Aircra&

Drawings
Chapter 2

Drawings

Drawings and prints are the link between the

design engineers and the mechanics
To accomplish their job, mechanics must be able
to read and understand manufacturer's drawings
and documenta?on
A mechanic must be able to create a drawing to
describe a replacement part
FAA requires a mechanic to have the up-to-date
documenta?on
!

Annual subscrip?on for small aircra& is about

$20,000

Computer Graphics

Most new drawings are created on a computer

CAD Computer Aided Design
CADD - Computer Aided Design Dra&ing
! CAE Computer Aided Engineering
!

CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing

CNC Computer Numerical Control

Type of Drawings

Detail Drawing
!

The informa?on needed to fabricate a part

Assembly Drawing
Descrip?on of an object made up of two or more
parts
! Instruc?ons on how to create an assembly from a
collec?on of smaller parts
!

Installa?on Drawing
Informa?on for a part or an assembly in the nal
installed posi?on in the aircra&
! Shows the dimensions necessary for the loca?on of
specic parts with rela?on to the other parts
!

Detail Drawing

Assembly Drawing

Assembly drawing of an aircra& alternator.

Assembly Drawing

Part numbers of all components of the aircra& alternator.

Installa?on Drawing

Installa?on Drawing

Installa?on drawing of a baQery sump jar.

Sec?onal View Drawing

A sec?on or sec?onal view is obtained by cuSng

away part of an object to show the shape and
construc?on at the cuSng plane
Part or parts cut away are shown by the use of
sec?on (crosshatching) lines.
Types
Full Sec?on
! Half Sec?on
! Revolved Sec?on
! Removed Sec?on
!

Full Sec?on

Full cutaway that shows the interior construc?on

or hidden features of an object not shown by an
exterior view

Full Sec?on

Half Sec?on

Cut plane extends only halfway across the object

Half of the objects exterior is visible

Half Sec?on

Half Sec?on

Some Where Between Half and Whole Sec?on

Cutaway Drawing

Similar to a Half Sec?on but only part of the

object is cutaway
Cutaway Drawing some?mes used to mean
Full or Half Sec?on

Cutaway Drawing

Revolved Sec?on

Shows the shape of a cross sec?on of a part

Revolved Sec?on

Revolved Sec?on

Removed Sec?on

Illustrates par?cular parts of an object

Like a revolved sec?on, except details are placed
to one side of main object
Sec?ons are o&en larger scale to show more
detail

Removed Sec?on

Removed Sec?on

Exploded-View

A diagram that shows the rela?onship or order

of assembly of various parts
O&en used in illustrated parts manuals

Exploded-View

Exploded view of a hydraulic restrictor.

Exploded-View

Figure 5-7. Exploded view of a hydraulic restrictor.

What kind of Sec?on?

PT-6

PT-6

Piaggio P-180 Avan? II

Piaggio P-180 Avan? II

King Air 250

King Air 250

Detail View

Shows only a part of an object in great detail

Details in larger scale

Detail View

Diagrams

Graphic representa?on of an assembly or

system, indica?ng the various parts and
expressing the methods or principles of
opera?on
4 types:
Installa?on
! Schema?c
! Block
! Wiring diagrams
!

Installa?on Diagram

Iden?es each of the components in the systems

and shows their loca?on in the aircra&

Installa?on Diagram

Schema?c Diagrams

Locate components with respect to each other

within the system
Doesnt indicate the loca?on of individual
components in the aircra&
Used in troubleshoo5ng

Schema?c Diagrams
Notice: Details on flow
direction but not exact
pressures

Block Diagrams

Shows a simplied rela?onship of a more

complex system of components
Individual components are drawn as a rectangle
(block) with lines connec?ng it to other
components
Shows component interfaces and how they
operate

Block Diagrams

Wiring Diagrams

Shows the electrical wiring and circuitry

O&en shows the wire size and type
Coded for iden?ca?on

Wiring Diagrams

Flowcharts

Troubleshoo?ng Flowcharts - frequently used for

the detec?on of faulty components
!

A logical solu?on to a par?cular problem

Logic Flowchart - Standardized symbols to

indicate specic types of logic gates and their
rela?onship to other digital devices in a system

Troubleshoo?ng Flowchart

Logic Flowchart

Pictorial Diagram

Pictorial diagrams show the components as they

actually appear, rather than using conven?onal
symbols

Pictorial Diagram

Figure 5-12. Pictorial diagram of a light airplane electrical system.

