The document summarizes key aspects of the Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA) in the Philippines. It defines money laundering and unlawful activities, and declares the state's policy to prevent money laundering. Covered institutions under AMLA include banks, insurance companies, securities dealers, and others regulated by monetary authorities. They have obligations like customer identification, record keeping, and reporting covered and suspicious transactions exceeding 500,000 PHP to the Anti-Money Laundering Council within 5 days. Reporting such transactions does not violate secrecy laws, and covered persons are protected if reporting is done in good faith. The AMLA aims to preserve the integrity of financial systems and prevent the country from becoming a site for money
The document summarizes key aspects of the Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA) in the Philippines. It defines money laundering and unlawful activities, and declares the state's policy to prevent money laundering. Covered institutions under AMLA include banks, insurance companies, securities dealers, and others regulated by monetary authorities. They have obligations like customer identification, record keeping, and reporting covered and suspicious transactions exceeding 500,000 PHP to the Anti-Money Laundering Council within 5 days. Reporting such transactions does not violate secrecy laws, and covered persons are protected if reporting is done in good faith. The AMLA aims to preserve the integrity of financial systems and prevent the country from becoming a site for money
The document summarizes key aspects of the Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA) in the Philippines. It defines money laundering and unlawful activities, and declares the state's policy to prevent money laundering. Covered institutions under AMLA include banks, insurance companies, securities dealers, and others regulated by monetary authorities. They have obligations like customer identification, record keeping, and reporting covered and suspicious transactions exceeding 500,000 PHP to the Anti-Money Laundering Council within 5 days. Reporting such transactions does not violate secrecy laws, and covered persons are protected if reporting is done in good faith. The AMLA aims to preserve the integrity of financial systems and prevent the country from becoming a site for money
proceeds derived from illicit activities into funds with an apparently legal source. Under the AMLA, it is defined as a crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful activity are transacted thereby making them appear to have come from legitimate sources (Sec. 4)
Declaration of State Policy
It is hereby declared the policy of the State to protect and preserve the integrity and confidentiality of bank accounts and to ensure that the Philippines shall not be used as a money laundering site for the proceeds of any unlawful activity. Consistent with its foreign policy, the State shall extend cooperation in transnational investigations and prosecution of persons involved in money laundering activities wherever committed (Sec. 2).
What is an unlawful activity?
Unlawful activity refers to any act or omission or series or combination thereof involving or having direct relation to the crimes enumerated under Sec. 3(i) of the AMLA.
What are the covered institutions under the
AMLA?
The first AMLA enumerated 14
unlawful activities. The recent amendment however expanded the coverage to 34 unlawful activities. Why do we need such a law?
Money laundering compromises the
stability, transparency, and efficiency of the financial system and it undermines economic prosperity. Without a law against money laundering, crime rates will continually increase because the success of a criminal enterprise is based on its ability to sanitize ill-gotten gains by moving them through lax and corrupt financial systems. The Philippines is included in the list of NonCooperative Countries and Territories issued by the Financial Action Task Force prior to the enactment of the law. This situation is not good for the economy. History of the AMLA September 2001 March 2003
June 2012
RA 9160 and its IRR
was enacted First amendment, RA 9194 * The threshold for a covered transaction was reduced from 4 million to P500,000 Second amendment, RA 10167 * Amendment relating to freezing of monetary instrument and the and the
authority to inquire into
bank deposits Third amendment, RA 10365 * expanded the crime of money laundering
Covered institutions are classified as
follows:
Entities supervised and/or regulated by the
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Entities supervised and/or regulated by the Insurance Commission Entities supervised and/or regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission Persons included under RA 10365 Specifically, Sec. 3 (a) Covered persons, natural or juridical, refer to:
1. banks, non-banks, quasi-banks, trust
entities, foreign exchange dealers, pawnshops, money changers, remittance and transfer companies and other similar entities and all other persons and their subsidiaries and affiliates supervised or regulated by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP); 2. insurance companies, pre-need companies and all other persons supervised or regulated by the Insurance Commission (IC); 3. (i) securities dealers, brokers, salesmen, investment houses and other similar persons managing securities or rendering services as investment agent, advisor, or consultant, (ii) mutual funds, close-end investment companies, common trust funds, and other similar persons, and (iii) other entities administering or otherwise dealing in currency, commodities or financial derivatives based thereon, valuable objects, Page 1 of 5
4.
