STATE OF THE ART VOLUME SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING VOLUME SUR LETAT ACTUEL DES CONNAISSANCES SEPTIEME CONGRES INTERNATIONAL DE MECANIQUE DES SOLS ET DES TRAVAUX DE FONDATIONS MEXICO 1969[STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORTS HonviKO VF. 8,06 MELLO 5.0, SON a .souien Aw. skEWTON A nuTeHnson [RAPPORTS SUR L'ETAT ACTUEL DES CONAISSANCES “ible des Mais ‘STRESS-DEFORMATION AND STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS eon on Frans FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS IN CLAY rend en Fret [EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS are a Fp DEEP EXCAVATIONS AND TUNNELING IN SOFT GROUND nd oF STABILITY OF WATURAL SLOPES AND EMBANKMENT FoUNOATIONS and on Frnt ueSTATE OF-THEART REPORT ETAT ACTUEL DES CONAISSANCES ‘STABILITY OF NATURAL SLOPES AND EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS STABIUTE DES TALUS NATURELS ET DES FONDATIONS DE REMBLAIS bby A.W, Skempton Prot of Civil Engineering Imperial College of Science and Technology South Kensington, London, UK. Englond ‘ond J. Hutchinson ‘ohn Neville Wimbledon, London, UK 4m clay slopes se proposed invols sx forme of novenent.” Ohi ens tion of fl in aieees ‘these. geo! c ‘and ote okaloen ¢haraotert tt one detail and fie1d date ere” pr ae Ft is concluded thet great prosre Shcing? the pone two decade ie the aotgngsfic giuay of laniefiden tnt reieced prepgeges in Slay stop: ‘incerteintiee still onain and sone typee of masscuovenent have not sv antayaed quantitatively. 1. mrRopverroN eae tay eee eee artes Seana aia ee ag Ss an rol of four iatervelated groupe of Topless Tle fourth to (4) recogattion and clausttiontion ot the iztical” cane fecende, bes teen seta SUES uetier‘anmecsorawests tat" legate, . sioze moreri- of Jandalide or type of material cannet stig sorpbologiea! fopturses teiz | ~ sei've ert pettings_ their Fatgn oF au 7 codaat and tletcauses of Failure] 14) anges > gyre entirety, oovere an excoptionaliy broad Fengee 201SKEMPTON ond HUTCHINSON 2. TYPES oY LANDSLIDES AND OTHER MASS~ lure can generally be distts fovEaests) Sonasquete shed, te ooour Genison Sratie: open Bening fee' creat see-sugpionsntea doveiopasnt of hi iehiye' fue sanser Ua eSiah 6 salve faorenns of sirens in ihe tc jarat ing. ass ‘phis eventuatiy surprie~ eabination they should give developed on lay slope: the generic tera, 1endeliey embraces tho ScraSedope aoveadn te cf soll oF fet span Shlok occur. prisarily ¢0°s coqul¥ of sleet Failure at the boundaries of the moving In the following an stteupt 1 made to 10% inte and define. those types of Landslide sBieh coeur guftiolently often to one, for the pertionier feature boar heer Tey aise pene are or Speagnie oe 2 cf Sey i tate Se en woe STvesietp1s of couplex cnnnatiagen of fhens_ lock aie sie types mo Sroquently ocourrs “ " PUSS non va iinet he er Pe ae exo - = font cw onto the tine of fallure. oe “Telating the sariaua de srfaus initial do iden shat & be Fig.1 auggataparacy of Sin 39550 a 39550), ee sity ts eae ete eee eet Suess MMAR reel Riper MES extremely vari Spear to ad ene! EPCRA SHEP erate 2.1 Some Basic types of Landslide on Clay Btopet 1g, lar fale are txpteally fa Failures_in tl ‘aiopes of, inte or Tiasires: in relation to the Re ingluence pre deep-seated ones usually fail back- ‘in failings a thinner olay sas arae Toulariy-on a tet topple Exouples of clay falls frou the walls of jepreided excavations in over-consolidat 292NATURAL SLOPES AND EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS fienureg clays are given by Bazett, Adane & Matyas (1961) for the erust of the Zeda Clay Sn the St; Lawrence valiey and by skempton pan S"tatooneite (1965, Figs}, let failure and Fugse) for the erom London Clay at Bradwell, Eeeox, Te Bradwell case well illustrates 2 ict feet, A MULTIPLE and COMPLEX. LANOSLIDES SUCCESSIVE SLPS L = maximum lergih of side up slope D = maxima thicness ef side 8 = maxirum bend of ide Landslide proportions Fig. 3 SUDES IN coLLUUM = slips ofthis form ao coluviel_sope os tse soe a Ugo ie seu ri ing ody, the eLippes_aagoop ere Gharacter coal Ere perenne tr lear tier teh lon of iaaiee mfigeny, tatatietite Er SeclderoSh)'F' ne see tet sere er deeete hat "Pe HER Seeeins eat iee ta SE eurctigeata Tae eye SAE Gets Etat ott Hibstititiags viphahantly olnear TERED un littoral seal HP aoraee tae set Fig. 2 exemplified ty the failures at 0 STEtEt,“ahtoago Ciretand 1354) ( ictsk, Aapssbopel elites (abies ele Etats joe sonata ud in’ the Hou Brink Cut, Norfolie HB Slopes of fairly uniform olay oF shale 8 ‘ig cubves surface of fatiure, being cons stippine a ina heaven et the. toe. In natural slopes fatlures which appear + Ze of over-consoli sated, dun'points Kent (ieekingon iy sersclacs thosgh Cireular rotational slips occur typically An slopes of 1SKEMPTON ond HUTCHINSON etm rotational oltps geen uaually, (2g-1).