Perspec?ve Drawings

Shows an object as it appears to an observer

It most closely resembles the way an object
would look in a photograph
Because of perspec?ve, some of the lines of an
object are not parallel and therefore the actual
angles and dimensions are not accurate

Perspec?ve Drawings

In a perspec?ve view, parallel lines converge at a vanishing point o the drawing.

Isometric Drawings

A combina?on of the views of an orthographic

projec?on (2D view) and ?lts the object forward
so that por?ons of all three views can be seen in
one view
Provides the observer with a three-dimensional
view of the object
Lines in an isometric drawing are parallel and
dimensioned as they are in an orthographic
projec?on

Isometric Drawings

Three surfaces of an isometric view are visible, and all lines in this drawing are true length except A and B.

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Most drawing are a 2-D view of an object
A single view of an object may not convey
enough informa?on
!

Mul?ple views are provided

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Possible views
Total of six
! Front
! Top
! BoQom
! Rear
! Right side
! Le& side
!

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Auxiliary views are used when the orthographic views do not convey the needed informa?on.

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Orthographic Projec?on Drawings

Lines

Lines

Lines are more than just a method to connect

two objects
The way a line is drawn helps dene its use

Lines

Centerlines

Indicate the center of an object or part of an

object
Alternate long and short dashes

Lines

Dimension Lines

Shows the dimension (measurement) of an

object
Light solid line
Broken at the midpoint for inser?on of
measurement indica?ons
Opposite poin?ng arrowheads at each end to
show origin and termina?on of a measurement

Dimension Lines

Dimension of an angle is indicated by placing the

degree of the angle in its arc
Dimensions of circular parts are by default given
in terms of the diameter of the circle
Dimension of an arc is given in terms of its radius
Dimensioning distances between holes in an
object, dimensions are usually given from center
to center

Dimension Lines

Countersunk holes - the angle of countersinking

and the diameters are given

Dimension Lines

Dimension Lines

Extension Lines

Extend the line showing the side or edge of a

gure for the purpose of placing a dimension to
that side or edge
Very narrow and have a short break where they
extend from the object and extend a short
distance past the arrow of the dimensioning line

Extension Lines

CuSng Plane/Viewing Plane Lines

CuSng plane/viewing plane lines indicate the

plane in which a sec?onal view of the object is
taken
Arrows on the cuSng plane/viewing plane lines
indicate the direc?on the part is viewed

Lines

CuSng Plane/Viewing Plane Lines

Sec?oning Lines

Indicate the exposed surfaces of an object in

sec?onal view

Lines

Phantom Lines

One long and two short evenly spaced dashes

Indicate the alternate posi?on of parts of the
object or the rela?ve posi?on of a missing part

Lines

Break Lines

Indicate that a por?on of the object is not shown

on the drawing
Used for sha&s, rods, tubes, and other such
parts which have a por?on of their length
broken out
Short breaks - solid, freehand lines
Long breaks - solid ruled lines with zigzags

Lines

Leader Lines

Indicate a part or por?on to which a note,

number, or other reference applies
Solid lines with one arrowhead

Lines

Hidden Lines

Indicate invisible edges or contours

Short dashes evenly spaced and are frequently
referred to as dash lines

Lines

Drawing Symbols

Material Symbols

Line symbols show the kind of material from which

the part is to be constructed
! Cast Iron is the generic material
!

Easy to draw
Material specica?on is listed in the bill of materials or
indicated in a note

Shape Symbols
Electrical Symbols

Material Symbols

Shape Symbols

Title Block

Title block provides a means of iden?fying a

drawing
O&en found in the lower right-hand corner of a
drawing

Title Block Essen?als

A drawing number
!

Some ?me the part number

Name of part or assembly

Drawing Scale
Date of drawing
Name of rm
Name of dra&sman, checker or person a
approving the drawing
Drawing revision

Title Block

Drawing Numbers

Drawing or print number

Iden?es the drawing

! Some?mes the part number
!

Reference number
!

Refers/sends you to another drawings

Dash number
Iden?es versions of a part
! Odd le&, Even right
!

Drawing Sizes

A-size: 8 1/2 X 11
B-size: 11 X 17
C-size: 17 X 22
D-size: 22 X 34
E-size: 34 X 44

Revision Block

Revisions to a drawing are necessitated by

changes in:
Dimension
! Design
! Material
! Sub-parts
! Product update
!

Changes are usually listed in a ruled columns

either adjacent to the ?tle bock or at one corner
of the drawing
All changes must be approved and noted

Revision Block

Revision Block

Revision Block

Notes

Notes are added to drawings to convey

informa?on that is not shown in the drawing
Notes maybe in a special sec?on of drawing
!

