéu kién ditng dG, = 0 vdi moi 6440 . 2 Loti + Bg v9 ove" +H Aol’ =0 (2.8) Bo 2m m Day 1a phviong trinh Ginzburg — Landau thi hai. Ti phwong trinh Maxwell25 rotB = pyJ (2.9) So sénh véi (2.8) ta thu duge bidu thitc d6i vdi mat 46 dng: ihe’ or #¥9 98") m ler (2.10) Hai phyong trinh (2.6) va (2.8) 1a nén tang cia ly thuyét Ginzburg — Landau. Gidi duge hai phyong trinh nay ta xéc dinh duge tinh chat cita trang théi siéu din. Trong nhiéu trudng hdp tng dung, phuong trinh phai dude gidi bing s6. Tuy nhién cing cé nhiing trudng hgp don gidn hon, chung ta cé thé Hm dude nghiém chinh xdc gin ding. Ta sé xét nhifng trv3ng hdp nhw vay, tinh duge nhiing dai ling nhu : 4 dai két hgp €, lugng tir ti thong ©, , 46 xuyén sau ,, mat 46 dong téi han, va réi dua ede phuong trinh Ginzburg -Landau vé dang khong thit nguyén dé 4p dung cdc truéng hgp phitc tap hon. 2.3 Truéng hgp khong cé tit trudng ngoai Xét truding hop khéng cé tif trwdng ngoai dit vao mau siéu din 4=0. TY phuong trinh Ginzburg — Landau thif hai (2.8), ta c6: (o'v6-9v9")= V6i o(r)=|66 . ? ta thu duige aig? 22) dale =0 => Ofr)=const Vi pha 6(r) 18 hing sO n€n chon g(r) 1a thie Phuong tinh (2.7) 6 thé duge viet lai: ne - Vb + ad thy (2.11) 2m’ 2.3.1 Sau bén trong chat sigu din Sau bén trong chat siéu din mat dé electrén va do dé ham ¢ khong d6i theo vi trf. Ta c6 thé bé qua sO hang 9?¢ trong phucng trinh (2.11). Niut vay, (2.11) dude viét nh sau:26 ~ ag — Bgl’ =0 (2.12) Lay tich phan bigu thifc (2.5), trong truting hop nay ta c6: Livi G,=G) +agl? + Hdl (2.13) Nghiém ciia phuong trinh (2.12): g=0 khiT> 7, (2.14) lo =- KhiT < 7, (via <0) (2.15) Sit dung biéu thitc (2.13) déi v6i a va b ta thu duge: ry #22 2.16) br =P] ¢ Va su phu thudc tuy€n tinh vao nhiét d6 4 mién gin 7... Déi vdi nhting nhiét 46 thp hon, d6 thj di chéch xudng dwdi tuyén tinh, dat gid tri |f,|* < & tai 0 OK. Khi thay biéu thife ¢ tiy (2.16) vao (2.13), ta thu duge mat d6 nang ligng tu do Gibbs cue tiéu: 2) a1" 6-4, 2,0) 2 Nhu vay, 1) 1a ming lugng ma tang thai siu dain edn phai nhan duige dé chuyén sang trang thai thudng, Cé thé thy: 1fa@)_1 1p Ye) i)? = Be (2.17) (4 )-fmee sh,27 Hinh 2-2 Hinh vé (2.2) cho thay dé thi ciia hiéu s6 G,-G, tit phuong trinh (2.13) theo ¢ d0i vi ba rung hop a 1, 0.9 va 0.8. Mdi dung dat gid tri cute tiéu tai i 3 lal 3 duge cho béi phugng trinh (2.14) va G,-G, =0 tai o= (2) . Trang thi can bang tuong ting véi gid tri cc tiéu cla cdc dung. Vi tri diém cyc tiéu cang thdp, thong sé trat ty cang ldn, diéu nay tong ting vdi nhiét d6 cang thap. Tuy nhién, véi nhiing nhigt 6 qué thép, thi cdc dé thi nay khéng cdn ding nita vi gain ding (2.16) chi hdp ly khi T gan 7,.28 2.3.2 Ving géin bé mat NORMAL STATE SUPERCONDUCTING 0 x Hinh 2-3 Xét phuong trinh (2.11) Dé don gidn ta xét trudng hop mét chiéu: trang thai siéu din chiém toan b6 mién khéng gian x > 0, trang thai thung chiém todn bo mién khong gian x < 0 (hinh 2-3). Nhu vay: Vdix<0: ¢=0 Voi x >0, ta e6 ea $ ap +b? =0 (2.18) 2m" nae v')=0 (2.19) dye) déi bign X-3e we HO) yf y*)=0 (2.20)29 . ( Phuong tinh (2.20) ¢6 hai nghiém ring la tanh 4) VA cotank if X): Tuy 2. \W2) os (x nhién, nghigm cotanh 7] khong thda digu kign liém tue tai bién vi \ won) { Nghiém ching ta cdn 6 day phdi thda hai digu kign: lién tuc tai bién va d€n 1 khi di su vao trong chét siéu dan. Neghiém ona( thod cd hai diéu kign nay. x tanb| 0 (a) (x) tanh) |" 5) B! Trd lai bin ban du: =. ww} (2.21) Ta thay $0 Khi x>0,6->¢, khi xm. Con ¢ 1a d6 dai wen d6 g bién thién mét cdch dang ké, gan dat 1i ,. Dai ludng nay duge goi 1a d6 dai kéthgp. Tir biéu thite (2.10), ta c6 thé thay duge J = 0. Nhu vay, sé khong c6 dong chay trong siéu din néu khong c6 tif tring dat vio nd. 2.4 Lugng tif tiv thong Bay gid hay xét trvOng hop mau siéu din dude dat trong trudng ngoai: A#0.Va ¢ duGi dang (2.1), ta c6: V9 =ipVa(F) +e" Vig] Do dé:30 #°V6 =il6| .VO(r)+lalv|g| 9 V9 - OVP" =2ilgl’Valr) (2.22) Thay vao (2.10) ta duge: he’ io Vale) agh m mJ _h 5 te A valr)— > uP (r)~A Lay tich phan hai vé theo duting vong kin bat ky A a pe = fvedi ~§Adi (2.23) Khi di m6t vong kin: {vedi = 4d0 = 27m (ae N) (2.24) Sit dung dinh ly Stokes: Gadi = frotla)is = Bas Ta thu duge: (2.25) (2.26) R6 rang vé tréi cila phyong trinh (2.25) m6 ta ti thong ton phdn géi qua hé bao gdm: ti thong do mat 46 dong J (tao bdi cde electron siéu din) va tit31 thong do ti trudng géi qua hé. Nhu ay, tiy thong ton phan g@i qua hé khong thé a thy ¥ ma bi lugng tit hod bling sO nguyén lin ©, , Ta sé sit dung tiép diéu kién lugng ti hod nay trong chuong sau khi xét dén trang thai hdn hgp cila chat siéu dan loai II. Hinh 2-4 2.5 Su tham nhép ca tif trudng vao m4u. D6 xuyén s4u Ta da biét khi dat tir trudng khOng l6n lm vao mau siéu dn ti trudag sé bi day ra ngoai ( higu tng Meissner nghich tit), chi xam nhap 3 ldp bé mat. Trong phan nay, ching ta khdo sdt sy xm nbap cla ti trudng vio mau siéu din, Gid sit x > 0 hé 6 trang thai siéu din va x <0 hé 4 trang th4i binh thu dng (hinh 2.3). Ti trvdng ngoai B, khong d6i va hu6ng theo truc z. Vi B, = (0,0,B,)=V% 4 va sit dyng phép hiéu chudn Coulomb V4=0, bén agoai siéu dan, ta c6 thé chon: 4=(0.4,(0) (2.27) v6i A, (x)= Box + Ay (x <0) (2.28) G day 4, dude chon sao cho 7 lién tuc tai bién cla siéu dan. Ta tinh tich phan (2.25) theo duding ly tich phan trong mat phang xy nhw hinh vé 2-5:32 Hinh 2-5 Vi A chi cé thanh phan theo y nén: faal = fadi =0 a Khéng cé dong chdy vao chat siéu din (J, = 0) nén: [Jai = [Jai =0 ja Khi cho x, +0, tich phan theo BC cla 7 va A bing 0. Chi cdn lai tich phan theo AD. mpd op pee = lige + faa =n, Vi J va A chi phy thude vao bién x nén ta 06: [eee art Ay Gio) |=, (2.29) elo) Vin nguyén, L tay ¥ nén (2.29) chi ding khi n = 0, suy ra: m'J, (x9) Joy" +4,(x)=0 2 Vi x, cling ty ¥ nén: 140) ioe 4,(0) (2.30)33 Vid day n=Onén => fVedl =2m=0 <= {do =0 =>6 =const Vi vay trong trudng hop nay: ¢°V¢-gV¢" =0 Phuong trinh Ginzburg — Landau (2.8) khi d6 chi c6 thanh phan theo y: #46) | oe" late ET AG} (2.31) ‘Xét rudng hdp 4, >>: Sau bén trong chat siéu dan x>¢ khi d6 ¢(x)— ¢, khong phu thuée vao x aA A, (x) | a we"lel Py (2.32) (2.33) dat =, (2.34) Hoe |b. Khi 46 @A,(x)_ A,(x) (2.32) @ = = (2.35) é tim nghiém (2.35) ta phai chu ¥ ring khi di sau vao bén trong chai siéu dan thi thé vecto phai bing 0. Do 46, véi hai nghiém cila phuong trinh (2.35) 1a ool} va oxo, ta phai logi nghiém oof | vi nghiém nay khéng théa 1 , A, ¥ nghia diéu kign vita neu: oxo} — 0 i. Nhu vay, ta c6: Ajl)= 4 of-2] (x>2) (2.36) 734 Do dé: =B, on( = 2) (x>€) (2.37) Tir (2.33) Nhu vay ta thay ti trudng gidm theo quy luat ham mii (2.37) khi di sau vao bén trong chat siéu din do sy xuat hién cila dong bé mat (2.38). Tir trudging, chi c6 gid tri dang ké v6ix = 4,.Dod6 A, duge goi la dd