— Severe. 44azortion and ohemring. ELS acosapniy, the bu iding suyengnte and tue elise (slated with’ in witch. ‘has bean pre opr ofthe ‘he £01 neity Kaiser fie Miszenart tend jon 7 Sf" the sl Spping Sroken to seze-8 Sranelational conponents tothe Bekkelaget, Oslo (2ige & Bjerren 1954 There a rofational olip in higher ground at ting terough the Weald Clay at Sevenoaks {he rear of the slide was sccoupantes by Ken’, investigated by Tome’ (1948). A ettik- translational movenent of an adjoining’ lab Ing photograph of the cross-section of a of flatter grount. Severe distortion of the anf tiaecfar rotational slip near, Port slide masses, was Limited to. the sone. be Spokane; Wagrington, as given oy Jon E Usa ed) compound slides ‘ofvbreak-up of the the elige were 1ittle danaged, ar slip in the london Clayy the slide ee were, severely troken in the vicinity of Sip in toendaten trench , Orostis Com , France the Reel of the slide where a major graben Were relatively sittle disturb ‘lide, However, nich involv ie ‘aif ind gongs geeret Fig. & fora high deer Shallow rotations! elipa, of noth otroular coe ot snot tastes dp weathered or ie iat 03 0 cate ‘oiise of shallow retetional slp on London Eiay"auopes are given by tatoninaon (19574) danas, fe Ste seat = sty etthin te el: erogeneity within the Severopment of a simple rotational slide te thereby prevented and a tranalational Fotuced into the slide sovement ax sot ayes or structural ure or a boundary between, £0r example, sltylsialZots’or tettenn weathered sad aoe Serials ares Sora sEPPREDE SESE" oe a" Batoro~ erst Be cena’ capes tobantn-¢ Shope, if faulty shear gurface oF sh se atigen tn trinasis saris and Vajont compound Took elide say be com aaa occupying an extrene position inNATURAL SLOPES AND EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS » in which the planes of failure sined by Taulte, occurred during ig out of the Cofton tunnel, neat f, England (McCailua 1930)." Good ‘in unweatna jointed clays. et Val~ oy Ttaly, are given by Bau (1966). Tt igevigent that” the thong of Sloox ‘Yargely ey the spao— Sng of the discontinuities whiten bound’ tho Bleck end I/L ration thus vary widely. a ite meee ie /tlstortion,_predosiaastly ole eared ¥ ey. 2 of ‘eatigred or coliuvialaaterial, the depth Bresplee.c langle slopea on London Clay are giver Hfohtnecn, (9670)¢~ the failure in 4y incl ned reatguad, 00% : dhe’ eiggerd fat by transient, porchea water tables follom ing heevy rainfall. {nm contrast to these exanples of sla» slices in weathered Gr Feeidaal slope castles way” be centioned tho tanaatiae at Purre; Soreay {Gutehingon 1961), thio was broadly of seteria(s'and failed ons thiny aot Thelined layer of quick clay. fora a rather neglec- ‘stood group of sove™ 1538) whteh can hav average speeds of up ‘sorrential ssdflows or commonly having speedo. of ‘s/esc, which the events described ‘Sharp @ Hobles (1953) and. Curry (1366) appear to exemplify. ove hich undoubtedly compe Gartnflows or austiows (Pigs1), Ais, ikcugh property considered. aa frozen’ ier then landal ide phenomena, peril Sharpe (1958). (4) Bartntions, the tera ‘earthtion! ea by Sharpe (1988, to describe. two en ‘aifterent forge of aave-aovenent. in oi\pho tera. ie here confined to the 0 GED OF 808 ered a thick develop. Sypie The foe of a slide," Sion an earthflow ie ‘aiown-GeveIOping on the far side of @ slump ‘St Adase Township, Obioy in Plate i¥B of, Sharpe (1935). Ah earthflow ine gore adm anced state of developuent at Blaine, South Wales, io iilustratea in Pigs5.” arthtlows a na Rua Lowa, Shey aiffer fron the Latter in heir aualler degree of structural breadows, thus earts= ‘Sue F able part se reened yw ‘a of their oF! a Slade such that Le recognisable of the eli ‘fron. whieh they origin are glacier Birges + Hexe referred to as ‘earthflova’ and tretrogreseive quick olay (bottleneck) elise 295ef mse 1ifely That. the aovenente aan eens 296 ‘geneluded from these fint- ga that the dietinotion between elites and clowa drew by sharpe (1956), which is Seasral to he olaeeification of ango-nore~ 136585. Avnet generally true (iitoninoca’ ida the Slungullion mudtiow (Ghandeil Varnes 1961), sith s Voagth to preadth fatio (Pig.3) of" the order of 10, od example. of the eli 19983 0 sniist its Ohaseus Sayan, (Rebtote 2553} 22).” hese naturally develop coat ‘here; ge in the caves wentioned, Shere Teliitele or no\esonion at the toe of mud i =e es ‘Huetion loves below seazp oftae hath uly Zo" se 20 fete’ thick and hate eleat” fopographical expression. ey are deacr1~ bed fy "Ekeapton © Petey” (1967), "0 ahd Rave bet TED’ of the Lat “ated t serine fnpertance of