5.
6.
7. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
cash substitutes and other similar monetary
instruments or property supervised or regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC); jewelry dealers in precious metals, who, as a business, trade in precious metals, for transactions in excess of One million pesos (P1,000,000.00); jewelry dealers in precious stones, who, as a business, trade in precious stones, for transactions in excess of One million pesos (P1,000,000.00); company service providers which, as a business, provide any of the following services to third parties: (i) acting as a formation agent of juridical persons; (ii) acting as (or arranging for another person to act as) a director or corporate secretary of a company, a partner of a partnership, or a similar position in relation to other juridical persons; (iii) providing a registered office, business address or accommodation, correspondence or administrative address for a company, a partnership or any other legal person or arrangement; and (iv) acting as (or arranging for another person to act as) a nominee shareholder for another person; and persons who provide any of the following services: managing of client money, securities or other assets; (ii) management of bank, savings or securities accounts; organization of contributions for the creation, operation or management of companies; and creation, operation or management of juridical persons or arrangements, and buying and selling business entities. Note: the term covered persons shall exclude lawyers and accountants acting as independent legal professionals in relation to information concerning their clients or where disclosure of information would compromise client confidences or the attorney-client relationship: Provided, they are authorized to practice in the Philippines and shall continue to be subject to the provisions of their respective codes of conduct and/or professional responsibility or any of its amendments. What are the obligations of covered institutions? Under Sec. 9 of the AMLA, the following are their obligations:
Customer Identification Record Keeping
Reporting of Covered and Suspicious
Transactions Customer Identification Covered institutions shall establish and record the true identity of their clients based on official documents and shall maintain a system of verifying the true identity of their clients. For natural persons, specified minimum information and documents such as personal and work information and government-issued identification documents are required. For juridical persons, their legal existence, organizational structure, and identity and authority of all persons acting on their behalf should be verified. Specified minimum information and documents such as articles of incorporation or partnership by laws, list of directors, and principal stockholders are required. Q: Are anonymous accounts under fictitious names such as princessbutterfly-xoxo or similar accounts allowed? A: No. Covered institutions are mandated by law to maintain accounts only in the true and full name of the account owner or holder. Q: Are numbered accounts allowed? A: Yes. Peso and foreign currency nonchecking accounts shall be allowed, provided the true identity of the customer is obtained and recorded that is open to examination by the BSP, SEC, and Insurance Commission. Record Keeping All records of transactions of covered institutions shall be maintained and safely stored for 5 years from the date of transactions. With respect to closed accounts, records on customer identification, account files, and business correspondence shall be preserved and safely stored for at least 5 years from the date the account was closed. However, if a money laundering case has been filed, the records of the transaction shall be retained beyond 5 years until the case has been finally resolved or terminated by the court.
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Reporting of Covered and Suspicious
Transactions Q: What is a transaction? A: It refers to any act establishing any right or obligation or giving rise to any contractual or legal relationship between the parties thereto. It also includes any movement of funds by any means with covered institutions (Sec. 3 (h) ). Only covered and suspicious transactions are subject to the AMLA. Q: What is a covered transaction? A: It is a transaction in cash or other equivalent monetary instrument involving a total amount in excess of Five Hundred Thousand Pesos within one banking day. Q: What are suspicious transactions? A: These are transactions, regardless of amount, where any of the following circumstances exists: 1. There is no underlying legal or trade obligation, purpose or economic justification; 2. The client is not properly identified; 3. The amount involved is not commensurate with the business or financial capacity of the client; 4. Taking to account all known circumstances, it may be perceived that the clients transaction is structured in order to avoid being the subject of reporting requirements under the Act; 5. Any circumstance relating to the transaction which is observed to deviate from the profile of the client and/or the clients past transactions with the covered institution; 6. The transaction is in any way related to an unlawful activity or any money laundering activity or offense under the AMLA that is about to be, is being, or has been committed; or 7. Any transaction similar, analogous, or identical to any of the foregoing. Covered institutions shall report to the Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC) all covered and suspicious transactions within 5 working days from the date of the transaction unless the AMLC prescribes a longer period not exceeding 15 days. Reports shall be made in the forms prescribed by the AMLC and submitted electronically.