xuyén sau. Trudng hop 0> . T ' BI 1 4 ' = ‘ a > 38, ' \ hee ° 0 Hinh 2-6 Quy luat gidm theo ham mii cita tit tvéing ngoai khi di vao trong chit siéu din vi trudng hgp 4, >é. << Norma — ae svperccndueting >» T T T a 4 de) i beh Ber 4 Hinh 2-7 Sy phu thugc ciia m§t d6 dong J, (x) vao khong céch x 2.6 Mt d6 dong téi han Trong ly thuyét tung dién Wy, ta 4 biét mOt ddng dign ludn sinh ra tit trudng xung quanh n6. Khi dit mot mat dO dong J di ldn vao mau siéu dan, tr tru@ng do né sink ra sé phd huj trang thai siéu din. G day, ta tinh mat do dong J, tai d6 trang thai siéu din bat dau bi phd hity.36 Xét trung hp sau bén trong mau siéu dan, 8 d6 @ phu thudc vao F chi thong qua @(F). Trong trutng hgp nay, ta vit thong sé trAt tw duéi dang: dF) = be) (2.39) = DF) =i9tal?) Thay vao biéu thtfe mat 46 dong (2.10): (2.40) Thay (2.39) vo phuong trinh Ginzburg — Landau (2.6) va nhan hai vé véi ee , ta thu duge: 2m nr, ner[e-22,) ea(h ° Gia sit ¢ bin ddi chim va bé qua V"¢, ta thu dude: Ww (5, 20 \yo ~7 ji) +1- = 241 tal? o, a) * (, ene O41) Tit (2.40) va (2.41) ta thu duige: w-w (2.42) rs aE Ham J nay dat dén gid ti cule dai J, tai y? => o, oo (2.43) Je 33a Day dude goi la mat dd dong tdi han Ginaburg - Landau. Str dung biéu thite cla tif trudng tdi han nhiét dong hoc B, 6 thé viét lai: y 2B (2.44) ° 3A, Sit dung biéu thie do Nicole va Carbotte tim ra nam 199137 BAT) = 29,6[)- F (2.45) A(T) A, oh “7 (2.46) Thay vao (2.44), ta c6: 3 8v2B,(0)(, 7)? aa AT. WA, 7 247) V) vay, J, =0 tai nhiét 49 chuyén pha 7, va Idn nhift tai T = 0. 2.7 Thu nh4n cdc phudng trinh London tif ly thuyét Ginzburg - Landau Néu bé qua hiéu ting bé mat voi x <¢, khi d6 (2.38) c6 thé dude md rong du6i dang vector: Bhd = B= roid =— pA? rotd (2.48) Ti phwong trinh Maxwell: rot + 2 =0=> roth + Lbori j=0 = roll £20 ot } an(e-na) = bap k a. gradg ( day sai khéc gradp c6 thé b6 qua) = ai Ea whi ZT (2.49) (2.48) va (2.49) Ia hai phuong trinh London duige dé xudt vao nam 1935, Néu thay biéu thite J ti (2.9) vao (2.48) ta duge38 B zB (2.50) J z (2.51) (2.50) va (2.51) la hai phutdng trinh Helmholtz ta da biét trong phuong trinh todn yy. Trong phan nay ta sé 4p dung cdc phwong trinh nay vao viéc tinh todn d6 xuyén sdu cia tif truting qua tam méng. 2.8 DG xuyén sau ctia tit trudng vao ban siéu din méng Xét trudng hop tém méng bé day 2a, dé dai L dat trong ti tudng By hu@ng theo truc z (hinh 2.8). Hinh 2-8 Phung trinh Helmholtz (2.50) khi 46 c6 dang: d°B, _ 8B. ax RB = B,=Ce* +Cye * (2.52) piéu kién bién:39 B-a)=Ce * +Cje% =p, B,(a)=Ce* +Cye * = B, Gidi hé hai phuong trinh nay ta thu duge C va Cy: eo 4er Thay cée gid tri C, va C, vita tim dude vao (2.52), ta c6: ces) 4 ee (2.53) Trudng hop 2, < A, thi sO hang dau cé thé bd qua Khi x > Ova x> A, thi sO hang sau c6 thé bé qua Tom lai: B, = By exp] A, <> a: <<1 AL Ta cé: ek te% 2+ Nhuvay: e* te% -2-(2]41 (2.55) =) (2.56) 2a Nhu vay, v6i mu siéu din cé bé day a> A, mat d6 dong dién chi tap trung 4 Idp bE mat day 4, dvige mo ta béi hinh (2-12).43, Hinh 2-12 Cé4c dong dién chay xung quanh bé mat siéu dan sinh ra ty tudng 4 bén trong mau va khif ti tru8ng dat vao nd. Vi vay, cdc ding nay duge goi 1a cdc Véia<< 4: dong chin, né ngan khOng cho ti tung di vao trong mau. Ta cé: a A = J, (x)= Jp (2.59) Vay véia << A,, mat 46 dong trong ban siéu din méng ti 1é tuyén tinh -V6i x duge mé td béi hinh (2-13).44 Hinh 2-13