Hee on Tahe putliahed novensate of the younger Stusgiilion eudfior, Colorado (Crandell & Yernes 1961), although foniy at the burface and fot interpreted in this way, Say be inferred also £0 be of plug flow type.NATURAL SLOPES AND EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS ber iftuction sheet with no topo- ween about 25° and 6° inclination. Eropilcal suerensiony iprcleatiy yeryigrest. Tepulet end Lvegtiag varketiea decaloos ih Filles exauploe of siaiuar saolstiucefon’ ” Yolwer” produces" Stops soross. the slope, the aneura® beneath fonoil go1iciuetion steete on lom-angie slopes in Lendon Clay and Biret"elay are given ty Weors, (1989). Be ara aati tuggenta” that augceaaive, alto Tails of @ trial pit jelifluetion & eed up 9 Slope from ita font. foot onan approziaateiy 59 siope of tendon L'eravs-dection of he abandened Condon, Olay Glny at Boughton Hill, Kent, are shown in Cliff Delow Hadleigh Castie, Zesex, on wite! je" rotational elipe have developoa fe'reproducea in Pig-11..'A photograph of 2.2 Some Examples of Multiple and Coupler siailer slipe on an 64°"Londen Chay elope at Tandel ie Righ Heletow, Kent, ie given in Hutchinson GSéroy Pigs3)s. The landolide ar Sarukuyodt, Agong the variety of more complex land Japan, "a croce-seoticn of which io given in siidee'on clay slopes, certain frequently ‘Fig.6" (Fukuoka 1965), may Tepresent an ad~ Seourring epee gay oo gooeaized; In gen enced stage of auocvantve alipping in whion Graly these exnibit a multiplication or % ‘ei interact. Seatination of tie basic typea of landal ides ‘multiple transistion- Sesorib previously. soimucion sheet 2-88 ek / tring "tly wth" tn up to Wek pte one Secton of the upper port of Boughton it, Kent Fig. 7 237SKEMPTON ond HUTCHINSON Ey" eonatal landelige in olieocene clays 18h Seagrove Bey in the Tole of Fight tixenpfon Tote). "a'toreruniy cevelones tzesple ie provided by the covetel tend SEe*anvofving the Gale andthe Gault clay Tolkostone Warren, Kent, (Pig, 8), the Salolstrote dosed aneetsese $2 alta tee First recogniees ty fous (1359)-"Rhin Of landslide clearly becomes ore tranaation— ‘Sinoveraltcbaradrer’ asthe nisber of ‘cou oene Foyarionalehtss-tuoreuusss “Contena— Srary activi gia Yolkestouy Warren. copriton i ai tuation, ‘with on the wlip— fismured clays, in the absence oz Sonpetent’caperock,, the scarp fered s2'Uhe" ear oe,the"anktsai rosattonn fyiteallon afspe, fale and waafiene lat tho roerogrs a further a os lap ts eaually Inhibited (Hutotinegy 19650, and ta. proce) 2he lange! ideo onthe Meikle Hivery Aiberta (iasatth 2966), tn which ‘ho coat of failure Lisa in Abariiy over- seheslidateas“asiie fissured Tassels ine Sotational tye: “Avyurthor. sxeuple of” buch a-elip 1a: proviged by the failure Se Sandnesy Norway, seated n'a Layer Of overcconaoliaated, state fissured [erad™ no ke = Sine wes vwloety overege slope A= BE BT epth to slip surfoce = 5 tlm Section through part of | Sarukuyeji from M, Fokus wu1tiple rotations) 91100 ecour Ereguentay om actively eroding slopes of ERIS" Polety ip chicr 8 thick Strsila' of cyar-coteclidated, thawstes oley Sayer "of more competent rock." Palluree of ania type are rare an poorly developed Se Glifee Formed predominantiy of etift, Landsti¢e (in ut, 65) Japan sntereteaian or inter, 967) ferme’ the cap rook: Ser prummattone) forge of aunts "controlled ut peobeble that, Tse probable that’ the ‘Toner the soheaion ef the sliding netey the amalier ant sore numerous. the Indl¥id— five fatiures will = Tony ie! gkeupliriea’ty tne tanteiices at ‘Saeksiendy Shropehire (Henkel & Skeapten 2954) nd at Fo 3 (eetien 1960). ty Atposite involved in the retrocresaive slide fat Tibeted, Norway (Hutenineon 19650), how rer, had dittie Sobesion andthe #2200 waaNATURAL SLOPES AND EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS Epselueer euler fi § landelide near Berkeley, Ca2ifornia, whic degoritratee’the initial’ stages oF ehtepes question gevelopment, ta Situstrates iShhee: (ieser"etgrea): Sk Later stage, dn aiitht fonoutoes oarthectow' fe" us plein Eats "the hansen ice et Sieina, fa coltuyian, 11 though erisl Halen fa. 9o-antfeen ana vencnered thaw teat ‘Tiduel eltpeed aaszea are not longer deta pishaote,Sontgeiue fp ee pitaves luptcably develo ESyecscamn 35678) aera a ‘rangle aren iialoe aur sin the aecume retreat of tae Fleserocene, Jt snetavtiity is provises ovenente at daltons Soo Sted Sedehltes given ay akeapton f evsey (set) Digrior Sion movenente, approxiaately aultiple crateaaeional, tiger on a comrdex Sf ola alip surfacce in the’ colluvium were Secelerated ty the construction of a aotor= ‘ay eubenkaort acrose ite sr striking Uy’ aiatier example of a colluvial elope, at wasrton, W. Virginia, 0 furnished. by D'A Dlonia gt als(iS07)~" in both tne Fig. 9 golluriun hes overcritéen granular a12uriun, ‘Tefelo tn thie alluvium and the Tons the gtanility of the sevcontrsiies 5y Sigh, Pe ned vater tables within te Other tyzee of slides in colluviua Fentwal of movenente in debris Seecribed Sn the 1itersture; The Lan ar Portland, cregon (Clarke 1904) and at * dapan (Tanigueki & Watari 1965) fo belong to tis eategorys 3 spread : Tactiealar spe of resrosr gentle ai itiy age guaracterieat ty the fone sovenuiing eeich ae Hanns. 