Some?mes called a note block

Notes maybe scaQered throughout the drawing

!

Usually next to the item that needs clarica?on

Notes

Notes

Zone Numbers

Zone numbers on drawings are similar to the

numbers and leQers printed on the borders of a
map
Locates a par?cular point
Draw horizontal and ver?cal lines from the
leQers and numerals specied; the point where
these lines intersect is the area sought

Zone Numbers

Sta?on Numbers and Loca?on Iden?ca?on

Fuselage Sta?ons numbered in inches from a
reference or zero point know as the reference
datum. (length wise)
BuQock Line (buQ line) width measurement
le& or right of, and parallel to, the ver?cal center
line. (width wise)
Water Line the measurement of height in
inches perpendicular from a horizontal plane
located at xed number of inches below the
boQom of the aircra& fuselage (high wise)

Sta?on Numbers and Loca?on Iden?ca?on

Sta?on Numbers and Loca?on Iden?ca?on

Allowance and Tolerances

The more precise a part is made, the more

expensive it is
An engineer will give a manufacturer a range of
measurements that are acceptable for a part to
reduce costs
! This is called varia?on
! The wider the varia?on the lower the part cost
!

Allowance and Tolerances

Parts are assigned a varia?on

Next to the dimension
! Default for a drawing
!

In the notes
In the ?tle block

An object is given a base dimension plus a

varia?on
!

The varia?on is called the tolerance

Allowance and Tolerances

Tolerance
!

Plus allowance indicated by a +

How much greater than the base dimension

Minus allowance indicated by a -

How much less than the base dimension

Tolerance is the total of the plus and minus

allowance
! e.g. 0.250 0.010
!

Base is 0.250
Plus allowance is 0.010
Minus allowance is 0.010
Tolerance is 0.010 + 0.010 = 0.020
Range from 0.240 to 0.260

Allowance and Tolerances

Tolerance
!

e.g. 0.250 + 0.010 0.005

Plus and minus variance dont have to be the same
Range from 0.245 to 0.260
Tolerance is 0.010 + 0.005 = 0.015

e.g. 0.250 + 0.010 0.000

Range from 0.250 to 0.260
Tolerance is 0.010 + 0.000 = 0.010

e.g. 0.250 + 0.010

Range from 0.250 to 0.260
Tolerance is 0.010 + 0.000 = 0.010

Finish Marks

Finish Marks indicate how the surface must be

machine nished
Each part must have a (machining) nish
Rough (cheaper to make or beQer oil coverage)
! Smooth
! Close t
! Flat (beQer seal)
!

Final coa?ng (dierent than machining nish)

Paint
! Pla?ng
! Nothing
!

Only use Dimensions

When measuring an object, use only the listed

dimensions
Never measure o a drawing
Assume the drawing is a communica?on tool, not an
exact image of the object
! Drawings can change size when they are reproduced
!

Drawing Scale

It is imprac?cal to make a single drawing that is

the same size as a plane
Drawings are made to scale
!

e.g. = 1 every inch on the drawing represent

1 foot on an airplane

The drawing scale is usually include in the Title

Block

Charts

A drawing of informa?on in the form of a

table, graph, or diagram
Where to nd informa?on:
Horizontal axis (x-axis)
! Ver?cal axis (y-axis)
! Charts lines or bars
!

Charts

How to nd the informa?on:

1. Determine the informa?on you know
2. Determine the informa?on to nd
3. Locate the known informa?on on the x-axis, y-axis
or chart lines
4. Draw lines connec?ng the informa?on you know
5. Find the intersec?on of the lines
6. Draw a line to the x-axis, y-axis or chart line to nd
the informa?on you are looking for

Problem

The proper tension for a 3/l6-inch extra-exible

(7 x 19) control cable rigged at 87F
is pounds.
Known informa?on:
3/l6-inch extra-exible (7 x 19) control cable
! 87F
!

Informa?on to nd:
!

Tension

3/16 7 X 19 Cable

Answer:
125 pounds

87

Make Your Own Drawings

For 337s and geSng parts made

Start with graph paper or CAD program
Steps:

1. Block in the space and basic shape used for the

sketch.
2. Add details to the basic block.
3. Darken the lines that are to show up as visible lines
in the nished sketch.
4. Add dimensions and any other informa?on that will
make the sketch more usable.

Make Your Own Drawings

Figure 5-13. Sequence of steps used for making a sketch.

Find Center of Circle

Find Center of Circle