Q: Is there a violation of the Secrecy of
Bank Deposits (SBD) and similar laws when reporting covered or suspicious transactions? A: None. When reporting covered or suspicious transactions to the AMLC, covered institutions and their officers and employees, shall not be deemed to have violated the SBD and similar laws. In fact, no administrative, criminal, or civil proceedings shall lie against any person for having made a covered or suspicious transaction report in the regular performance of his duties and in good faith, whether or not such reporting results in any criminal prosecution under the AMLA or any other law. This is a safe harbor provision. Covered institutions and their officers and employees are however prohibited from communicating, directly or indirectly, in any manner or by any means, to any person, entity, the media, that a covered or suspicious transaction report was made, the contents thereof, or any information in relation thereto. Neither may such reporting be published or aired in any manner or form by the mass media, electronic mail, or other similar devices. In case of violation, the concerned officers and employee of the covered institutions or media shall be held criminally liable. Examples of Suspicious Transactions Respectively 1. If a business man consistently earns a certain amount for years and suddenly earns big amounts successively as shown in his accounts (but not exceeding P500,000.00) without showing or proof of any obligation or business from where the big amounts had come from. 2. Texas Man Sentenced for Role in Black Market Peso Exchange Scheme: On September 11, 2013, in Houston, Texas, Willie Whitehurst with four others were sentenced to 151 months in prison for his role as one of the leaders of a criminal conspiracy that laundered more than $20 million through shell business bank accounts. In August 2012, a federal grand jury in Houston indicted the five defendants for their parts in a large Black Market Peso Exchange scheme. From October 2009 to September 2011, the defendants placed United States currency gained through the sale of drugs into bank accounts held in the Page 3 of 5
names of the organizations shell
companies. The money was then transferred to different accounts in the United States and in Mexico. In exchange, pesos were transferred back to accounts owned by the organizations clients. 3. AMLA Case against RET. LT. GEN. JACINTO C. LIGOT, ERLINDA Y. LIGOT, PAULO Y. LIGOT, RIZA Y. LIGOT, and MIGUEL Y. LIGOT On June 27, 2005, the Republic of the Philippines, represented by the Anti-Money Laundering Council, filed an Urgent ExParte Application for the issuance of a freeze order with the CA against certain monetary instruments and properties of the petitioners, pursuant to Section 10 of Republic Act No. 9160. This application was based on the February 1, 2005 letter of the Office of the Ombudsman to the AMLC, recommending that the latter conduct an investigation on Lt. Gen. Ligot and his family for possible violation of RA No. 9160. Lt. Gen. Ligot declared in his SALN that as of December 31, 2003, he had assets in the total amount of P3,848,003.00. In contrast, his declared assets in his 1982 SALN amounted to only P105,000.00. But aside from these declared assets, the Ombudsmans investigation revealed that Lt. Gen. Ligot and his family had other properties and bank accounts, not declared in his SALN, amounting to at least P54,001,217.00. Undeclared Assets
Amount
Jacinto Ligots undeclared assets
P 41,185,583.53
Jacinto Ligots childrens assets
1,744,035.60
Tuition fees and travel expenses
P 2,308,047.87
Edgardo Yambaos assets relative
to the real properties
P 8,763,550.00
Total
P 54,001,217.00
With Lt. Gen. Ligots main source of income
was his salary as an officer of the AFP, his wife and childrens lack of any other substantial sources of income, the Ombudsman declared the assets registered in Lt. Gen. Ligots name, as well as those in
his wifes and childrens names, to be