299SKEMPTON ond HUTCHINSON piesa ee Raason River: nate ‘uetland Solese" guiex 2 tt a NE ty re oonsidered to be the lively saune of i ted Mak EEE aa oieche lente pene Hep etl ae Ere ie eect te ce ei Rrars Wide Mia tes ar interbeaiad: Lenses of loGne, sandy. in eaie stogeby are Seateyed to nave played ah n= mets geet te chet GAY Baa fserfsbea i9es). Eitonee oueflelentiy'reeouldea othe stress bedy_ and) FF he se) ving thee. a ssolet tae feitures $0 243 Rates of Landelide Movenent. A qualitative description of ioeliy sonoedac oi bt Tnguishee first a i mich continues fe stabiiity or of Shia Zremework {a ued in the anes Silcn fellowes, iudfiow sovenente are eparately. seail ae to Fereaghi( Sebeee sen ‘confines ty Se ‘the Ground tenperatare and aoleture sontent. he former se of fluctuating etneaua ad talue ores and spared aVatiabio; dace suggest inet mantle Gree ay renge frou less. thon Ocl ous UP She caw onecs per yours an accecete Clinaten sigatficant aoreuente, aay oxte Soi depeh Se an ton aaa,” (lersagnt & Peok 3967).. volus rioting fr Sroluing eka drying probetiy sccoutt for he aajer part of the suailer creep 20) fonte. observed, which are tbue iieely. £0 Unorease with aiope angle and. soll collei¢ content; "ihe Bigher ereep raten probably’, Would wore properly be regarded ae. peri- Blaoial soisinotion tovesentss Mase creep remalts only from gravity forces Ste Crersughiy tos.gieej, Ie te Tikely that Siok creep wii BoP aged signicioance at joptay belo the sone of mantic oreep., free Grainga’iavoratory toate on clays, continuing, ‘Tongrtera creep i knows to fare place et ee thet Bre only a fonction of, their creep has yet to be Fone strength, (Biobop! 6). obtained. of creep discussed 20 far there seitera Sontinee grazetion Stationary and the,soving aater~ ‘Ro development of «shear jer mantle creep. can eventually ‘fore of Sranelational ol 14 see'da aot amon, but this ser niieelys the denger of eliing "ney, Ualiy fore « basis forthe wreaiction of ‘failures.NATURAL SLOPES AND EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS Sone exaapten rt free brie peteinine 8 Olay at Ki Shown in Fig.10. Prem the above oxanplea it will be ‘and Seach’ a few the elope, of the eventual failure surface. Vajont, though only in sual pert a clay’ pe, '1s inoluded because of the Father of the rather few useful pre~ ral ca/day during ‘two yeurs preceding the sla Bh mnand tude of she dteplacement ooourr e failure zr ae of the ing elip surtaoe ie Seeden, the possibility Ss being explored of installing domslope acvenent meters which Goel fecsrae of Sovencn? available for the sould be Forward movernent ot wall ft rail level cae chars ‘sterted i 1912 1929) ut Failure occurred after 29 years wo] it Original ground 00. no ens flue London Clay 100 Kensal Green cutting after Skempton (1954) Fig, 10 301SKEMPTON ond HUTCHINSON acranged to give, sutomatic waroing of an sa snding. slide. “Although Bete‘ cbserves, the gave is ent to perait such an slara, Ehiut* otanivaxomms tean 13655 Sone advance tonarde the prediction of slope failures nas been sale’ by Saito (2965). beteled cbuervatione of pre-failure mover ents Of slopes and wall Tite exhiort phawes of. ary creep, such ae found Ista), tPba waten an Fatlote dem Schniques of neasuring aerte ineslopes are digeueted by Tere ped in the sensitive or quick clay iia: ‘hich resoulding sun profuce as slacat Toes of strength on the slip eur fafiure. 28 in ptraet, conventional Teeidual sol1 of low senei tivity of gore than 0,3 B/ain, Fre" dgeh® SES ove ate nore sion (leash Mas" a 2:3.3_Mpvemane ter me spea SE idk ing Petfare Ie controlfed’ sides on feiiure surtaces of nigh orersit Sisefiy"by the ature of te clay'inenten naftaOT SAi2ure,curracte of nigh overall StetringLe'thking place and Sy"Uhe whape’ Hapid”dovebest con wise dete is'aee reste 1 ao Tere bre stp Te ys ers Ody dy Ste | Orman | SR RDE (ale oF rom war paride Syns_| Brite Je Srihe| 7 dams] ty | BP Tao Gon fetal Pa oar tee pte "th_| ara spe | as Opn measf [sees Sem ei lncea |r| ek | Denby Dessn | ged eas | > Ts 3m (2) | tandstide econ oceniy Eu eee [eee [zee Verne | etrary eae] >] F0anir [0 0 em w [eramy & ov | 3 | eon | 20 en ‘temo (i) Gotng mes omer ow 9 aes A) sae Bes 2 orm ie oz icing etn. srr tt ce eee ava gy"ip etait ef poaition by'Ite own aosentun, Wits a°factor of safety rather higher than 1.0 on the resigual sttengtn. slides io" sitet es claye exibit thie benaviour Yo sone degree, out 1% te moat futly develo coming to rect ctroular or aore perticulariy oo Mien release of the mage takes place Sy a Gelayed interned ‘fasture 2.3.4 Post-feilure govesente. After faii- See" fae TOES SESS TEER outye esi be St, or very close toy their Feaidual atrength and further possible’ changes in ahear pares Setere are negligibies "A coauon feature of fA further development of thie aecharien, in which a void de produced at the heel ef fhe" elide, Is put forward by Menol (1366) fo explain the catastropste trencformation of the moveaents during the Vajont lid 302NATURAL SLOPES AND EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS oresente on euch ol4p surfaces 19 their Soterate or low opeed. Thie appite Whether the acvenents are Urought Seisoned ‘porespre: alteration inthe tus. The post~faiiure aoveasnt od chides Bre given in Table 2, ie from sero to 8 a/yr. type are particularly charac ides in neavily oversconeoli~ in’ nabie Bsilue 3, t0 25 w/yr, broaaiy accor Yeneity of" efosion of ae a ug to. the ime fom congue Zhe aovenerte of sose, and provatly & majo- rity! of mddlowe are highly seascnal. “The Soatsah suattore in’rante $, "for instance, are alncot stationary for the greater part Of the year, accomplianing noel of thelr unveil Sovesent within 2 ar" aonther Te Slunguitisn mud¢low on the other hand ie Fenusnable Cor the virtual constaney’ of ite speed of sovesent (Graniell € Varnes 1361). As previougly aentioned the soreaents of Certain mudtlowe have been show te apsroni— mate to plug flow. Tm haem (ore com Rta rar com te” te norasily eoneolsaated or quick jeraiay exioit.no post-faitare ‘Thlo ia partly because their juring eliding nas caused the s21p- Soloversrige strongly 0 a poettion saltly high factor of safety.” sles in ach clays the resoulded aaterial tn the ip stztacy fey snoe it Bas Pesonvolie jared, s strength greater than that ef the orginal andieturoed clay. Keagurements of the distrivation of velocity WIE depth dn pouteeallure oveuents™ in Hiitey Heated clara inatonte thai ae iy the sajor.part of the ovement t pitce by" aligane oo Sanat sftp" sutfa within'd narrow shear zone (Goule 1966! yrpected from. these nudflone. @ 3. ouars Updos mnie nesting of clay connenty ences Tens ana ‘ada sone not ‘strength properticn ton Taplote'ekctore Ieaaing between the strengtn of nt laboratory: 3-1 Types of Clay dela sergagns anf O36? fee Jagd ate eed roasting sifja thtcn ie aiaple ant poactfeat’fee"4 geotechnical point of views iis three Esoupe aret consent on the typ6 fered sn 8 mith resarke on to diverepancte slays in the Pele acft intact claye Shes Intases lage SHEE Feeured ‘The gajority of clays fall readsty into one e7,oiner of! thace grouper though there. are ‘fourth group: sxamplce ean, be found in ort fiseured clays.SKEMPTON and HUTCHINSON urate eas i ferret focuterats® —— skanpton (2969) au tr ground. water, yaaa ea ereltty tn of dow pasties ty 3638 SE aE act ety 393 Sieabtiae? "5% he duatigtion voteen tore! na voter’ UME St HOHE Na Dae aces eestor raaghtipetenee tease ey tee eect aecgees usenet res rateetandoe cae tenet beates at TREE IRs" itte te or ate ‘TePfartiaily eaturated. aseified accoréing to of formations For sur iffigtent. to Pecos ‘Riese are Isesed Below wit a brie! description of each cate ery, 2.2 seine Pecerhars ory Sees Tae Oe ‘The upper Léatt of otitf olays 42 not eastly Staced'in quantitative teruey Tentatively Se'asy be Gata that. "has have sn graraine’ ve chose ‘ofthe éley in iyi ST Sas ee get, Shsttent te ee ani See bat Goutracty Sre op indurated thet they restet ‘well as drying craoze, Eisietegtation'in mater, tots they are weak Say Zevelop in'nestdual clave et sign Liquid Tersagni'e grouping recognised the equal Tnporfanos Se strength and. structures Tn Het claya, in aie own agrds, are "free Eten joinee and fiesuregs- in'cextrast @ pending on tae degree and d eheriney Tisoured (usta Ehdvon the aature of the patent rook, a wide nee) conteins a ne ‘variety of saterials can be produced) but fyrai"dtegontinus flee comprising che Or sore The eli fee werades of the following ‘pest email (aypicaliy. bese a or elickenaided (proba! eae than 6. Ings of 15 on-), ore. of 160s changes during meatheriag the foraa— yy ae. weathered sailed "drying crust’ (Skenpton, Schuster Ghscontinsitien in Gray top-coile are described oy Srewer ste} ‘tae foregoing groups of claye can each be 1800" SoFthe Casta, of rating segn delays “Pog Sfecad! Matt peers ‘Single index property in’ thie con tote ae it retleote Goth the aabunt andthe ature of the olay ainerale: present Follows divisions have been suggested byNATURAL SLOPES AND EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS lap in the winter after nary rain the cone- Son"sntercept ie rather low. ney are Seftainly net dntact, and therefore St Sect "to place them tentatively in the eroup of eoft Hlacured clays. 