illegally obtained and unexplained wealth. Such amount is clearly not commensurate with Lt. Gen. Ligot's and his family's financial capacity considering the circumstances. 4. Republic vs. Eugenio Gr. 174629: Where the AMLC filed before the RTC Makati for the issuance of the order to examine the various bank accounts and investments of Alvarez, Trinidad, Liongson and Cheng Yong, the persons involved in the alleged corruption concerning the NAIA terminal 3. The bank accounts of respondents consisted of several accounts on various banking institution in the country. The main issue in this case, however, is whether or not said order can be granted by the court ex parte. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the respondents because, according to the court, unlike in the case of a freeze order, the subject records of transaction of the examination order cannot be hidden or taken away and the absence of a provision in the AMLA providing the issuance of the order ex parte when Congress could have easily added said term. The subsequent amendments in the AMLA law however addressed this problem by providing that an examination order may now be issued ex parte. 5. To determine whether an act is unusually different from a clients profile, certain records have to be reviewed to ascertain the former transactions he or she has regularly entered into. More often than not, clients who have dormant accounts which suddenly engage in active and aggressive money wiring or transfer should raise a level of suspicion on the part of the bank. Aside from such, these are other acts linked to money-laundering on any circumstance relating to the transaction which is observed to deviate from the profile of the client and/or the clients past transactions with the covered institution: a. Buying and selling of a security with no discernible purpose or in circumstances which appear unusual. b. The intensity of transactions for an inactive trading account suddenly increases without plausible reason. c. The entry of matching buys and sells in particular securities, creating an illusion of trading. Such trading does not Page 4 of 5
result in a bona fide market position, and
might provide cover for a money launderer. d. Unusually short period of holding securities. e. Frequent selling of securities at significant losses. f. Structuring transactions to evade substantial shareholding. g. Simultaneous transfer of funds to a group of customers accounts from a third party h. Larger or unusual settlements of securities transactions in cash form. i. Opening of trading accounts with large cash sum (above RM 50,000). j. The crediting of a customers margin account using cash and by means of numerous credit slips by a customer such that the amount of each deposit is not substantial, but the total of which is substantial. k. A customer who suddenly starts making investments in large amounts when it is known to the Reporting Institution that the customer does not have the capacity to do so. l. Transactions that cannot be matched with the investment and income levels of the customer. m. Requests by customers for investment management services (either foreign currency or securities) where the source of the funds is unclear or not consistent with the customers apparent standing. n. In a situation where multiple accounts are used to transfer funds between accounts by generating offsetting losses and profits in different accounts.
In September 2007, Joseph Estrada was
convicted by the Philippine Sandiganbayan (anti-graft court) of the crime of Plunder. According to an unofficial copy of the court decision obtained through the website of the Chan and Robles law firm, Mr. Estrada was accused in an Amended Information filed on April 19, 2001 of having amassed, while serving as President from 1998 to 2001, $87.3 million in unexplained wealth and that the funds were derived from bribes, kickbacks, and protection money collected from illegal gambling operators. The chief government witness against him in the Plunder trial was Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson, his co-conspirator in the collection of protection money from illegal gambling operators. Ruling: The court stated that some of the illegal proceeds had been deposited in Mr. Estrada's Erap Muslim Youth Foundation and a bank account that Mr. Estrada opened in the false name of "Jose Velarde." He was also convicted of having coerced two government agencies to purchase shares in a gaming company owned by an associate and collecting commissions from the sale of the shares. In addition to a sentence of life imprisonment, Mr. Estrada was ordered to forfeit his mansion and more than $15 million in assets, including the illicit proceeds from the illegal gambling operators that had been transferred to the account of the Erap Muslim Youth Foundation and the "Jose Velarde" account. Discussion: The bank account was used as funnel for monies derived from illegal activity. Placed under a bank account, dirty money soon becomes integrated in the financial system by passing it off as fruits of legitimate pursuits.