3.1.3 Seainentary clays. Clays deposi ted Saber JGPESSESftotien Stale, ine lake ‘ean be, placed in the wide exe Himentary clays a enough SP’noraeliyzconaolssatee Lintten structural. aia Sian "teva special category of Tandsiidee, gimentary clays, with jon inteveept, Tange roa’ Phos ‘aradoneifus tise to thoee anich are densely fissure eer Broadly st evena trae. to cay that the higher the elay fraction or Liquia iiait, nf the ore Heavily the clay te over= Goneolidated, ‘the nore iikeiy se it thet She slay will be fieaured (using this term in the Loo Je Conversely, the ett intact seainentary clays appear to be those with's gore silty composition. Bate The characterietic Seampies er voulaer slays oF clayrHllues"ahey often have, racher sandy oriailty clay aetrixy but even when the Sietie'has nigh cliy’ontent Envy say be ‘afecontinaities, Pro! tacts) oli apletoly resoulden during Bry etre in the of stife intact elays, Soft intact clay tile are also knows, how "ae 2 ance Haletlaiag or Inter sen advances. 3.1.5 acts cleye. In regions which hada SHPRSRE SHEN: quringttne leto Hecene' period, many Bill ides and Olé iiey,Biopes' are Aantlea with golifluction Ecposkte, typsoaity up to Dor Sua. thick, srdon latter eroued!eyicence io” eeen of Gicowsen are’ wanally sencuhaed ees, and although wien sn motion lope, or when Tetirred® by oryotsr They Suet have been soft, they no" ‘Some af these joous though alnost etfuet 308 lese fabric. 51.6 raneported oy 1 3E Slay) tavebv ‘oved oniy'a short Siatanoe it will be Etactargd nt eletortea to a fester er ‘but ite. properties will not delgreatiy changed except for sone” softening ondary (or. sac) face’ oF ‘eiump bocke'y Saply~ Sag no Fasseal overall change in the cleye Ag the other oxtrome are tho auéflows, in mason the eisy hse Become so, softened are Fonoulded ae to Reve lost ally oramost all ‘of ite criginal forn abd. proper Ti'can. jorivea ge 8 soft Golluvial eleys constitute a wide range of gerlcGty tie somblned, sett ng, earthtiow snd aultipie.e ‘Siays are often very neterogene- containing eaail Fock fraguento. and ‘ana the aazrix aay aed. ‘They blanket fh they are or have been eyoud the toe of the buried Fock elope, In sone cases the landfora ie Ghat ofa dandaiige of she siuapearshtlow Eypes but in ether cases, pernape of greater age, there ie 1ittle. topsgrapnical exprestian. She’goiluriel olaye' seen generaity £'have a 'aoisrats to stitf consistency. Similar material aay constitute the debrie frou a landslide where, au a Teoult of very ‘Tange soveasnte, the alee hae become totelly or fargely aisiasecratea. 3.2, Baste Shear Strength Propertics In this section, after cose introductory ith anes Fereaght Passat tne a: ‘a'given direction within en clesent of ‘secuated soil te ee 7o-y -a) here, se the total strove acting in shat Ify howevery the ooil te partially thive will be a pressure ty in the\SKEMPTON ond HUTCHINSON ‘then given by the expr ton (3Laney 2958] [oe Mla a) a) here % in a coegficient to be ernined Sroteameptaaiy. "When the eoitae"Faity Oo oy hen the voids contain only air, % = 0 and o -o-y Yor partially saturated Sya) becomes onailer’ and the’ coetfie~ fehr"pebengs°to unity. fg for setts with o nigh te Patton ( Fe than 3 error an neglecting the produc’ TOY ag) "$8 enalls 72 2 Der tially the water table pietoneter of the hydraulic type will ne the pore water preesure ty tur @ raga Hoe wi r ‘Tn these conditions of either type will ‘sane readings. Tn Bile there ie no ambiguity; ‘can onay be. the pore water ure, and thie will be read by "any rly’ functioning plezoneter. or the erent aajority of slope prob the eetective et the water table can at where u is the piezonstric pressur often written in the form us By where h is the pigzonetric head ane Yy i The Genet fy of waters mie Simplified shear strength properties of clay Cofter ‘Skempton 1864) Fig.NATURAL SLOPES AND EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS typical renaine to be done : fete oe in Pgh : cat of Pestaual perengte for normally ~ and. over=caneoi dated, 6) fecent teete using the toreson (rine\snear ‘how ‘for example, insicate. that before the ord eerrae ones tested undeF drained conditions. Both apparatue, peak strength corresponding to the saximin strictly constant a ‘he aaterial cai resist, ata. lenge dieplacenenta (of ‘aitect- etre) are neceseary, on a -facey ani tris ‘aitigate’ iso oxist in the deteraination renga which 19 infil Tiait GF Pesiatance ie known a3 the Tesiduel ‘strength. fate ef shearing, oFientation’w fo bedding and probably, in £4 de Deine Soft silty clays aay show Little aitference dy the size of the saat! ‘the jetneen Peak end reaisual. Nth higher clay effecto of those various factore are mention Sontente the difference tonds to. insr ce'leters even in the noreally-consolitated condition, Shi" the decrease in strength 1a asaoolated iin Fe-otfeneatson of Slay particles alone The" elip surface. oP Cover= fetuehidatec) slayo snow a aursed decrease Sn'strength fron peak to residual, reaulting portly fom the partiole orientation effect tlac! fou an’ inorgane in water content {o'dsintancy within. the zone of shearing. effects anor ant oe with siay content oneolidation. extend in, etd Segnttude ancl Hmgue, undulating principal slip surca i (Skeupton’ 1966), Continued ai placements produce sows flattening of the ELip surface and cause a further osall, fiction in strengths ‘The residual strength Soasures in revereal” shear box teste Corresponds nore or leas closely to this Stages Teste in the shear box or triaxial ae Spparatua on samples of clay with a pr Gut plone give results witch tend to! be slightly lover. Regarding the strese~ ig. 1s, 1 fe clear That curve (a) Tepresente’a plastic. or none contrast te the dectgedly’ Care AGELS clay stprecanted Oy curve (of, Part She lavoratory, Sy carrying cut 5 Stlucfon to he peaty a auch Lover Fesidual Strength than clay (a);’ a @istinotion wnien Gan Peadsly"be‘expresaec Sy a Torittiensee Gndex' (alanep 2587) Woon the opportunity presenta iteel? sasplo: sm Poatural lip aurtase, ‘Sox or ariexiel, Just Sapie. ents of this. ‘been reported by Skespton & Poth sicrahee that severai chay: oie a avand. the reaidual strength B z Bensured by reversal teste on initially un "© oh materials where of and s, are respects ni resfaual strengths, Moreover 1t seens, from the 2inited ssount an bf experience a0 ar available, that. the ie, the eitference tetmeen Strength seasured on laboratory sample Sertee (a) ant (3) Sesh eth he gone value Sneluding's natural elip surface ie of Ig: (Blehop (Ioe-sit)hea introduced an approxinaceiy equal to. the. strength onlovlat~ nerdy parameter’ te quantify the ratio of sgfroe stabil "analy ein those caves the werk done in ehearing 20m peak to sate ave known to Fesidual, antthe work gone if the clay con~ Einuod shearing at peak strength. fore. post~failure wor ave ogeurred, of are still taking pla long the slip surface. 207[SKEMPTON ond 3.205. adlure eritertons The Coulonb- Rtetagafteriterien cP Fahore atten thay relgted to she effective nerwal stress on That plane by the expression +0 tan ph «) here ct (the ocheston intercept) and (ete ahene of heard In ganerad, tha failure oriterion ta better accordance with, exper! ean re elaborate formulations However, Go" gualifications must be made. Pireziy, the paraneters o* and Bt are not isl} sdastante independent Sf! re teoge the actuan secaace, Stone be curvedyzather. than a straigat 1ine fe /npiiea by’eqne(s)- it ip therefore Gggirable to test the clay overs range of SetsctIG noratt attens atoracing 180" vafien Sfgi iikely to act in the. prece{oal. prodlen. Gide the eutvature of the earlure envelope 15 unusually pronounced o* and can then be taben ue ‘te parameter. corresponding to the best Sinear Hit ever the relevant sereas Eange, Ezactiy the Suse renarke apply’ t0 the"reatdual strengte envelop Secondly, the ersterion 42 tro~tinonotonal fina. san’ take no account of boundary sonslt= Soneon wint any Se called the. ‘lateral Shas" Sn slesent sithin: criterion ieade, 0 for failure tn gras, of fini Gi y and, the parenetere Sand pt, Thaspendeds S:°g,'ar of any restraints in the direction of? g's Thils*aZottoaion ‘Me ‘plane strain’ condition with go defore— Silostof tag Tattrelfuanee Cl Soran to O') 18 saportant Sarreapoade Butner elpesdy to the Eineastion oF wany Lanaalia joFatory etudies on ues of ft caloulated ddeee camast "Te Tits forte‘ act tae shens-box teat, interpreted in the convont— Seni eannery gives values. of fa fem deeres the full range of porost tie loner than the triazial test’ tn the ee ‘for example, Comnforth Such cogplate, investigations, for, Claye have aot been gages” ¥e kaon of only Gno’nesules soaparing the strengih in plane. strain and triatial compression. Zor Fe Souldea Weald Clay Henkel & Vado (1966) find HUTCHINSON ‘the plane-gtrain strength to be 5 per cent Aigner, anf Duncan and’ Seed, (1966)"demonatrate setincfeaue of about 22\per cent zor ue tube ranistese, Say wud ge! Silty: clay having s fign value ef °(35° ta ‘SHlajial ompression) systenatio comparisons have teen nade 2 ak tres eared a aenples should be inclined at such an, angle Shah the failure plane is also apprexinetely horizontal, in order so gabe-a, wells com parison ef reaults, fests of" thie wing in Bike London Clay are gamuarised in Table 4. ‘hey show thatthe. shear box gives silent Reker vases of ¢* and fi than the inlined trical taste bat the aisferences are Searcely significant. mt 4 tet comin 9 tar Se Pom inl ca en FeWonsry le = wea Sete [ie em [ome ae | ae] me | wee] | OF frmat" | e| mame | oe_| ae] poe pa | teow |: | Sem | ow | ae ‘Many con; ‘of the’ otrength spies, Grlaxiaa ‘spparetue Hlentifaa Hthin the [laste ot expersnensal error (unpublished teats by Beds Petdey at Gnperinl College) 3206, An x Sose anteotropy aust be akpeote ‘a consequence of thelr ‘of dorastion (ovg, bosding and. one~ nsiopai eonecliaation in sedimentary, Gopostie) ens. the presence of diacentinttion whichlahichnay exhibit’ a gore, ot lege pro- Hoanced, degree’ of pregerrea orientenienr Retraoreinarily datele work has been carried out; however; to investigate she magnitude GF tho oftect of anisotropy on the peak Strength peranetera ct ant", Teete on Sine Longen Chey (Table 4) indicate Spprectatly londr valuce of both parameters then the clay ie sheared ia « hortzontel Usection aa compared with reaulte obtainedNATURAL SLOPES AND EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS 2 on samples with ‘thue for practical parpo: ther vertioalgr horizontal ana with little error that the unéraines strength re Plates suteing Sf an element of saturated olay retains @ ‘bedding an the predominantly ube Gonetant value, in a partioula® direction, horizontal fissures characteristic of this Independent cf’ any cnangea in total strest flay. In larger specisens the effect of provided no slteration in water content ‘Hebires way Se wore pronounced. Fikes place aaa remit of these stress changes. Waen a pre-existing slip surface is present the strength elon thie surface 19 at Or” The effects of aniaotropy on undrained Gloss fo feaidual and ie, thereforey in strengths may be appreciaie. Not only are Generel, Zar lower’ than the strength in he" paremetere e! ana pt Likely to be ny other direction. dependent to tome extent on orientation, as 4,2.7+, Undrained strengths ‘The undrained Till vary with direction aincagteef @ clay te determined ty tests Audeotropie conecligation ps (Ganson in'enich no overala water convent change, Gibece' 1549)" ‘for three normalize 18 Slioved. te occur during application c¢ Gr lightly over-consolidated slays. (Ko $i) Stresecstrain curves gre plotted in Pig-is-_ he streagth variat= ay exnibit all degrees fone’ in the clay roa fellani, Ontario 2 variation fron brittle to plastic. (20°1965)"are eimilar to those predicted by wviour, depending on the nature cf the fansen and Gibson, while the clay frsa, Sarva, set normsLly- cr Lightly ov Sweden (Jakebson 1952) shows the influence of ‘clays suffer a considerable Redaing ae wells The San Pranciaoa. clay (ouncen &'seea 1966) 15 intersediace in ¥ sitivity (ag = tetio ef wnsiaturted to Sehavitur. "Ge a brand view it com te gatd Sthoalded Undefined etrength) ie cowsoniy iut"iSe gureneth sions” planes faceizel fo Ierthectagyecgate 6,fer gaet clayey tote feosuney Sy'alf three Suayey ta" about 20 tg HTslellchage ecten have sonsstivitios ES"yer "tent G7 the strength ogee mououret Im Einef"tiin So'Ite‘are aiquicied ty ver Gonfencisun fests sitirSpeciienn having « acid agree! casts aatored veterioctterts 0g ceetinat ests itand coptistactaied, tte Srencenlaclidated clayey ata sti2e siepa Ipecitene'apgontbes' te herieostal the oneraiisy ahew iittie seneativity. strength rebsine hore or lese st this Teduced oh a Susnation of easll fiseuree — Yalues Yor the heavily over-consolidated London Sony’ the ‘vardalsone cxbabit a airerent petiern (Pig 13)-” tho strength paraliel to wren subsectes toe Bedding de about eo per cent of cy» Dut fotel press our any change in water Content, th Sirectson reanine unaltered, hus the conditions, behav Setoria: with cero angle of shearine Feslotancey toes Bys 6 antc\= 404-05) Talo nell known rest 10 a consequdnce’ of the’ act that'a change in all-round jure gases s precisely equal ch are, provided the clay ie fuily savuraveds” and the effective str e {fore retain unaltered here chenes eee Gane i ne (20 Glad satenesn ip act ascreesriigein- = CSI Ss A Bot been. stloned te. couse ee oo ce rovceey scenes tomes test ener ecaton oot nw mo tg 4 Sensitivity (Gkenpeon & Sora 1965) show “an he, Att Wt of 6) Giszeronces Of undrained strength not ‘enn er ene Aen) Gxceeding 3 per cont despite cubetantial Sy ree Ate hte a Mhequal changes in'the- principal. total SS tae yey Tame 4 sy stresses (at constant. water content), ant 5 tad le tT Siuilar”oxperiagnts on sensitive clays {Esaa"s uanbe 1380 ant Noorany & Seed Elect of erietaton on unraind strength $585) reveal waxinus aifferenses of about 10 per cent. Tens 309